過去文獻對於話語標記(discourse marker)「就是」多著重在書面語體的研究 (張誼生,2002;劉燦群,2007),然而書面語體實詞較多、句法篇章等架構清 楚;而口語語體則反之,口語語體虛詞和子句較多,架構相對來說零散(Halliday, 1997),故更仰賴話語標記,使說話者的訊息得以傳遞,話語標記的篇章功能更 得以顯現。
本研究以 Brinton(1996)對話語標記的功能分析作為研究架構,將話語標記 分成語用層面和篇章層面,並將其中的篇章層面功能再分為表層的銜接功能和深 層的信息處理功能,後者根據信息處理和標記理論再分為自然焦點標記(新信息)、 對比焦點標記(新信息)和話題標記(舊信息)。文內先回顧過去學者對話語標 記的定義,「就是」在不同語體中的篇章銜接和信息處理功能;其後定義「就」、 「是」和「就是」的基式語義和回顧「就是」的語法化歷程相關研究;最後以自 然焦點標記、對比焦點標記和話題標記來分析「就是」在口語獨白語體中的信息 處理功能及其語法化歷程。
研究發現「就是」在口語獨白語體中除了自然焦點標記、話題標記和對比焦 點標記這三種信息標記以外,還有一個標記新信息的次焦點標記功能,而使用頻 率由高至低分別為:自然焦點標記、話題標記、次焦點標記、對比焦點標記。本研究也認為各話語標記「就是」的各信息處理功能分別來自於不同的語法化歷程。

The previous research on the Chinese discourse marker “jiùshì” is mostly based on the written corpus (張誼生, 2002;劉燦群, 2007). However, written language has more content words, and the structure is well constructed. The spoken language, in contrast, has more function words, subordinate clauses, and the structure is hence more unorganized (Halliday, 1997). For this reason, discourse markers play an important role in the spoken language in terms of connecting well-spread information units so as to further transmit the message to the hearers; especially in monologues, where the turn- taking barely takes place, since the speakers own the turn most of the time.
This study was based on the framework of Brinton ́s (1996) dichotomy of discourse markers ́ functions, namely interpersonal functions and textual functions. The textual function is then divided into the cohesion functions and information management functions. Based on the theory of information management, the latter is further divided into three discourse markers: end focus marker (new information), contrastive focus marker (new information), and topic marker (given information). We first reviewed the past research on discourse markers, and “jiùshì” cohesion functions and information management functions in written and spoken languages; then defined the semantic meanings of the adverb “jiù”, the copular verb “shì”, and following the lexicalization, the phrasal verb “jiùshì”.. Last, adoptingvarious monologues transcribed from Youtube, we analyzed how “jiùshì” manages given and new information so as to mark which information units in a discourse are topics and which is the focus, and how the phrasal verb ̈jiùshì ̈ grammaticalized into the discourse marker.
This study found out that besides the three information management functions mentioned above, “jiùshì” also can function as sub-focus marker. “jiùshì” as end focus marker is most frequently used in monologues, then as topic marker, sub-focus marker and the contrastive marker is less used. Each information management of “jiùshì” comes from different paths of grammaticalization.

中文文獻
方梅(1995)。漢語對比焦點的句法表現手段。中國語文,4,278-288。
方梅(2000)。自然口語中弱化連詞的話語標記功能。中國語文,5,459-480。
史金生、胡曉萍(2013)。「就是」的話語標記功能及其語法化。漢語學習,4,13- 20。
刑福義(2001)。漢語複句研究。北京:商務印書館。
呂叔湘(1980)。現代漢語八百詞。北京:商務印書館。
李秉震(2010)。漢語話題標記的語義、語用功能研究(未出版之學位論文)。南 開大學,天津市。
沈家煊(1994)。「語法化」研究綜觀。外語教學研究,4,17-23。 屈承熹(1999)。從漢語的焦點與話題看英語中的 Y-Movement 及其他倒裝句。外
語學刊,4,1-13。
屈承熹(2000)。話題的表達形式與語用關系。現代中國語研究,1。
祁峰(2012)。現代漢語焦點研究(未出版之學位論文)。復旦大學,上海市。
姚雙雲、姚小鵬(2012)。自然口語中「就是」話語標記功能的浮現。世界漢語教 學,1,77-84。
范開泰、張小峰(2004)。獨白語體中「呢」問句與「呢」的語氣詞分析。語言科 學,2(2),29-36。
徐杰(2001)。普通語法原則與漢語語法現象。北京:北京大學出版社。 殷樹林(2012)。現代漢語話語標記研究。北京:中國社會科學出版社。 張伯江、方梅(2014)。漢語功能與法研究。北京:商務印書館。
張惟、高華(2012)。自然會話中「就是」的話語功能與語法化研究。語言教學與 研究,1,91-98。
張博江、方梅(1996)。漢語功能與法研究。江西:江西教育出版社。 張誼生(2002)。「就是」的篇章銜接功能及其語法化歷程。世界漢語教學,3,
80-91。
強星娜(2010)。話題標記「嘛」與語氣詞「嘛」。漢語學習,4,59-64。
許家金(2008)。漢語自然會話中話語標記「那(個)」的功能分析。語言科學, 1,49-57。
陳平(1996)。漢語中結構話題的語用解釋和關係化。外國語言學,4,27-36。
陳俊光(2010)。篇章分析與教學應用。台北:新學林出版社。
陳俊光、劉欣怡(2009)。漢語「好」的多視角分析與教學應用。華語文教學研 究,6(2),45-98。
黃大網(2001)。話語標記研究綜述。福建外語,1,5-11。 趙元任(1968)。中國話的文法(A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)。美國加州大學
出版社(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press)。 劉丹青、徐烈炯(1998)。焦點與背景、話題及漢語「連」字句。中國語文,4,
243-252。 劉燦群(2007)。「就是」開頭句的語用分析。湖南科技大學(社會科學版),6,
115-119。 劉林軍(2013)。從話語功能看話題標記的實質。語言教學與研究,3(2),91-98。 潘建華(2000)。每個句子都有焦點嗎?。山西師大學報,27(3),123-126。 鄧瑩潔(2017)。關於漢語話題標記的界定。現代語文(語言研究版),11,17-20。
