This study examined the communication experiences of Russian expatriates in Taiwan. The researcher focused on the importance of cross-cultural communication in the medical workplace. This study provided some new insights into the bases and consequences of cross-cultural communication between Russian expatriates and Taiwanese employees. The purpose of the present study was to examine the cross-cultural communication experience between Russian expatriates and Taiwanese employees in Taiwan. Kim’s (2001, 2005) integrative communication theory of cross-cultural adaptation provided the basis for offering an explanation of the linkage the communication competence. The analysis used portions of verbal transcripts obtained through 12 in-depth personal interviews between May 2009 and April 2010. The research revealed that positive and genuine relationships/friendships between Russian expatriates and host nationals (i.e., Taiwanese) contribute to their positive and rewarding life experience overseas.

Adler, N. J. (2001). International dimensions of organizational behavior (4th ed.). Cincinnati, OH. USA: South-Western.
Adler, R. B. & Elmhorst, J. M. (2002). Communicating at work: Principles and practices for business and the professions. New York: McGraw Hill.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K.-Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 331–357.
Andrews, P. H. & Baird, J. E. (1986). Communication for business and the professions. Chicago: Brown & Benchmark.
Arasaratnam, L. A. & Doerfel, M. L. (2005). Intercultural communication competence: Identifying key components from multicultural perspectives. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 137–163.
Arksey, H. & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for social scientists: An introductory resource with examples. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage.
Aycan, Z. (1997). Acculturation of expatriate managers: a process model of adjustment and performance. In D. M. Saunders (Series Ed.) & Z. Aycan (Vol. Ed.), New approaches to employee management: Vol. 4. Expatriate management: Theory and research (pp. 1-40). Greenwich, CT: Jai Press, Inc.
Ayres, J. (1983). Strategies to maintain relationships: Their identification and perceived usage. Communication Quarterly, 31, 62–67.
Bernieri, F. J. (2001). Toward a taxonomy of interpersonal sensitivity. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measure (pp. 3-19). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Black, J. (1992). Coming home: the relationship of expatriate expectations with repatriation adjustment and job performance. Human Relations, 45, 177-192.
Black, J. & Gregersen, H. (1991). Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments. Human Relations, 44, 497-515.
Black, J. & Gregersen, H. (1999). The right way to manage expatriates. Harvard Business Review, 77, 52-62.
Black, J., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16, 291-317.
Beamer, L. & Varner, I. (2001). Intercultural communication in the global workplace (2nd ed.). Singapore : McGraw-Hill.
Bell, R. A. & Daly, J. A. (1984). The affinity-seeking function of communication. Communication Monographs, 51, 91-115.
Bell, R. A. & Daly, J. A. (1985). Some communicator correlates of loneliness. Southern Speech Communication Journal, 50, 121-142.
Brewater, C. & Hegewisch, A. (1994). Policy and practice in European human resource management: The Price Waterhouse Canfield Survey. London: Routledge.
Briscoe, D. & Schuler, R. (2004). International human resource management: Policy and practice for the global enterprise. New York: Routledge.
Buck, R. (1975). Nonverbal communication of affect in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 644–653.
Buck, R. (1976). A test of nonverbal receiving ability: Preliminary studies. Human Communication Research, 2, 162–171.
Buttery, E. A. & Leung, T. K. P. (1998). The difference between Chinese and Western negotiations. European Journal of Marketing, 32, 374-389.
Chaisrakeo, S. & Speece, M. (2004). Cultural, intercultural communication competence, and sales negotiation: A qualitative research approach. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 19, 267-282.
Chang, S. C. & Lee, M. S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees’ job satisfaction. The Learning Organization, 14(2), 155-185.
Cody, M. J. (1982). A typology of disengagement strategies and an examination of the role intimacy, reactions to inequity and relational problems play in strategy selection. Communication Monographs, 49, 148 –170.
Copeland, L. & Griggs, L. (1985). Going international. New York: Random House.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.
Dunbar, E. (1994). The German executive in the U.S. work and social environment: Exploring role demands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18,277- 291.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cullen, J. B. & Parboteeah, K. P. (2005). Multinational management: A strategic approach. Ohio: South-Western.
Davies, H., Leung, T., Luk, S. & Wong, Y.H. (1995). The benefits of Guan-Xi: the value of relationships in developing the Chinese market. Journal of Industrial Marketing Management, 12, 207-214.
