研究生: |
李宜芳 Yi-Fang Lee |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
全職媽媽母職意義觀點之轉化學習研究 The Research on Transformative Learning in Motherhood Meaning Perspectives of Full-time Mother |
指導教授: |
黃明月
Hwang, Ming-Yueh |
學位類別: |
博士 Doctor |
系所名稱: |
社會教育學系 Department of Adult and Continuing Education |
論文出版年: | 2012 |
畢業學年度: | 100 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 234 |
中文關鍵詞: | 母職 、轉化學習 、全職媽媽 、意義觀點 、女性發展 |
英文關鍵詞: | Motherhood, transformative learning, full-time Mother, meaning perspective, women development |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:678 下載:98 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在探討現代女性選擇擔任全職媽媽的母職意義觀點,瞭解形塑女性母職觀的發展脈絡,影響全職媽媽觀點轉化的重要媒介或阻礙因素,以及在母職實踐中的轉化學習歷程。研究對象為BabyHome(寶貝家庭親子網)的家族成員,居住在大臺北都會區,在懷孕生子後自願離職擔任全職媽媽,目前沒有任何職場工作或家族事業兼顧者之中產階級女性。
本研究結合成人教育學關懷女性發展與賦權的立場,重視讓女性發出自己的聲音。研究者與這群全職媽媽實際互動長達三年,除實際參與觀察蒐集田野文本,以掌握其母職實踐中的意義觀點內涵與轉變,並輔以深度訪談法,採現象學詮釋觀點,應用Nvivo8.0質性軟體工具來整理分析文本資料,描繪出母職轉化的關係圖,並以此建構全職媽媽母職意義觀點的轉化學習模式。
這群受過高等教育、曾從事有酬正式工作的中產階級女性,主要秉持著「母職即母教」的立場「選擇」擔任全職媽媽,包括「教育孩子前,先教育自己」,以及「重視孩子的健康成長」大於「工作賺錢的價值」等意義觀點。這群女性伴隨著全職媽媽身份,並非落入社會結構的傳統性別框架,而是在母職實踐中轉為更具「自主性」的存在,例如藉由參加網路社群、媽媽讀書會與親職課程等活動來充實自己,這些母職經驗開啟了轉化學習的可能性,並使得母職成為自我洗滌的歷程。而在母職實踐中所遭遇的困境,則促使全職媽媽尋找資源解決問題,並從中批判反思,產生意義觀點的轉化學習歷程。
本研究發現,原生家庭的成長經驗會形塑女性的母職觀,母職角色的轉變與生活危機,也確實會觸發全職媽媽的轉化學習,而質疑假設與批判反思則是觀點轉化的核心,但情緒卻是阻礙轉化學習的因素。至於觀點轉化的發展階段則因人而異,可能是來回擺盪、並非直線性發展;全職媽媽所處情境,與轉化學習息息相關;轉化學習的前提是「愛」,而「傾聽就是愛,瞭解中有醫治」,成人教育者必須提供學習者足夠的信任與情緒支持,才得以促進轉化學習,也就是「先處理好心情,才能解決事情」,本研究提出這些面向,以補足Mezirow轉化學習理論中僅重視理性思維的假設。
面對臺灣離婚率創全亞洲第一高、生育率為全世界最低,以及台灣社會長期「不婚、不生、不養、不教」的現象,我們或許應賦予母職多一些正面價值,給予全職父母多一點鼓勵支持,協助建立父母社群,並提供親職學習的免費資源,將父親也納入課程對象,發揚「親職即親教」的意義觀點。處在這個強調「兩性平等」的年代,我們更需要學習的,可能是「彼此相愛」。藉由這篇母職研究,盼望能帶給成人教育者與自己這樣的提醒,永遠不要忘記幸福家庭的根基,是在於愛……
This study, taking full-time mother as the subjects, adopts qualitative research procedures. By the approach of in-depth interviews and collecting related documents, the study is intended to understand the reason that women quit job and back to home as full-time Mother after giving birth, and to explore their meaning perspective in Motherhood, the pressure encountered, difficulties and the process of transformative learning.
It is hoped that this study can achieve the following goals:
1.The understanding of the essential changes of full-time Mother after giving birth and their meaning perspective in Motherhood.
2.The understanding of the full-time Mother’s transformative learning process in Motherhood.
3.The understanding of the influence of the full-time Mother transformative learning in Motherhood.
