本研究主要探討英語完結性相關結構之第二語言習得，亦即結果結構、動質結構和與格/雙賓結構。為了避免潛在的實驗效應，本研究採用兩種實驗題型，其一是文法判斷題，其二是開放式翻譯題。研究議題包括結構本身對於第二語言習得的影響、三種結構間之關係、屬性效應、組別效應以及題型效應。本研究的受試者為一百零四位以中文為母語的高中生。依據其英語程度，分為初、中和高三組。

整體實驗結果顯示，此三種結構在統計上呈現極顯著之相關。此相關性並不受到屬性效應、不同英語程度和實驗效應的影響，呈現以下習得次序：與格/雙賓結構最先習得、動質結構其次，而結果結構為後。回歸分析更顯露出此三種結構間之階層性預測關係：成功習得結果結構會顯著地預測成功習得動質結構和與格/雙賓結構，且動質結構亦會顯著地預測與格/雙賓結構之習得。檢測六大屬性時，亦發現在第二語言習得結構效應優於屬性效應。而單一結構的分析亦指示屬性效應大部分對於第二語言習得並無關鍵性的影響。此外，第二語言程度的因素亦受到了證實；受試者的表現隨著其英語能力的提升而進步。在題型效應方面，受試者在文法判斷題的表現比翻譯題來得好，顯示語言理解能力較語言使用能力先習得。最後，錯誤分析也證實了此三種結構一致的關係。本研究指出，不同的第二語言複雜程度、第一語言轉移以及第二語言語料刺激可能會導致此完結性相關結構之階層性習得次序。

The present study aims to probe into the second language acquisition of three telicity-related constructions in English, viz. resultative constructions, verb-particle constructions, and dative/double object constructions. To circumvent potential methodological effects, this study drew on a comprehension task, i.e. a grammaticality judgment task, and a production task, i.e. a free translation task, to garner pertinent data. The issues addressed included construction effects, the relationships of the three constructions, property effects, group effects, and task effects. The subjects of this study consisted of 104 Chinese-speaking senior high school students, and they were further divided into three groups according to their English proficiency levels, i.e. the high-level group, the mid-level group, and the low-level group.

The overall results indicated that the three constructions were significantly correlated (p<.01** throughout). The following acquisition sequence was found across different properties, tasks, and L2 proficiency levels: datives/double objects were followed by verb-particles, which in turn preceded resultatives. The regression analysis further showed a hierarchically predictive relationship of the three constructions: the success in the acquisition of resultatives well predicted the successful acquisition of the other two constructions, and verb-particles were a significant predictor of datives/double objects as well. When all the test properties were compared, it was found that construction effects consistently overrode property effects on the L2 acquisition. In the within-construction analysis, it was also shown that properties played a marginal role in influencing the L2 acquisition of the constructions in most cases. Moreover, the variable of L2 proficiency was substantiated; the subjects’ performance improved with the increase in their proficiency levels. With respect to methodological effects, the subjects consistently performed better on the comprehension task than the production task, implying that comprehension might precede production in acquisition. Finally, the analysis of untargeted production data also confirmed the observed relationships of the constructions. This study suggests that different degrees of L2 complexity, L1 transfer, and L2 inputs may contribute to the hierarchical acquisition order of the three telicity-related constructions.

Andersen, Roger W. 1991. Developmental sequences: The emergence of aspect marking in second language acquisition. Crosscurrents in Second Language Acquisition and Linguistic Theories, ed. by Thom Huebner, and Charles A. Ferguson, 305-324. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Andersen, Roger W., and Yasuhiro Shirai. 1996. The primacy of aspect in first and second language acquisition: The pidgin-creole connection. Handbook of Second Language Acquisition, ed. by William C. Ritchie, and Tej K. Bhatia, 527-570. New York: Academic Press.
Angluin, Dana. 1980. Inductive inference of formal language from positive data. Information and Control 45:117-135.
Aoun, Joseph, and Yen-hui Audrey Li. 1989. Scope and consistency. Linguistic Inquiry 20:141-172.
Baker, Carl L. 1979. Syntactic theory and the projection problem. Linguistic Inquiry 10:533-581.
Baker, Mark C. 1997. Thematic roles and syntactic structures. Elements of Grammar, ed. by Liliane Haegeman, 73-137. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. 1992. The relationship of form and meaning: A cross-sectional study of tense and aspect in the interlanguage of learners of English as a second language. Applied Linguistics 13:253-278.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. New York: Longman.
Bolinger, Dwight Le Merton. 1971. The Phrasal Verb in English. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Brown, Gillian. 1996. Language learning, competence and performance. Performance and Competence in Second Language Acquisition, ed. by Gillian Brown, Kirsten Malmkjaer, and John Williams, 187-203. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Butterworth, Guy A., and Evelyn M. Hatch. 1978. A Spanish-speaking adolescent’s acquisition of English syntax. Second Language Acquisition: A Book of Readings, ed. by Evelyn. M. Hatch. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Carrier, Jill, and Janet Randall. 1992. The argument structure and syntactic structure of resultatives. Linguistic Inquiry 23:173-234.
