跨欄運動需結合跑步水平速度與良好的跨欄技術，快速跨越欄架抵達終點以取得勝利。跨欄運動員在比賽前的熱身以及在訓練中會以無欄架跨欄進行練習，模擬實際比賽動作，但無欄跨欄練習改變了工作限制，可能造成不同的跨欄動作。本研究的目的為探討欄架運動員在有無欄架跨欄之動作表現及協調型態之差異。方法：招募八位跨欄運動員，以有、無欄架兩種情境自起起跑線跨五個欄架，每情境兩次。兩台120fps攝影機拍攝第三欄架跨欄步，兩台30fps攝影機拍攝自二至四欄架兩個區間欄間步，Simi Motion擷取跨欄步的關節點三維數據。跨欄步時間分為三期。相依樣本t檢定檢驗跨欄步表現、各肢段關節垂直軸最高點、空中期時間與空中期角度變化量在有無欄架情境間之差異。三因子重複量數變異數分析檢驗欄間步距在有無欄架情境兩個區間三步間之差異。最後以角-角圖及主成分分析觀察動作協調差異。結果：無欄架情境於跨欄步速度與時間表現皆顯著優於有欄架情境；有欄架肢段關節直軸最高點多顯著高於無欄架情境；角度變化量攻欄/回收髖與攻欄膝有欄架顯著大於無欄架；跨欄步十個關節角度可縮減至二至三個主成分，解釋變異量皆達79%以上，且在攻欄髖、膝角角圖中觀察第一成分與第二成分動作趨勢的關係；成分分數圖與角角圖亦可觀察到有無欄架整體或兩兩肢段跨欄步過程協調異同。結論：無欄架訓練會導致選手動作無法與實際比賽接軌，建議選手及教練在未來盡量避免無欄架訓練，讓選手在訓練中符合真實比賽情況。

Introduction: Hurdling requires a combination of running speed and proficient hurdling techniques to swiftly clear the hurdles and reach the finish line for victory. Athletes warm up before competitions and practice hurdle clearance without actual hurdles, simulating the actions in the race. However, practicing without hurdles alters task constraints and might lead to different movement patterns. Methods: Eight hurdlers were recruited and asked to hurdle over five hurdles from the starting line in two scenarios, with and without hurdles, performed twice each. Two 120fps cameras captured the hurdling stride at the third hurdle, and two 30fps cameras captured the interval strides between the second and fourth hurdles. Simi Motion captured the three-dimensional position data of 10 joints during the hurdling stride. The hurdling stride time was divided into three phases. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to examine differences in hurdling performance, the highest vertical position of each joint, airborne phase time, and changes in angles between scenarios with and without hurdles. Three-way repeated measures ANOVA analyzed differences in the interval stride length of two intervals and across three steps in both scenarios. Lastly, angle-angle plots and principal component analysis were used to observe differences in movement coordination. Results: Performances in hurdling speed and time were significantly better without hurdles compared to those with hurdles. The highest position of the vertical axis of the joints was significantly higher with hurdles. The changes in angles during hurdle lead/trail leg at the hip and knee were significantly greater with hurdles than without. The 10 joint angular displacements during the hurdling stride could be reduced to two to three principal components, explaining over 79% of the variance. Relationships between the first and second component trends were observed in the hip and knee lead leg angle-angle diagram. Both component score plots and angle-angle diagrams revealed overall and pairwise limb segment coordination differences in hurdling stride between scenarios with and without hurdles. Conclusion: Training without hurdles may lead to athletes' movements not aligning with competition conditions. It is recommended that athletes and coaches minimize training without hurdles to better prepare athletes for real competition situations.

方承瑋(2022)。探討不同專項運動選手跑步型態。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
許樹淵(1992)。田徑論。台北市：偉彬體育研究社。
林耀豐(2002)。工作限制下技能水準差異和訓練對網球正手拍技能表現的影響。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
柳融迪(2012)。探討羽球後場正拍擊球動作協調型態。未出版碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學，台北市。
Amara, S., Mkaouer, B., Chaabene, H., Negra, Y., & Ben-Salah, F. Z. (2019). Key kinetic and kinematic factors of 110-m hurdles performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(1), 658-668. Article 95. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.01095
Adashevskiy V, Iermakov S, Korzh N, Radosław M, Prusik K, Cieślicka M. Biomechanical study athletes’ movement techniques in the hurdles (on example of phase of flight). Physical Education of Students. 2014;18(4):312. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.996012.
Bernstein, N. (1967). The coordination and regulation of movements. Oxford. England:Pergamon Press.
Burton, A. W., Greer, N. L., & Wiese-Bjornstal, D. M. (1993). Variations in grasping and throwing patterns as a function of ball size. Pediatric Exercise Science, 5(1), 25-41.