4.The understanding of the difference between the process of the full-time Mother’s transformative learning and the one raised by Mezirow.
5.The understanding of the difference between the process of the full-time Mother’s transformative learning in Motherhood and the supplementary statements made by the other scholars to expend Mezirow’s theory.
This research is the character oriented. The participants are three-type full-time mother. The material was collected by the semi-structured interviews. The reorganization material was analyzed by the hermeneutics. Then, the research conclusion is obtained as follows:
1.The full-time Mother’s meaning perspective of Motherhood is shaped by their growing experience, especially from their Mother.
2.The women are willing to give up their nice job as the full-time Mother because they view “Mother as the mothering, discipline and the intellectual enterprise”.
3.The self-reflection and social group of full-time Mother will bring them into transformative learning, but the negative emotion and over-loaded expectation from their family may be the learning obstacles.
4.Mezirow only emphasizes the importance of rational thinking, but This research point out the situated context and emotion of learner should be considered.
5.Love is the premise of transformative learning because “to listen is to love, to understand is to heal”.
Based on the above findings: the research wants to propose some suggestion to the adult education association as the below:
1.Provide more learning resources for parents and encourage Father to involve at homework.
2.Provide the formal mothering course with flexible baby-care service for the full-time Mother.
3.Establish the learning group of the full-time Mother to and support each other.
In order to promote the transformative learning, adult educator must provide the learner sufficient trust and emotional support. This is what we say to deal with a good mood first, in order to resolve the matter.
一、中文書目
王秋絨 (1997)。成人教育的思想與實務:現代、後現代的論辯。臺北:心理。
王淑英、孫嫚薇(2003)。托育照顧政策中的國家角色。國家政策季刊,2(4),147-174。
王舒芸、余漢儀(1997)。奶爸難為:雙親家庭之父職角色初探。女性與兩性學刊,8,115-143。
王叢桂(2000)。華人父母職責信念-以臺灣大學生為對象的探索性研究。香港社會科學學報,18,57-83。
王叢桂(2004)。父母職責信念與工作價值觀。應用心理研究,22,201-216。
卡維波(1999)〈代理孕母打破父權的母職觀〉,2010年2月10日,取自立法院「人工生殖法草案」立法公聽會發言稿。
何青蓉(2002)。讀書會中女性學習的意涵之一;家庭主婦自信心的開展。成人學習:本土經驗的實踐(頁49-100)。臺北:師大書苑。
吳芝儀(2000)。建構論及其在教育研究上的應用。中正大學教育學研究所主編,質的研究方法(167-198)。高雄:麗文。
吳芝儀、李奉儒譯(1995)。質的評鑑與研究。台北:桂冠。翻譯自Patton M.Q.(1990).Qualitative evaluation and research methods.
吳芝儀、廖梅花譯 (2001)。質性研究入門─紮根理論研究方法。嘉義:濤石。翻譯自Strauss & Corbin (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory.
呂玉瑕(1982)。現代女性之角色態度的價值延伸現象。思與言,20:2,135-150。
呂玉瑕(1995)。兩性的角色分工與家庭發展。李鍾桂(編)著。1994與全球同步跨越世紀系列研討會實錄(下)。42-52。臺北:救國團社會研究院。
呂明蓁、林津如、唐文慧(2008)。母職任務與學校教育的拔河。臺北市高等教育出版。翻譯自Griffith, Alison, I. & Griffith, Dorothy, E. Smith(2008).Mothering for Schooling.