Chang, Ying-Lang. 2004. On gei in Mandarin Chinese and its implications for universal grammar. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Chaudron, Craig. 1983. Research on metalinguistic judgments: A review of theory, methods and results. Language Learning 33:343-377.
Chen, Dongdong. 1996. L2 Acquisition of English Psych Predicates by Native Speakers of Chinese and French. Doctoral dissertation, McGill University.
Chen, I-Ching. 2003. Xiandai hanyu dongci houzhi chengfen zhi yuyi yiyi yu jiaoxue paixu [Syntax and semantics of Modern Chinese postverbal elements and the pedagogical sequences]. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Chomsky, Noam. 1975. The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Foris Publications.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
den Dikken, Marcel. 1995. Particles: On the Syntax of Verb-Particle, Triadic, and Causative Constructions. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Di Sciullo, Anna Maria. 1999. Verb structures and variation. Semantic Issues in Romance Syntax, ed. by Esthela Trevĩno, and José Lema, 39-55. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Dowty, David R. 1979. Word Meaning and Montague Grammar. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel.
Dowty, David R. 1991. Thematic proto-roles and argument selection. Language 67:547-619.
Dulay, Heidi C., Marina K. Burt, and Stephen D. Krashen. 1982. Language Two. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ehri, Linnea. 1976. Comprehension and production of adjectives and seriation. Journal of Child Language 3:369-384.
Elbers, Loekie. 2000. An output-as-input hypothesis in language acquisition. Models of Language Acquisition: Inductive and Deductive, ed. by Peter Broeder, and Jaap Murre, 244-271. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ellis, Rod. 1985. Understand Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Filip, Hana. 1999. Aspect, Eventuality Types and Nominal Reference. New York; London: Garland.
Fraser, Bruce. 1976. The Verb-Particle Combination in English. New York: Academic Press.
Garey, Howard. 1957. Verb aspect in French. Language 33:91-110.
Goldberg, Adele E. 1991. A semantic account of resultatives. Linguistic Analysis 21:66-96.
Goldberg, Adele E., and Ray Jackendoff. 2004. The English resultative as a family of constructions. Language 30:532-568.
Gropen, Jess, Steven Pinker, Michelle Hollander, Richard Goldberg, and Ronald Wilson. 1989. The learnability and acquisition of the dative alternation in English. Language 65:203-257.
Haegeman, Liliane. 1994. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Second edition. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
Hale, Kenneth, and Samuel J. Keyser. 1992. The syntactic character of thematic structure. Thematic Structure: Its Role in Grammar, ed. by Iggy M. Roca, 107-143. Berlin; New York: Foris Publications.
Hale, Kenneth, and Samuel J. Keyser. 1993. On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. The View from Building 20, ed. by Kenneth Hale, and Samuel J. Keyser, 53-110. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Hara, Masahiro. 2007. Input, triggering and poverty of the stimulus in the second language acquisition of Japanese passives. Second Language Research 23:419-458.
Ho, Hsin-chang, Chun-yin Doris Chen, and Chan-Chia Hsu. 2007. The acquisition of English aspectual telicity by Chinese speakers: A cluster of constructions? Paper presented at the 17th Annual Conference of the European Second Language Association (EuroSLA-17), Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
Hoekstra, Teun. 1988. Small clause results. Lingua 74:101-139.
Hoekstra, Teun. 1992. Aspect and theta theory. Thematic Structure: Its Role in Grammar, ed. by Iggy M. Roca, 145-147. Berlin; New York: Foris Publications.
Huang, C.-T. James. 1988. Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure. Language 64:275-311.
Huang, C.-T. James. 1992. Complex predicates in control. Control and Grammar, ed. by Richard K. Larson, Sabine Iatridou, Utpal Lahiri, and James Higginbotham, 109-147. Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Huang, Su-miao, and Shelley Ching-yu Hsieh. 2008. Grammaticalization of directional complements in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistics 9:49-68.
Huang, Yue Yuan, and Suying Yang. 2005. Telicity in L2 Chinese Acquisition. Proceedings of the 7th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA-2004), ed. by Laurent Dekydtspotter, Rex A. Sprouse, and Audrey Liljestrand, 150-162. Somerville, Mass.: Cascadilla Press.
Hyltenstam, Kennety. 1984. The use of typological markedness conditions as predictors in second language acquisition: The case of pronominal copies in relative clauses. Second Language: A Crosslinguistic Perspective. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Inagaki, Shunji. 1997. Japanese and Chinese learners’ acquisition of the narrow range rules for the dative alternation in English. Language Learning 47:637-669.