Earley, P. C. & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Earley, P. C. & Mosakowski, E. (2000). Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of transnational team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 26–49.
Gertsen, M. (1990). Intercultural competence and expatriates. International Journal of Human Research Management, December, 341-361.
Gilbert, D. & Tsao, J. (2000). Exploring Chinese cultural influences and hospitality marketing relationships. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 12(1), 45-53.
Goman, C. K. (2006). Communication for a new age. Strategic Communication Management, 10, 8-9.
Gomez-Meija, L. & Balkin, E. (1987). The determinants of managerial satisfaction with the expatriation and repatriation process. Journal of Management Development, 6, 7-17.
Grau, J. & Grau, C. (2003). New communication demands of the 21st century workplace. Listening Professional, 10, 3-19.
Gudykunst, W. B. (1995). Anxiety/uncertainty management (AUM) theory: Current status. In R. L. Wiseman (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 8-58). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gudykunst, W. B. & Kim, Y. Y. (1992). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication. New York, NY: McGraw- Hill.
Gudykunst, W. B. & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Culture and interpersonal communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Guy, B. & Patton, W. (1996). Managing the effects of culture shock and sojourner adjustment on the expatriate industrial sales force. Industrial Marketing Management, 25, 385-393.
Hammer, M. R., Gudykunst, W. B., & Wiseman, R. L. (1978). Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: An exploratory study. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 2, 382–393.
Harrison, J., Chadwick, M., & Scales, M. (1996). The relationship between cross-cultural adjustment and the personality variables of self-efficacy and self-monitoring. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 167-188.
Harris, P. R. & Moran, R. T. (1996). Managing Cultural Differences: Leadership Strategies for New World of Business. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company.
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (1991). Culture and organization: Software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill.
Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81-94.
Huberman, A. M. & Miles, M. B. (1998). Data management and analysis methods. In N. Hunt, G. T. (1980). Communication skills in the organization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall.
Jandt, F. E. (2004). An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. CA: Sage.
Jaw, B. S., Ling, Y. H., Wang, C. Y. P., & Chang, W. C. (2005). The impact of culture on Chinese employees’ work values. Personnel Review, 36(1), 128-144.
Johnson, B. & Christensen, L. (2000). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. Boston: Pearson Educations, Inc. Journal of the American Medical Association 295 (September 7. 2005): 1058-67.
Jourard, S. M., & Lasakow, P. (1958). Some factors in self-disclosure. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56, 91–98.
Katriel, T., & Philipsen, G. (1981). What we need is communication: Communication as a cultural category in some American speech. Communication Monographs, 48, 301–317.
Kealey, D. (1996). The challenge of international personnel selection. In D. Landis & B. S. Bhagat (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed.) (pp. 383-399). Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. Y. (1988). Communication and cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. Clevedon, Philadelphia: Multilingual Matters.
Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming Intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. S. (2003). Host environment, communication, and psychological health: A study of cross-cultural adaptation comparing Korean expatriates in the United States with American expatriates in South Korea. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.
Kim, Y. Y. (2005). Adapting to a new culture: An integrative communication theory. In W. Gudykunst (Ed.), Theorizing about intercultural
communication (pp. 375-400). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. Y. & Kim, Y.S. (2004). The role of host environment in cross-cultural adaptation: A comparison of American expatriates in South Korea and their Korean counterparts in the United States.
Kim, Y. S. & Kim, Y. Y. (2005). Communication patterns and psychological health in the process of cross-cultural adaptation: a study of American and Korean expatriate workers. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Boston, MA. Asian Communication Research, 3, 5-25.
Kim, Y. S. & Kim, Y. Y. (in press). Communication patterns and psychological health in the process of cross-cultural adaptation: a study of American and Korean expatriate workers. International and Intercultural Communication Annual.
Koester, J. & Olebe, M. (1987). Behavioral Assessment Scale for Intercultural Communication. Sacramento, CA: Department of Communication Studies, California State University.
Kramer, M., & Wayne, S. (2004). An examination of perceived organizational support as a multidimensional construct in the context of an expatriate assignment. Journal of Management, 30, 209-237.
Krell, E. (2005). Budding relationships. HRMagazine, 50, 114-118.