呂寶靜(1999)。性別與家庭照顧:一個女性主義的觀點。收於王雅各編,性屬關係(上)— 性別與社會、建構。臺北:心理。
李宜芳(2010)。Mom’s talk online:網路社群的非正式學習。社區學習國際學術研討會—社區學習的未來想像。台北:政大教育學院社區學習研究發展中心。
李明芬(2002)。以設計的思維轉化成人學習---穿越學習與教學設計的慣性領域。成人學習:本土經驗的實踐,319-374。臺北:師大書苑。
李瑛(2002)。文化變遷與民族發展:臺灣原住民的轉化學習經驗。成人學習:本土經驗的實踐,1-48。臺北:師大書苑。
汪培廷(2008)。還好,我們生了兩個孩子。臺北:時報文化。
汪培廷(2009)。父母的保存期限,只有十年。臺北:時報文化。
兒童福利聯盟基金會(2008)。臺灣地區幼兒媽媽托育現況調查報告。臺北:兒盟瞭望1,李宏文編。
周聖心(2005)。從個人學習到公共參與的轉化歷程—以永和社區大學公共性社團學員為例。臺北:國立臺灣師範大學社會教育系在職進修碩士班碩士論文。
林本炫 (2004)。質性研究資料分析電腦軟體在質性研究中的應用。載於林本炫、何明修主編,質性研究方法及其超越(頁1-22)。嘉義:南華大學。
林佳薇(2007)。母親教養態度改變之研究。臺北:臺北市立教育大學兒童發展碩士論文。
林美和(1997)。女性觀點的成人女性教育課程。成人教育雙月刊,37,9-15。
林詠慧(2001)。由破而立?中年女性參與成長課程歷程之研究。高雄:國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文。
邱育芳(1996)。女性社區參與和現代母職的實踐:以主婦聯盟的社區運動為例分析。新竹:國立清華大學社會人類學研究所碩士論文。
邱敏芝(2009)。母職 家 /枷/佳鎖?高學歷職業婦女的母職圖像。花蓮:國立花蓮教育大學多元文化教育研究所碩士論文。
侯嘉惠(2001)。成人學習者性別角色刻板印象之轉化學習歷程。嘉義:國立中正大學成人與繼續教育研究所碩士論文。
俞智敏(2003)。女性主義觀點的社會學。臺北:巨流。翻譯自Abbott, Pamela., & Wallace, Claire .(1990). An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives.
胡幼慧(1996)主編。質性研究—理論、方法及本土女性研究實例。271-285。臺北:巨流。
唐文慧(2010)。當工作與照顧衝突,中產階級母親為何選擇離職?結構限制下的照顧者認同與母職實踐。臺灣社會研究季刊。
唐文慧、游美惠(2002)。社會母職:女性主義媽媽的願景。女性與性別研究通訊,63,13-15。
唐先梅、曾敏傑(1995)‧臺灣已婚職業婦女家庭與工作壓力之研究‧臺灣銀行季刊,42卷,3期,頁292-339。
徐宗國(1995)。工作內涵與性別角色。臺北:稻香出版社。
高淑清(2001)。在美華人留學生太太的生活世界:詮釋與反思。本土心理學研究,6,225-285。
高淑貴(1991)。家庭社會學。臺北:黎明。
高歆怡(2003)。女性成長社團學員的女性意識知覺及轉化歷程之研究—以臺北縣永和社區大學為例。嘉義:國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文。
張小虹(1993)。影像、教學與意識型態:「性別與電影研究」通識課程設計。大專院校兩性教育通識課程教學研討會論文集,117~251。臺北:臺大人口研究中心女性研究室編印。
張兵(2010)。媽媽才是孩子最好的心理醫生。臺北:凱信企管出版。
張晉芬、黃紋娟(1996)。兩性分工概念下婚育對女性就業的影響—清官要管家務事。收錄於劉毓秀編《女性、國家、照顧政策研討會論文集》。臺北:臺北市政府、女學會。
張瀞文(1997)。女性的母職:社會學觀點的批判分析。社教雙月刊,77,20-25。
張瀞文(1999)。參與讀書會之成年女性其母職角色認同與轉換歷程之研究。臺北:國立台灣師範大學社會教育學所碩士論文。
張瀞文(2002)。母職是重擔?還是轉化的起點?參與讀書會的女性轉化學習。成人學習:本土經驗的實踐,151-210。臺北:師大書苑。
莊永佳(1998)。臺灣女性之母職實踐。南華管理學院教育社會學研究所碩士論文。
莊雪芳(2004)。臺中市母親母職角色信念與教養方式之相關研究。嘉義:國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文。
許婷雯(2005)。我國育嬰假對於母職制度及女性就業處境之影響。臺北:國立政治大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
郭珍妃(2001)。雙重家鎖:受虐女性的母職經驗。臺北:臺灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
陳介英(2002)。深度訪談在經驗研究地位的反思。載於齊力、林本炫編,質性研究方法與資料分析(第117-127頁)。嘉義:南華教社所。
陳伯璋(2000)。知識社會學。載於國立編譯館(主編),教育大辭書(四),685-686。
陳秉華、游淑瑜(2001)。臺灣的家庭文化與家庭治療。Asian Journal of Counselling, Vol. 8 No. 2 , 153-174.