Burgess-Limerick, R., Abernethy, B., & Neal, R. J. (1993). Relative phase quantifies interjoint coordination. Journal of biomechanics, 26(1), 91-94.
Button, C., Davids, K., & Sch¨ollhorn, W. (2006). Coordination profiling of movement systems. In K. Davids, S. Bennett, & K. Newell (Eds.), Movement system variability (pp. 133–152). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Balandin, S. I., Balandina, I. Y., Zayko, D. S., Dmitriev, I. V., & Maslennikov, A. V. (2021). Comparative analysis of main characteristics of technique of elite hurdlers (men and women). Theory and Practice of Physical Culture, (7), 32-35.
Clark, J. G. (1995). Economic development vs. sustainable societies: Reflections on the players in a crucial contest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26(1), 225-248.
Chow, J. W. (1998). A panning videographic technique to obtain selected kinematic characteristics of the strides in sprint hurdling. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 9, 149-159.
Coh, M., Jost, B., & Skof, B. (2000). Kinematic and dynamic analysis of hurdle clearance technique. In Y. Hong, DP. Johns, & R. Sanders (Eds.), XVIIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 229-232). Hong Kong, China: ISBS.
Coh, M. (2003). Biomechanical analysis of Colin Jackson's hurdle clearance technique. New Studies in Athletics, 18(1), 37-45.
Coh, M., Zvan, M., & Jost, B. (2004). Kinematical model of hurdle clearance technique. In M. LaMontagne, DGE. Robertson, & H. Sveistrup (Eds.), XXIIIth International Symposium of Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 311-314). Beijing, China: ISBS.
Čoh, M., & Iskra, J. (2012). Biomechanical studies of 110 m hurdle clearance technique. Sport Science, 5(1), 10-14.
Coh, M., & Zvan, M. (2018). Kinematic and kinetic study of 110 m hurdle clearance technique. Sport Science, 10(2), 13-17
Čoh, M., Bončina, N., Štuhec, S., & Mackala, K. (2020). Comparative biomechanical analysis of the hurdle clearance technique of Colin Jackson and Dayron Robles: Key studies. Applied Sciences, 10(9), 3302.
El-Hamid, M. G. (2012). Effect of training by using the change in the official measurements on some special variables and record level of 110m hurdles competitors. World Journal of Sport Sciences, 6(2), 152-156.
Floría, P., Sánchez-Sixto, A., Ferber, R., & Harrison, A. J. (2018). Effects of running experience on coordination and its variability in runners. Journal of sports sciences, 36(3), 272-278.
González-Frutos, P., Veiga, S., Mallo, J., & Navarro, E. (2019). Spatiotemporal comparisons between elite and high-level 60 m hurdlers. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2525.
Haken, H., Kelso, J. S., & Bunz, H. (1985). A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements. Biological cybernetics, 51(5), 347-356.
Hay, L., & Schoebel, P. (1990). Spatio-temporal invariants in hurdle racing patterns. Human Movement Science, 9(1), 37-54.
Iliew, I., & Primakow, J. (1978). Factor analysis of the technique of the 110-m hurdle run. Trenorska Misl, 4, 7- 13.
Iwkin, G. W., Jegorow, A. S., & Zukow, N. L. (1987). Sawriemiennaja technika bariernowo biega [Modern hurdle run technique]. Teoria i Praktika Fiziczeskoj Kultury, 9, 32-34.
Iskra, J., & Walaszczyk, A. (2007) Somatic build type and 110 m male hurdler training specificity. Research Yearbook, 13(1), 117-120.
LaFortune, M. (1988). Biomechanical analysis of 110 m hurdles. Track and Field News, 3(105), 3355-3365.
Lee, J. H. (2004). The Kinematic analysis of the hurdling of men’s 110m hurdle. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 14(1), 83-98.
Lee, J. H., Park, Y. J., Ryu, J. K., & Kim, J. I. (2008). The kinematic analysis of the third hurdling motion of the 110m hurdles elite. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 18(4), 31-39.
Lee, J. T. (2009). Kinematic analysis of hurdling of elite 110m hurdlers. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 19(4), 761-770.
Li, J., & Fu, D. (2000). The kinematic analysis on the transition technique between run and hurdle clearance of 110m hurdles. In Hong Y, Johns D.P, and R. Sanders (Ed.), XVIIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 213-217). Hong Kong, China: ISBS.
Li, X., Zhou, J., Li, N., & Wang, J. (2011). Comparative biomechanics analysis of hurdle clearance techniques. Portuguese Journal of Sport Science, 11(2), 307-309.