Kramer, M., Lazarova, M. B., Au, K. (2008). Cultural intelligence: Domain and assessment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 8, 123–143.
Leontovich, O. A. (2002). Vvedenie v mezhkul’turnuyu kommunikatsiyu/Introduction to intercultural communication. Moscow: Gnosis.
Leontovich, O. A. (2005). American English as a medium of intercultural communication. World Englishes, 24(4), 523-532.
Losoya, S. H. & Eisenberg, N. (2001). Affective empathy. In J. A. Hall & F. J. Bernieri (Eds.), Interpersonal sensitivity: Theory and measure (pp. 21–43). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Marta, J. K. M. & Singhapakdi, A. (2005). Comparing Thai and US business people. International Marketing Review, 22, 562-577.
Martin, M. M. & Anderson, C. M. (1995). Roommate similarity: Are roommates who are similar in their communication traits more satisfied? Communication Research Reports, 12, 46-52.
Martin, M. M. & Anderson, C. M. (1996). Feelings about verbal aggression: Justifications for sending and receiving verbally aggressive messages. Communication Research Reports, 13, 19-26.
Martin, M. M., Anderson, C. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (1998). Aggressive communication traits and their relationships with the Cognitive Flexibility Scale and the Communication Flexibility Scale. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 13, 531-541.
Maslova V. A. (1997). Introduction into cultural linguistics. Moscow: Nasledie.
Mehrabian, A. & Epstein, N. (1972). A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40, 525-543.
Mendenhall, M. & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10, 39-48.
Naumann, E. (1992). A conceptual model of expatriate turnover. Journal of International Business Studies, 23, 499-531.
Monthienvichienchai, C., Buibulbhanuwat, S., Kasemsuk, C. & Speece, M. (2002). Cultural awareness, communication apprehension, and communication competence: A case study of Saint John’s International School. The International Journal of Education Management, 16, 288-296.
Norton, R. & Montgomery, B. M. (1982). Style, content, and target components of openness. Communication Research, 9, 399–431.
Noypayak, W. & Speece, M. (1998). Tactics to influence subordinates among Thai managers. Journal of Management Psychology, 13, 343-358.
Oberg, K. (1960). Cultural Shock: Adjustment at new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology, 7, 177-182.
Okabe, R. (1983). Cultural assumptions of East and West: Japan and United States. In W. B. Gudykunst (Ed.), Intercultural communication theory: Current perspectives (pp. 21–44). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Orsini, B. (2000). Improving internal communications. The Internal Auditor, 57, 28-32.
Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pheng, L. S. O. & Leong, C. H. Y. (2001). Asian management style in Western management theories: A case study in construction project management. Work Study, 50(1), 13-22.
Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social theory and global culture. London: Sage Publications.
Robbins, S. P. & Judge, T.A.(2007). Organizational behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Ruben, B. D. (1976). Assessing communication competency for intercultural adaptation. Groups and Organizational Studies, 1, 334–354.
Rubin, R. B., Palmgreen, P., & Sypher, H. E. (2004). Communication research measures: A sourcebook. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sahlins, M. (1964). Culture and Environment: The Study of Cultural Ecology. In S. Tax (Ed.), Horizons of Anthropology (pp. 132-147). Chicago: Aldine
Sandler, L. (1988). Rule of Management Communication: Personal Journal, 67, 40-46.
Scanlan, L. (2005). Solving the communications breakdown. Healthcare Financial Management, 59, 100-104.
Schuler, R.S. & Jackson, S.E. (2006). Human resource management: International perspectives (International student ed.). Ohio: South Western.
Selmer, J. (1996). What expatriate managers know about the values of their subordinates: Swedish Executive in Thailand. MIR, 36, 231-243.
Selmer, J. (2002). Practice makes perfect? International experience and expatriate adjustment. Management International Review, 42, 71-88.
Shaffer, M., Gregersen, H., & Harrison, D. (2006). You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 109-125.
Silverthorne, C. (2000). Situational leadership theory in Taiwan: A different culture perspective. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 21(2), 68-74.
Simons, C. & Naylor-Stables, B. (1997). Effective communication for managers: Getting your message across. London: Herndon, VA: Cassell.
Shaffer, M., Harrison, D., & Gilley, K. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30, 53-73.