陳皎眉(1992)。女性的心理特質與女性教育。載於中華民國成人教育學會編,女性教育。臺北:師大書苑。
陳雪雲(2000)。經驗、自我與學習。社會教育學刊,29,57-92。
陳惠娟、郭丁熒(1998)。「母職」概念的內涵之探討:女性主義觀點。教育研究集刊,41:73-101。
陳靜雁(2003)。單親母親之母職經驗與內涵。南投:國立暨南國際大學社會政策與工作學系碩士論文。
傅立葉(1995)。建構女人的福利國。劉毓秀主編《臺灣女性處境白皮書:1995年》。臺北:時報文化。
凱信教養研究連線(2012)。媽媽才是孩子最關鍵的夢想推手。臺北:凱信企管。
曾慶玲(2001)。家庭主婦處境之初探分析—以醫師太太為例。空大生活科學學報,7,209-232。
游明麟(2000)。觀點轉化學習理論在中高階主管培訓班應用之初探。人事月刊,31(4),33-39。
游家和(2011)。國小已婚並育有子女女性教師生育意向之探究-以新北市為例。臺北:國立臺北教育大學社會與區域發展學系碩士論文。
黃光國 (2005)。華人關係主義的理論建構。載於楊國樞、黃光國、楊中芳(主編),華人本土心理學(215-248頁)。臺北:遠流。
黃怡瑾(2001)。「私」領域中的女性困境:生育、教養與照顧工作之分工。臺南師院學報。
黃明月(2002)。女性學習特性分析。社教雙月刊,第107 期,頁32-40。
黃素娟譯(2007)。依附關係的修復:喚醒嚴重創傷兒童的愛。D. A., Hughes著。譯自:Building the bonds of attachment : Awakening love in deeply troubled children。台北:心理出版社。
黃淑玲(2000)。烏托邦社會主義/馬克思主義女性主義。女性主義理論與流派,林芳玫等著。臺北:女書文化。
楊志良(2012)。臺灣大崩壞。臺北:天下文化。
楊淑智譯(2003)。百變小紅帽-一則童話的性、道德和演變。Catherine Orenstein原著。臺北:張老師。
楊深耕(2003)。以馬濟洛(Mezirow)的轉化學習理論來看教師專業成長。教育研究與資料,54,124-131。
楊蘭儀(1993)。女性主義與心理分析:Chodorow論母職再製。臺北:政治大學歷史學所碩士論文。
劉恬妏(2002)。教師網路學習行為之觀點轉化歷程研究。南投:暨南國際大學成人與繼續教育系碩士論文。
劉惠琴(2000)。母女關係的社會建構。載於林惠雅、劉惠琴、王叢桂主編,應用心理研究,6,97-130。臺北:五南。
劉毓秀(2007)編。女性、國家、照顧工作。臺北:女書文化。
潘淑滿(2003)。質性研究 : 理論與應用。臺北:心理。
潘淑滿(2005)。臺灣母職圖像。女學學誌:女性與性別研究,20,41-88。
蔡文輝(1998)。家庭社會學—婚姻與家庭。臺北::五南。
蔡秀美(1999)。邁向兩性平等社會的女性教育:反思與前瞻。成人教育雙月刊,57,22-29。
蔡秀媛 (2002)。轉化學習之理論與應用。臺北市立師範學院學報,33,389-403。
蔡明昌 (1998)。成人意識的改變與批判反省能力的培養—轉換學習理論的探討。成人教育,43,44-50。
蔡淑鈴(1989)。女性知識份子與就業評論。中國論壇編委會主編,女性知識份子與臺灣發展,278-284。臺北:聯經。
蔡穎卿(2007)。媽媽是最初的老師:一位母親的十年教養札記。臺北:天下文化。
鄭潓妏(2001) 。女性教學者女性意識轉化及其教學實踐之研究。嘉義:國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文。
鄭韻玫(2001)。中年生涯轉換者工作價值轉化學習之研究。臺北:國立師範大學社會教育研究所碩士論文。
蕭蘋、李佳燕(2002)。母職的社會建構與解構。女性與性別研究通訊,63,10-12。
謝秀芬(1998)。臺灣女性的家庭角色觀與工作觀之研究。東吳大學社會工作學報,4,1-34。
簡文吟(2002)。「母職天生」的反省。聯合報,2002年9月8日,第15版。
羅寶鳳(1992)。成年女性的發展。成人教育學會主編,女性教育。臺北:師大書苑。
邊裕淵(1989)。女性知識份子與就業。中國論壇編委會主編,女性知識份子與臺灣發展,255-277。臺北:聯經。
二、英文書目
Apple, R. (1995). Constructing mothers:scientific motherhood in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In R.D. Apple & J.Golden(eds.)Mothers& Motherhood: Readings in American History, 90-110. Columbus:Ohio State University.