Ioup, Georgette. 1984. Testing the relationship of formal instruction to the input hypothesis. TESOL Quarterly 18:345-350.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1990. On Larson’s analysis of the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 21:427-456.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1996. The proper treatment of measuring out, telicity, and perhaps even quantification in English. Natural Language and Linguistic Inquiry 14:305-354.
Janson, Tore, and Richard Schulman. 1983. Non-distinctive features and their use. Journal of Linguistics 19: 321-336.
Jaxontov, Sergej Je. 1988. Resultative in Chinese. Typology of Resultative Constructions, ed. by Vladimir P. Nedjalkov, 63-85. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Kaplan, Morton. A. 1987. Developmental patterns of past tense acquisition among foreign language learners of French. Foreign Language Learning: A Research Perspective, ed. by Bill VanPatten, Trisha Dvorak, and James F. Lee, 52-60. Cambridge, Mass.: Newbury House.
Kayne, Richard S. 1981. On certain differences between French and English. Linguistic Inquiry 12:349-371.
Kayne, Richard S. 1984. Connectedness and Binary Branching. Dordrecht, Netherlands; Cinnaminson, USA: Foris Publications.
Kayne, Richard S. 1985. Principles of particle constructions. Grammatical Representation, ed. by Jacqueline Guéron, Hans-Georg Obenauer, and Jean-Yves Pollock, 101-140. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Foris Publications.
Kellerman, Eric. 1983. Now you see it, now you don’t. Language Transfer in Language Learning, ed. by Susan M. Gass, and Larry Selinker, 112-134. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Krashen, Stephen D. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford; New York: Pergamon Press.
Krashen, Stephen D. 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. London; New York: Longman.
Kreidler, Charles W. 1998. Introducing English Semantics. London; New York: Routledge.
Kumpf, Lorraine. 1984. Temporal systems and universality in interlanguage: A case study. Universals of Second Language Acquisition, ed. by Fred R. Eckman, Lawrence Bell, and Diane Nelson, 132-143. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 1976. An explanation for the morpheme acquisition order of second language learners. Language Learning 26:125-134.
Larson, Richard K. 1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19:335-391.
Larson, Richard K. 1990. Double objects revisited: Reply to Jackendoff. Linguistic Inquiry 21:589-632.
Li, Charles N., and Sandra A. Thompson. 1982. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Taipei: Crane.
Li, Yafei. 1990. On V-V compounds in Chinese. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 8:177-207.
Li, Yafei. 1998. Chinese resultative constructions and the uniformity of theta assignment hypothesis. New Approaches to Chinese Word Formation, ed. by Jerome L. Packard, 285-310. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Li, Yafei. 1999. Cross-componential causality. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory17:445-497.
Lin, Chien-Jer Charles. 2004. Aspect is result: Mandarin resultative constructions and aspect incorporation. Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Linguistics (WECOL-2003), ed. by Benjamin V. Tucker, 437-464. Fresno: California State University Press.
Liu, Feng-hsi. 2006. Dative constructions in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 7:863-903.
Lococo, Veronica. 1976. A comparison of three methods for the collection of L2 data: Free composition, translation and picture description. Working Papers on Bilingualism 8:59-86.
MacWhinney, Brian, and Catherine Snow. 1985. The child language data exchange system. Journal of Child Language 12:271-296.
MacWhinney, Brian, and Catherine Snow. 1990. The child language data exchange system: An updated. Journal of Child Language 12:271-296.
Mazurkewich, Irene, and Lydia White. 1984. The acquisition of the dative alternation: Unlearning overgeneralizations. Cognition 16:261-283.
McCarthy, Dorothea A. 1954. Language development in children. A Manual of Child Psychology, ed. by Leonard Carmichael, 492-630. New York: Wiley.
McKee, Cecile, Dana McDaniel, and Jesse Snedeker. 1998. Relatives children say. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 27:573-596.
Olsen, Mari B., and Philip Resnik. 1997. Implicit object constructions and the (in)transitivity continuum. Proceedings of the 33th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (CLS-33), ed. by Kora Singer, Randall Eggert, and Gregory Anderson, 327-336. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Parson, Terrence. 1990. Events in the Semantics of English. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Pinker, Stephen. 1989. Learnability and Cognition: The Acquisition of Argument Structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, and Geoffrey Leech. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London; New York: Longman.
Robison, Richard E. 1990. Aspectual marking in English interlanguage. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12:315-330.
Robison, Richard E. 1995. The aspect hypothesis revisited: A cross-sectional study of tense and aspect marking in interlanguage. Applied Linguistics 16:344-762.
Rothman, Jason. 2007. Sometimes they use it, sometimes they don’t: An epistemological discussion of L2 morphological production and its use as a competence measurement. Applied Linguistics 28:609-614.