López, J. L., Padullés, J. M., & Olsson, H. J. (2011). Biomechanical analysis and functional assessment of D. Robles, world record holder and Olympic champion in 110 m hurdles. In JP. Vilas-Boas, L. Machado, W. Kim, AP. Veloso, F. Alves, RJ. Fernandes, & F. Conceicao (Eds.), XXIIIIth International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 315-318). Porto, Portugal: ISBS.
Lamb, P. F., & Bartlett, R. M. (2017). Assessing movement coordination. Biomechanical evaluation of movement in sport and exercise: The British association of sport and exercise sciences guide, 9780203095546-3.
Lo, C-T., Liu, Y-T. (2023, July 04 - 07). Are Your Hurdles Real, or Just in Your Mind? Differentiating Hurdling Movement Patterns using Point Light Displays. [Poster presentation]. Paris, France. https://sport-science.org/index.php/scientific-programme/search-engine Poster abstract ID =1588
McLean, B. (1994). The biomechanics of hurdling: Force, plate analysis to assess hurdling technique. New Studies in Athletics 4, 55-88.
Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. In M. G. Wade & H. T. A. Whiting (Eds.), Motor development in children: Aspects of coordination and control (pp. 341- 360). Boston: Martinus Nijhoff
Otsuka, M., Isaka, T., Boey, D., & Lee, M. (2020). Gaze and step controls of an elite athlete during approaching different hurdle heights. ISBS Proceedings Archive, 38(1), 704.
Park, Y. J., Ryu, J. K., Ryu, J. S., Kim, T. S., Hwang, W. S., Park, S. K., & Yoon, S. (2011). Kinematic analysis of hurdle clearance technique for 110-m men's hurdlers at IAAF world championships, Daegue 2011. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 21(5), 529-540.
Ryu, J. K., & Chang, J. K. (2011). Kinematic analysis of the hurdle clearance technique used by world top class women's hurdler. Korean Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 21(2), 131-140.
Salo, A., Peltola, E., & Viitasalo, T. (1993). Some biomechanical characteristics of the run between hurdles in the 110-m hurdles run. Leistungssport, 2, 59-62.
Salo, A., & Grimshaw, P. N. (1998). An examination of kinematic variability of motion analysis in sprint hurdles. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 14, 211-222.
Salo, A. (2002). Technical changes in hurdle clearances at the beginning of 110m hurdle event - A pilot study. In KE. Gianikellis (Eds.), XXth International Symposium on Biomechanics in Sports (pp. 84-87). Cáceres, Spain: ISBS.
Salo, A. I., & Scarborough, S. (2006). Athletics: Changes in technique within a sprint hurdle run. Sports Biomechanics, 5(2), 155-166.
Shibayama, K., Fujii, N., Takenaka, S., Tanigawa, S., & Ae, M. (2011). A case study on ground reaction forces in sprint hurdles. Portuguese Journal of Sport Science, 11(2), 559-562.
Shafizadeh, M., Watson, P. J., & Mohammadi, B. (2013). Intra-limb Coordination in Gait Pattern in Healthy People and Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Clinical Kinesiology (Online Edition), 67(3).
Sidhu, A. S., & Singh, M. (2015). Kinematical analysis of hurdle clearance technique in 110m hurdle race. International Journal of Behavioral Social and Movement Sciences, 4(2), 28-35.
Sidhu, A. S. (2016). Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of hurdle clearance technique. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 4(5), 4-6.
Turvey, M. T. (1990). Coordination. American psychologist, 45(8), 938.
Tsarouchas, L., Papadopoulos, C., Kalamaras, K., & Giavroglu, G. (1993). Approach phase for the clearance of the hurdle in the 110m high hurdles run. Track and Field Quarterly Review, 1, 40-45.
Ward-Smith, A. J. (1997). A mathematical analysis of the bioenergetics of hurdling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 15(5), 517-526.
Wdowski, M. M., & Gittoes, M. J. (2013). Kinematic adaptations in sprint acceleration performances without and with the constraint of holding a field hockey stick. Sports biomechanics, 12(2), 143-153.
Wakamiya, M., Shinohara, Y., Nagahara, R., Matsuo, A., & Nagano, A. (2018). Step-to-step analysis of anteroposterior ground reaction force during 110 m hurdle. ISBS Proceedings Archive, 36(1), 442.
World athletics. (2023, August 14). Constitution & Book of Rules. C1.1 & C2.1 - Competition Rules & Technical Rules. https://worldathletics.org/about-iaaf/documents/book-of-rules
Xu, S. L., Wang, R. F., & Yan, S. X. (2005). Biomechanical analysis of Liu Xiang's taking fifth stride technique of 110m hurdle. Journal of Wuhan Institute of Physical Education, 1, 3-5.