Bardwick, J. (1971). Psychology of women. New York : Harper and Row.
Baumgartner, L. M. (2000). Adult Learning and Development:Multicultural Stories. Krieger Publishing Company, P.O.
Beauvoir, Simone de (1967), La Femme Rompue, Paris: Gallimard, Translated by Patrick O''Brian as The Woman Destroyed, New York: Putnam''s, 1969.
Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J.M. (1986). Women's ways of knowing: the development of self, voice, and mind. N.Y.: Basic Book.
Borjesson, Britt & Paperin, Christina & Lindell, Mamianne(2004). Maternal support during the first year of infancy. Journal of Advanced Nursing.45,(6), 588-594.
Brainard, S. R. , & Ommen, J.L. (1977). Men,women, and learning styles. Community College Frontiers, 5(3):32-36.
Brock,Sabra E.(2010). Measuring the importance of precursor steps to transformative learning. Adult Education Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2, 122-142. Touro College, New York.
Charmaz, K. (2006). Grounded theory. In Ritzer(Ed.), Encyclopedia of sociology. Cambridge, MA:Blackwell.
Chodorow, N. J.(1978). The reproduction of mothering:psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley:University sof California Press.
Clark.M.C. (1993). Transformation Learning , In S.B. Merriam(Ed.), An update on adult learning theory, 47-56, San Francisco:Jossey -Bass.
Coffman, P. M. (1989). Inclusive language as a means of resisting hegemony in theological education : A Phenomenology of Transformation and Empowerment of Persons in Adult Higher Education. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb.
Coffman,S.J., Martell,C.R., Dimidjian,S., Gallop,R., & Hollon,S.D.(2007). Extreme nonresponse in cognitive therapy:Can behavioral activation succeed where cognitive therapy fails?Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 531-541.
Collard S., & Law, M.(1989).The limits of perspective transformation:A critique of Mezirow's theory. Adult Education Quarterly, 39, 99-107.
Cranton, P.(2008). Transformative learning theory as a framework for acquiring knowledge for social sustainability. In P. Willis, S. McKenzie, & R. Harris(Eds.), Rethinking Work and Learning:Adult and Vocational Education and Social Sustainability. New York:Springer.
Davey, B.(ed.)(1995).Birth to old age:Health in transition. England:The Open University Press.
Dorsey, O.L., & Pierson, M. J.(1984). A descriptive study of adult learning styles in a nontraditional education program. Lifelong Learning, 7(8):8-11.
Eagel, B.W., Icenogle, M.L., Maes, J.D., & Miles, E.W.(1998). The importance of employee demographic profiles for underatanding experiences of work-family interrole conflicts. The Journal of Social Psychology,138(6), 690-709.
Elvin-Nowak, Y., & Thomsson, H. (2001). Motherhood as Idea and Practice a Discursive Understanding of Employed Mothers in Sweden. Gender & Society, 15, 407-428.Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Erikson, E.H.(1959). Late adolescence. In D.H. Funkenstein(Ed.), The Student And Mental Health. Cambridge, MA:Riverside Press.
Fee, M.(1989).Why C.K. Stead didn't like Keri Hulme's the bone people:Who can write as Other?Australian and New Zealand Studies in Canada 1 (1989): 11-32.
Ferre, MM.(1990).Beyond separate sphere: Feminism and family research. Journal of Marriage and the Family 52:866-884.
Firestone, S.(1970).The dialectic of sex:the case for feminist revolution. New York: Bantam.
Forest, Claire(2009). Mothers overcoming barriers of poverty: The significance of a relationship with a credentialed coach. Ph.D., Cornell University.
Foucault, Michel.(1978). The History of Sexuality, Volume I:An Introduction. New York:Random House.
Freire, Paulo.(1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York:Herter and Herter.
Friedan, Betty. (1986). The second stage. New York: Summit Books.