韓戈玲(2008)。語用標記語:雙邊最佳交際。江蘇:東南大學出版社。
英文文獻
Biq, Y. O.(畢永峨). (2001). The Grammaticalization of Jiushi and Jiushishuo in Mandarin Chinese. Concentric: Studies in English Literature and Linguistics. 27(2), 53-74.
Blakemore, D. (1987). Semantic constraints on relevance. Oxford; New York, USA: Blackwell.
Blakemore, D. (1992). Understanding utterances. Oxford; OX, UK; Cambridge, Mass. USA: Blackwell.
Briton, L. (1996). Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Chafe, W. L. (1976). Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics and point of view. In Charles N. Li. (Ed.), Subject and Topic (27-55), New York, Academic Press.
Chu, C. C.(屈承熹). (1998). A Discourse Grammar of Mandarin. Chinese. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
Clancy, P. M., Thompson, S. A., Suzuki, R. & Tao, H. (1996). The conversational use of reactive tokens in English, Japanese, and Mandarin, Journal of Pragmatics, 26(3), 355-387.
Firbas, J. (1974). Some aspects of the Czechoslovak approach to problems of functional sentence perspective. In Daneš, F. (Ed.), Papers on functional sentence perspective (11-37), Prague: Academia.
Fraser, B. (1996). Pragmatic Markers. Journal of Pragmatics, 6, 167-190.
Fraser, B. (1999). What are discourse markers?. Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 931-953.
Givón, T. (1987). Beyond Foreground and Background. In R. Tomlin (Ed.), Coherence and Grounding in Discourse (175-188). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1997). Differences between Spoken and Written Language: Some Implications for Literacy Teaching. In G. Page, J. Elkins & B. O’Connor (Eds.), Communication through Reading: Proceediongs of the Fourth Australian Reading Conference ((2), 37-52). Adelaide: Australian Reading Association.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1981). Text Semantics and Clause Grammar: Some Patterns of Realization. In J. E. Copeland & P. W. Davis (Eds.), The Seventh LACUS Forum (31-59). Columbia, S. C.: Hornbeam Press.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1968). Notes on transitivity and theme in English: part III. Journal of Linguistics, 4(2), 179-215.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Halliday, M.A.K. & Ruqaiya Hasan. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Hopper, J. P. (1991). On some principles of grammaticalization. In Traugott & Heine (Eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization ((1), 17-36). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Leech, G. & Svartvik, J. (1975). A communicative grammar of English. London: Longman.
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson. (1981). Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley; Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Meillet, A. (1912). L’évolution des forms grammaticales. Scientia, 12, 384-400. (Reprinted in A. Meillet, 1958, Linguistique historique et linguistique générale, 130-148. Paris: H. Champion.)
Rizzi, L. (1997). The Fine Structure of the Left Periphery. In LinianeHaegeman (Ed.) Elements of Grammar: Handbook in Generative Syntax (281-337). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Schegloff, E.A., Jefferson, G. & Sacks, H. (1977). The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation, Language, 53, 361-382.
Schiffrin, D. (1987). Discourse Markers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schourup, L. (1999). Discourse markers, Lingua, 107, 227-265.
Thompson, S. (1994a.). Aspects of Cohesion in Monologue, Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 58–75.
Thompson, S. (1994b.). Frameworks and contexts: A genre-based approach to analysing lecture introductions, English for Specific Purposes, 13(2), 171-186.
Tsao,F.F(.曹逢甫).(1990).ClauseandSentenceinChinese:AFunctionalPerspective. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Wang, Y. F. (王萸芳), Katz, A. & Chen, Z. H. (2003). Thinking as saying—Shuo (‘say’) in Taiwan Mandarin conversation and BBS talk. Language Sciences, 25, 457-488.
Zwicky, A. (1985). Clitics and Particles. Language, 61(2), 283-305.