Saeed, John I. 2003. Semantics. Second edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Sasaki, Miyuki, and Keiko Hirose. 1996. Explanatory variables for EFL students’ expository writing. Language Learning 46:137-174.
Sawyer, Mark. 1995. Learnability, Teachability, and Argument Structure: Adult Japanese Learners’ Acquisition of the English Dative Alternation. Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
Schwartz, Bonnie D., and Rex A. Sprouse. 1994. Word order and nominative case on non-native language acquisition: A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. Language Acquisition Studies in Generative Grammar, ed. by Teun Hoekstra, and Bonnie D. Schwartz, 317-368. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Schwartz, Bonnie D., and Rex A. Sprouse. 1996. L2 cognitive states and the full transfer/full access hypothesis. Second Language Research 12:40-72.
Shirai, Yasuhiro. 1993. Inherent aspect and the acquisition of tense/aspect morphology in Japanese. Argument Structure: Its Syntax and Acquisition, ed. by Heizo Nakajima, and Yukio Otsu, 185-211. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
Slabakova, Roumyana. 2001. Telicity in the Second Language. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Smith, Carlota S. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht; Boston; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect. Second edition. Dordrecht; Boston; London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Snyder, William. 1995. A neo-Davidsonian approach to resultatives, particles and datives. Proceedings of the 25th Meeting of the North Eastern Linguistic Society 25 (NELS-25), Volume I, ed. by Jill N. Beckman, 457-471. Amherst, Mass.: Graduate Linguistic Student Association (GLSA), University of Massachusetts.
Snyder, William. 1996. The acquisitional role of the syntax-morphology interface: Morphological compounds and syntactic complex predicates. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (BUCLD-20), Volume II, ed. by Andy Stringfellow, Dalia Cahana-Amitay, Elizabeth Hughes, and Andrea Zukowski, 728-735. Somerville, Mass.: Cascadilla Press.
Snyder, William. 2001. On the nature of syntactic variation: Evidence from complex predicates and complex word-formation. Language 77:324-342.
Snyder, William, and Karin Stromswold. 1997. The structure and acquisition of English dative constructions. Linguistic Inquiry 28:281-317.
Stromswold, Karin. 1996. Analyzing children’s spontaneous speech. Methods for Assessing Children’s Syntax, ed. by Dana McDaniel, Cecile McKee, and Helen S. Cairns, 23-53. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Stromswold, Karin, and William Snyder. 1995. The acquisition of datives, particles, and related constructions: Evidence for a parametric account. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (BUCLD-19), ed. by Dawn MacLaughlin, and Susan McEwen, 621-628. Somerville, Mass.: Cascadilla Press.
Tai, James H-Y. 1984. Verbs and times in Chinese: Vendler’s Four Categories. Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics, ed. by David Testen, Veena Mishra, and Joseph Drogo, 289-296. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Tai, James H-Y. 2003. Cognitive relativism: Resultative construction in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 4:301-316.
Tarone, Elaine. 1985. Variability in interlanguage use: A study of style-shifting in morphology and syntax. Language Learning 35:373-403.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1977. A grammar of verb-particles in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistic 5:1-25.
Tenny, Carol L. 1994. Aspectual Roles and the Syntax-Semantics Interface. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Trahey, Martha, and Lydia White. 1993. Positive evidence and preemption in the second language classroom. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15:181-204.
Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. 2001. An Introduction to Syntax. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Verkuyl, Henk J. 1992. On the Compositional Nature of the Aspects. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel.
Verkuyl, Henk J. 1999. Aspectual Issues: Studies on Time and Quantity. Standford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI) Publications.
White, Lydia, Nina Spada, Patsy M. Lightbown, and Leila Ranta. 1991. Input enhancement and L2 question formation. Applied Linguistics 12:416-432.
Whong-Barr, Melinda, and Bonnie D. Schwartz. 2001. Morphological transfer effects in child L2 acquisition of English double-object datives. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (BUCLD-25), Volume II, ed. by Anna H.-J. Do, Laura Domínguez, and Aimee Johansen, 803-814. Somerville, Mass.: Cascadilla Press.
Wu, Ching-Huei Teresa. 2004. On de/bu and the syntactic nature of resultative verbal compounding. Language and Linguistics 5:271-329
Wu, Chun-Liang, and Wen-Lin Wen. 1997. Daimingci shenglue yu waiyu xide [Pro-drop and foreign language acquisition]. English Teaching and Learning 21:65-78.
Xiao, Richard, and Tony McEnery. 2004. Aspect in Mandarin Chinese. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Ying, Hong Guang. 2004. Relevance mapping: A study of second language learners’ processing of syntactically ambiguous sentences in English. Second Language Research 20:232-255.
Zhang, Niina. 2001. The structures of depictive and resultative constructions in Chinese. ZAS Papers in Linguistics 22:191-221.