Friedan, Betty.(1983). The feminine mystique. NY: Norton & Company.
Fuller, Margaret.(1994).Woman in the nineteenth century and other Writings, Oxford:OUP.
Gadmer,H.G.(1975).Truth and method. New York:Continuum.
Gergen, M.(1988). Narrativec structure in social explanation. In Charles Antaki (ed.), Analysing Everyday Explanation. London: Sage.
Gilligan , C.(1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, Mass:Harvard University Press.
Gilligan, C. (1993). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Ginsburg, F., & Rapp, R.(1991). The polite of reproduction. Annual Review Anthropology, 20:311-343.
Glaser, B. G. (1992). Basic of grounded theory analysis: Emergence vs forcing. CA: Sociology.
Glaser,B.G.., & Strauss A.(1967). The discovery of grounded theory:strategies for qualitative research. Chicago:Aldine Publishing Company.
Glover, J.(2002). The balance model:Theorising women’s employment behaviour. in A. Carling, S. Duncan and R. Edwards(eds.)Analysing Families:Morality and Rationality in Policy and Practice, London:Routledge, 251-267.
Habermas, J.(1971). Knowledge and human interests. Boston: Beacon Press.
Habermas, J.(1984). The theory of communication action:Volume 1. Boston:Beacon Press.
Hanson, W.A., & Putler, D.S.(1996). Hits and misses:herd behavior and online product popularity. Marketing Letters, 7, 297-305.
Hayes, E.(1989).Insights from women’s experiences for teaching and learning. New Directions for Continuing Education, 43, 55-56.
Hays(1998).The cultural contradictions of motherhood.US:Yale University Press.
Hochschild, A.(1990).The second shift. New York: Avon Books.
Hochschild, A.(2003).The commercialization of intimacy life:Notes from home and work. London: Umiversity of California Press.
Hodgson, J.W., & Fischer, J.L. (1979). Sex differences in identity and intimacy development in college youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8(1), 37-50.
Husserl, Edmund.(1982).Ideas pertaining to a pure phenomenology and to a phenomenological philosophy──First book general introduction to a pure phenomenology, translation by F. Kersten, 1982 by Martinus Nijhoff.
Jaggar, A. M.(1983). Feminist politics and human nature. Savage, MD: Rowwan & Littlefield Publishers.
Jung, C. (1976). Psychological types. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 330.
Kaplan, E. A. (1992). Motherhood and representation:the mother in popular culture and melodrama. London:Routledge.
Knowles, M.S. (1990). The Adult Learner. A neglected species(4ed), Houston:Gulf Publishing.
Kristeva, J. (1985) "Stabat mater" in Moi, T.(ed.) The Kristeva Reader, Oxford, Basil Blackwell.
Kroger, J. (2007). Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Lazarre, Jane.(1976). The mother knot. New York.
Lewis, J.(1990).‘Motherhood Issues’ in the Late Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. In K. Arnup, A. Levesque, & R.R.Pierson (Eds.), Delivering Motherhood:Maternal Ideologies and Pratices in the 19th and 20th Centuries, 1-19. London:Routledge.
Lucas, L.L.(1994). The role of courage in transformative learning. Michigan: University Microfilms International.
Martin, J. (1985). Reclaiming a conversation:the ideal of the educated woman. New Haven:Yale University Press.
McMahon,M.(1995).Engendering motherhood: identity and self-transformation in women's lives. New York: Guilford Press.
Mens-Verhulst, Janneke Van(1993). Daughtering and mothering:female subjectivity reanalysed. Publisher:Routledge, New York.
Merriam, S.B. , & Caffarela, R.S. (1999). Learning in Adulthood:A Comprehensive Guide.(2nd ed.), San Franciso:Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S.B., Caffarella,R.S., & Baumgartner, L.M. (2007). Transformational learning. In S.B. Merriam et al.(Eds.), Learning in Adulthood:A Comprehensive Guide, 130–158. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
Meyers, D.T. (2001). The rush to motherhood-pronatalist discourse and women’sautonomy. Signs:Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 26(3):734-773.
Mezirow, J. (1985). Concept and action in adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 35(3), 142-151.
Mezirow, J. (1991b). Transformation theory and cultural context:A reply to Clark and Wilson. Adult Education Quarterly, 41(3):188–193.
Mezirow, J. (1994). Understanding transformation theory, Adult Education Quarterly, 44(4), 222-235.
