自2017年以降，「幹話」亦逐漸成為社群媒體和報章雜誌上吸睛的主題。在現今流行文化當中如此熱門的題材，「幹話」一詞的正式定義卻至今不明，也尚未有系統化的整理或與其相關研究。本研究以試圖定義「幹話」一詞為題，透過質性研究方法ZMET隱喻抽取技術進行資料搜集與分析，探討在中文脈絡下的中文使用者對於幹話的認知，並歸納出幹話的四項分類：沒有要幹嘛的廢話、聽到會白眼的好話、沒什麼內容的空話、正大又光明的假話，探討幹話定義以及其脈絡之間關係，期望以此更加了解幹話的意義，以及其未來應用的可能性。

Since 2017, the Chinese utterance“Ganhua(幹話)” has gradually become an eye-catching topic on various media platforms. Such a popular term in nowadays culture, however, has no relevant research on this topic in the Chinese context. The term has neither a formal definition, nor a systematic sorting class. This study aims to define the term “Ganhua(幹話)” by using the qualitative research method ZMET. In Chinese context, this research collects and analyzes data, explore the perception of Chinese users towards “Ganhua(幹話)”, and summarizes the four categories of the term: “it’s not going anywhere”, “it’s not helping anyone”, “it’s not right anyhow”, and “it’s not true anyway”. The study investigates the definition of bullshit and its relationship with the Chinese context. While making sense of the not-making-sense, this study also hopes to gain a better understanding of its meaning and potential applications in the future.

-Web 台語漢文輔助系統，http://dic.taigubun.org/search.php
王聰凱（2009）。粗話對人際關係的正面意涵-以大學生為例。（碩士論文）。佛光大學，宜蘭縣。
自由時報（2017）。「我爸是講幹話之王」 蔡易餘怨遭媒體扭曲.....。自由時報電子報。取自https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/2076450
何兆熊. (1987). 语用, 意义和语境. 外国语, (5), 10-14.
宋韻珊（2017）。一種特殊的語言文化現象一論《史記》的詈罵語。第十屆漢代文學與思想暨創系六十週年國際學術研討會論文集，375-408。
李慶芳（2013）。 質化研究之經驗敘說: 質化研究的六個修煉。新北市：高立。
李櫻（2003）。 語意與語用的互動。臺灣語文研究，（1），169-183。http://dx.doi.org/10.6710/JTLL.200301_(1).0008
河洛語－台語正解https://www.facebook.com/photo/？fbid=1071846372878793&set=a.601173323279436
侯紀萍（2007）。髒話記事簿之生活在髒話。髒話記事簿：梁實秋文學獎第二十屆得獎作品集。台北市：九歌。
教育部重編國語辭典修訂本，https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/？la=0&powerMode=1
教育部臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典，https://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/default.jsp
許書瑋, & 王妙如 （2021）。求職者觀點下的臺灣家族企業組織形態。 組織與管理，14(1), 79-126.
鄒川雄（1999）。 中國社會學理論。台北市：洪葉文化。
黃郁君（2015）。詈語文化中性罵話意涵之研究。（碩士論文）。國立臺北藝術大學，台北市。
葉啟政（Ed.）。 （2001）。社會學和本土化。台北市：巨流。
楊雁智（2011）。粗話多義性之探討──以台灣電影《九降風》為例。（碩士論文）。國立中山大學，高雄市。
Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words. Oxford university press.
Bach, K. (1994). Conversational Impliciture. Mind and language, 9(2), 124-162.
Bakhtin, M. M. (2010). The dialogic imagination: Four essays. University of Texas Press.
Belfiore, E. (2009). On bullshit in cultural policy practice and research: notes from the British case. International journal of cultural policy, 15(3), 343-359.
Bradley, D. (1992). Chinese as a pluricentric language. Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations, 305-324.
Cappelen, H. (2018). Bullshit and the Ethics of Communication. In G. Reath, H. Cappelen, & S. Goldberg (Eds.), Reasons and Recognition: Essays on the Philosophy of T.M. Scanlon (pp. 209-231). Oxford University Press.
Cohen, G. A. (2002). Deeper into bullshit. Contours of agency: Essays on themes from Harry Frankfurt, 321-339.
Davis, R. L. (1989). The three phonemic tones of Southern Min. Language and Linguistics, 20(2), 135-175.
Denzin, N. K., Lincoln, Y. S., & Giardina, M. D. (2006). Disciplining qualitative research. International journal of qualitative studies in education, 19(6), 769-782.
Eisenberg, E. M. (1984). Ambiguity as strategy in organizational communication. Communication monographs, 51(3), 227-242.
Eble, C. C. (1996). Slang & sociability: In-group language among college students. University of North Carolina Press.
Fallis, D. (2009). Bullshit, Deception, and Lies: A Pragmatic Analysis. Argumentation, 23(3), 347-362.
Frankfurt, H. G. (1986). On Bullshit. Raritan Quarterly Review, 6(2), 81-95.
Gaus, G. F. (2011). The order of public reason: A theory of freedom and morality in a diverse and bounded world. Cambridge University Press.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In Speech acts (pp. 41-58). Brill.
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York: Anchor.
Makin, S. (2012). Lying, Cheating, and Carrying On: Developmental, Clinical, and Sociocultural Aspects of Dishonesty and Deceit. New York: Routledge.
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bullshit
Phelan, M. (2019). How to Do Things with Bullshit. New York: Routledge.
Romaine, S. (2000). Language in society: An introduction to sociolinguistics. OUP Oxford.
Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin.
Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and cognition (Vol. 142). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Stalnaker, R. (2002). Common ground. Linguistics and philosophy, 25(5/6), 701-721.
Stokke, A., & Fallis, D. (2017). Bullshitting, lying, and indifference toward truth. Ergo-An Open Access Journal of Philosophy, 4, 277-309. https://doi.org/10.3998/ergo.12405314.0004.010
Turner, R. (2017). Words, utterances, and activities. In Everyday Life (pp. 169-187). Routledge.
Wajnryb, R. (2005). Language most foul. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Wakeham, J. (2017). Bullshit as a problem of social epistemology. Sociological Theory, 35(1), 15-38.
Zaltman, G. (2003). How customers think: Essential insights into the mind of the market. Harvard Business Press.
Coulter, R. H., & Zaltman, G. (1994). Using the Zaltman metaphor elicitation technique to understand brand images. ACR North American Advances.
Zaltman, G., & Coulter, R. H. (1995). Seeing the voice of the customer: Metaphor-based advertising research. Journal of advertising research, 35(4), 35-51.
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research, 2(163-194), 105.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Conceptual metaphor in everyday language. The journal of Philosophy, 77(8), 453-486.
Morgan, G. (2011). Reflections on images of organization and its implications for organization and environment. Organization & Environment, 24(4), 459-478.