Shannonhouse, R. (1996, November 8). Overseas-assignment failures. USA Today/ International edition, p. 8A.
Sparrow, P. & Wu, P. C. (1997). Does national culture really matter? Predicting HRM preferences of Taiwanese employees. Employee Relations, 20(1), 26-56.
Spitzberg, B. H. (1988). Communication competence: Measures of perceived effectiveness. In C. H. Tardy (Ed.), A handbook for the study of human communication: Methods and instruments for observing, measuring, and assessing communication processes (pp. 67–105). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Spitzberg, B. H., & Canary, D. (1985). Loneliness and relationally competent communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2, 387-402.
Spitzberg, B. H., Canary, D., & Cupach, W. R. (1994). A competence-based approach to the study of interpersonal conflict. In D. D. Canhn (Ed.), Conflict in interpersonal relationships (pp. 183-202). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Spitzberg, B. H. & Hurt, H. T. (1987). The measurement of interpersonal skills in instructional contexts. Communication Education, 36, 28–45.
Sriussadaporn, R. (2006). Managing international business communication problems at work: a pilot study in foreign companies in Thailand. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 13, 330-344.
Stake, R. (1995). The art of case research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Stroh, L., Dennis, L., & Cramer, T. (1994). Predictors of expatriate adjustment. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 2, 176-192.
Stroh, L. (1995). Predicting turnover among repatriates: Can organizations affect retentionrates? International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6, 443-457.
Swierchek, F. W. & Onishi, J. (2003). Culture and conflict: Japanese managers and Thai subordinates. Personal Review, 32(2), 187-210.
Takeuchi, R., Tesluk, P., & Yun, S. (2005). An integrative view of international experience. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 85-100.
Tinsley, C., Curhan, J., & Kwak, R. S. (1999). Adopting a dual lens approach for overcoming the dilemma of difference in international business negotiations. International Negotiation, 4, 1–18.
Thomas, D. C., Ravlin, E. C., Stahl, G., Pekerti, A., Maznevski, M., (1990). Tactical behavior and negotiation outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 1, 7–31.
Torbiorn, I. (1982). Living abroad: Personal adjustment and personnel policy in the overseas setting. New York: Wiley.
Trubisky, P., Ting-Toomey, S., & Lin, S. L. (1991). The influence of individualism- collectivism and self-monitoring on conflict styles. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 15, 65-84.
Tolstoy N. I. (1997). Ethnolinguistics in the field of humanities. Russkaya Slovesnost. Мoscow: Academia.
Triandis, H. C. & Singelis, T. M. (1998). Training to recognize individual differences in collectivism and individualism within culture. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 22 (1), 35-47.
Trompanaars, F. (1994). Riding the waves of culture: Understanding cultural diversity in global business. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tung, R. (1988). The new expatriates. Cambridge: Balinger.
Van Vianen, A., De, APater, I., & Kristof-Brown, A. (2004). Fitting-in: surface- and deep-level cultural differences and expatriates’ adjustment. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 697-709.
Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. Philadelphia: Routledge. Windham International and National Foreign Trade Council, Inc. (1998, June). Global relocation trends: 1998 survey report. New York: Windham International.
Wayne, S. & Jaworski, R. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personal Psychology, 54, 71-101.
Werner, J. M. & Desimone, R. L. (2006). Human resource management (4th ed.). Ohio: South Western.
Williams, K. Y. & O’Reilly, C. A. (1998). Demography and diversity in organizations: A review of 40 years of research. Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, 77–140.
Wiseman, R. L., Hammer, M. R., & Nishida, H. (1989). Predictors of intercultural communication competence. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 13, 349 -370.
Xing, F. (1995). The Chinese cultural system: Implications for cross-cultural management. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 60(1), 14-20.
Yee, K. & Gordon, C. (2006). Dos & don’t in Thailand (3rd ed.). Thailand: Amarin Printing and Public Co., Ltd.
Yoo, D. K., Rao, S. S. & Hong, P. (2006). A comparative study on cultural differences and quality practice-Korea, USA, Mexico and Taiwan. International of Quality & Reliability Management, 3(6), 607-624.

from the WWW
http://netaddiction.com/cybersexual_addiction.htm
http://www.russcomm.ru/eng/rca_biblio/b/bergelson03_eng.shtml
http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=73&culture2=89#