Mezirow, J.(1978a). Education for perspective transformation:women’s re-entry programs in community colleges. New York:Center for Adult Education, Teachers’ College, Columbia University.
Mezirow, J.(1978b). Perspective transformation. Adult Education Quarterly, 28(2),100–110.
Mezirow, J.(1991a). Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mezirow, J.(1995). Transformation Theory of Adult Learning, in M. R.
Mezirow, J.(2000). Learning to think like an adult:Core concepts of transformation theory, in J.Mezirow & Associates(eds.), Learning as Transformation, Critical Perspective on a Theory in Progress, San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers, 3-33.
Miller, J. B. (1986). Toward a new psychology of Women (2nd ed.). Boston: Beacon Press.
Miller, J. B. (1991). The development of women’s sense of self. In J. V. Jordan, A. G. Kaplan, J. B. Miller, I. P. Stiver, & J. L. Surrey (Eds.). Women’s growth in connection: Writings from the stone center (pp. 11-26). New York: Guilford.
Miller,J. B.(1976).Toward a New Psychology of Women. Boston:Beacon Press.
Newman, M.(1994). Response to understanding transformation theory., Adult Education Quarterly, 44(4), 236-242.
Nicolson. P. (1993). Motherhood and women’s lives. in D. Richard & V. Rodinson (Eds.), Introducting Women’s Studies-Feminist Theory And Practice. Basingstoke: Machillan.
Oakley, A. (1974b). Women’s work: The housewife, past and present. New York: Vintage.
Oakley, A.(1972). Sex, gender and society. London:Maurice Temple Smith.
Oakley, A.(1974a). The sociology of housework. London:Robertson.
On-Kang Huyn, Wanjeong Lee & An-Jin Yoo,et.(2002). Social support for two generations of new mothers in selected populations in Korea, Hong Kong, and the United States, Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 33(4),515-527.
Osipow, S. H. & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1996). Theories of career development. Needham Heights, MA:Simon and Schuster.
Parsons, Talcott(1949). The social structure of family, in Anshen, R. N.(ed.), The Family:Its Function and Destiny, New York, Haprper & Row.
Perry, W. G. Jr. (1970). Forms intellectual and ethical development in the college years: A scheme. Holt, NY:Rienhart & Winston.
Piaget, J.(1929). The child conception of the world . New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1929;London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,1929.(originally published,1926).
Plaza, M.(1982). The Mother/the same:hatred of the mother in psychoanalysis. Feminist Issues, Spring, 75-100.
Reiger, K.(1999). Birthing in the postmodern moment:struggles over defining maternity care undo. Australian Feminist Studies. 14(30):387-403.
Rice, T.K., & Meyer, S. (1989). Continuing education for women. In S .B. Merriam & P.M. Cunningham(Eds.)Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education. San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.
Rich, A. (1986). Of Woman born:motherhood as experience and institution(10th anniversary edition), N. Y.:W.W. Norton & Company, Inc..
Rokeach, M.(1973). The nature of human value. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.
Ruddick, S. (1980). Maternal thinking, Feminist Studies, 6:2, 342-367.
Ruddick, S. (1995). Maternal Thinking:Towards a Politics of Peace. Boston:Beacon Press.
Ruthellen, Josselson(1987). Finding herself:pathways to identity development in women. The Jossey-Bass Social And Behavioral Science Series. San Francisco, CA, US:Jossey-Bass. xvii, 225.
Sales, E. (1978). Women’s Adult Development. In I. H. Frieze, R. Katz, D. Ruble and E. Sales (Eds.). Women and sex roles: A social psychological perspective. New York: North.
Schiedel, D.G. & Marcia, J.E.(1985). Ego identity, intimacy, sex role orientation, and gender. Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 149-160.
Schwandt, T. A. (1998). Constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human inquiry. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. Lincoln(Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research, 118-137. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
Seidman, I. E. (1998). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researches in education and the social science.New York: Teachers College Press.
Sigel, I.E. (1985). Reflections on the belief-behavior connection:Lessons learned from a research program on parental belief systems and teaching strategies. In I. E. Sigel(Ed.), Parental Belief Systems: The Psychological Consequences for Children. Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Sklar, K. K.(1976). Catharine beecher:a study in american domesticity. N.Y.:W.W. Norton & Company.
Smart, C. (1996). Deconstruction motherhood In Elizabeth Bortolaia Silva (ed)Good Enough Mothering?Feminist Perspectives On Lone Mothering. London:Routledge, 37.
Stone, Pamela (2007). Opting Out? Why women really quit careers and head home,University of California Press.
Sveinunggaard, K. (1993). Transformative learning in adulthood: A social contextual perspective. 34th Annual adult education research conference proceedings. Penn State University.
Swanson-Kauffman, Kristen M.(1987). Women’s work, families, and health. U.S.A.: A Health Care for Women International Publication. Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Swigart, J. (1991). The Myth of the bad mother:parenting without guilt. New York:Avon Books.
Taylor, E. (2000). Analyzing research on transformative learning theory. in J.Mezirow & Associates(eds.), Learning as Transformation, Critical Perspective on a Theory in Progress, San Francisco:Jossey-Bass Publishers, 285-328.
Taylor, E. W.(2007). An update of transformative learning theory:A critical review of the empirical research(1999–2005). International Journal of Lifelong Education, 26(2),173–191
Titscher, S., Meyer, M., Wodak, R., & Vetter, E. (2000). Methods of text and discourse analysis. London: SAGE.
Van Manen, M.(1997)。探究生活經驗─建立敏思行動教育學的人文科學。高淑清、連雅慧、林月琴翻譯(2004)。嘉義:濤石。
Walkerdine, V. & Lucey, H. (1989). Democracy in the kitchen :regulating mothers and socializing daughters. London:Virago.
Weisz, J. R., & Weiss, B. (1993). Effects of psychotherapy with children and adolescents. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
Whitbourne, S. K. & Tesch, S. A. (1985). A comparison of identity and intimacy statuses in college students and alumni. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 1039-1044.
Wollstonecraft, Mary.(1994). Political writings: A vindication of the rights of Men, A vindication of the rights of women, A historical and moral view of the French Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Yeo, E. J. (2005). Constructing and contesting motherhood, 1750-1950. Hecate, 31: 2, 4-20.
三、網站資料
Beecher, C. E. (1829). Suggestions Respecting Improvement in Education. Hartford: Packard & Butler. 2009年12月5日取自Open Collections Program─Women Working, 1800-1930, Harvard University Library, http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/ww/people_beecher.html.
Harde, R. (2002). What Was Your Living Mother's Mind?Motherhood as Intellectual Enterprise in Mother's Legacy Books. Journal of the Association for Research of Mothering, 4:2. 2009年12月5日取自 http://www.literarymama.com/litcriticism/archives/000518.html.
MamiHome媽咪窩(2009年5月號)〈育兒知識的來源及管道調查〉,2009年8月24日取自BabyHome寶貝家庭親子網站http://www.babyhome.com.tw/info/c2.php?catid=4&subid=2&cid=1600。
工商時報(2010)〈臺灣生育率全球最低〉,於國欽報導,2010年1月9日取自http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-News/2007Cti-News-Content/0,4521,11050202+122010010900111,00.html。
互動百科(2012),全職媽媽的定義,2012年4月13日,取自http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%81%8C%E5%A6%88%E5%A6%88?prd=so_1_doc。
行政院主計處(2005)女性就業與婚育概況,2009年3 月18 日,取自http://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/socialindicator
行政院主計處(2006),95年度社會發展趨勢調查-家庭生活,2010年3月25日,取自http://win.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbas03/ca/society/life-95/95t.htm。
行政院主計處(2011),2010年社會指標統計年報,2012年4月30日,取自http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=3100&CtUnit=1033&BaseDSD=7。
行政院勞工委員會(2011),婦女就業促進研討會,2011年8月25日,取自http://www.womenweb.org.tw/MainWeb/discuss/Discuss_Show.asp?Discuss_ID=21。
蕭蘋、游美惠、唐文慧、楊巧玲、李佳燕(2002)〈母職狂想曲〉,刊登於中國時報2002年5月10日家庭親子版,2010年2月10日,取自http://www.feminist.sinica.edu.tw/woman/wom2-2002.05.15.htm。
蟹爸魚媽牡羊寶(2009年8月18日)〈大家當全職媽媽的原因〉,發表於BabyHome寶貝家庭親子網「閒聊專區」,2009年8月25日取自http://www.babyhome.com.tw/mboard.php?op=d&sID=2596842&bid=6&r=98&page=5。