本研究針對大學新生定向輔導，蒐集中外相關文獻，探討國內大學實施之現況，及學務人員的看法和學校之間的差異情形，並瞭解學生的看法與需求。
本研究量化研究有效樣本共95所學校的學務處負責人員，回收率66.43%。分別以描述統計、賀得臨T2 考驗、多變量變異數分析等統計方法進行分析。焦點團體參與者共14位大學生，質化資料以質性研究方法進行分析。
本研究重要發現如下：
一、 文獻研究發現：
完備的大學新生定向輔導實施方向：
1.應符合學校的目標，方案設計配合學生發展理論。
2.應持續一整年的方案模式，運用網路科技，並評估有效性和改進方法。
3.必須有健全的組織與管理、財務與設施。
4.必須符合學生的需求，並配合學生特質的改變。
二、量化結果發現：
1.六成學校成立跨處室策劃委員會，五成四主辦單位為學務處生輔組，九成以上協辦單位為學務處所有單位；六成是教務處或學系；五成將學生義工納入協辦。
2.九成以上學校表示學校重視新生定向輔導；五成四人員配置不足夠；六成六經費預算足夠；九成以上各處室、學系配合度高。
3.國內大學仍將所有新生當成同質團體；僅有二成左右學校會考慮原住民生、外籍生、成人學生的需求；九成以上以開學註冊時為主要的實施方式；二成提供未報到前或提供持續一整年的方案。
4.六成以上學校未進行實施前後的調查；六成認為較易達到協助學生增進對學校之瞭解；而五成認為未臻理想的主因是學生不在乎。
5.九成以上學校認為新生定向輔導是重要的；三成以上實施上有困難。
6.公立學校在大學新生定向輔導重要性的感受高於私立學校。
7.人員配置不夠、經費預算不夠、各處室、學系配合度不夠之學校在大學新生定向輔導的實施困難度感受愈高。
8.學校類型、新生人數、學校重視程度在大學新生定向輔導重要性與實施困難度，並無顯著差異。
三、質化資料發現：
學生對大學新生定向輔導的需求：
1.方案內容應強調多元且有整合性。
2.以活潑創新的方式進行
3.運用網路科技呈現內容。
4.提供持續一學期或一整年的新生定向輔導。
5.兼顧不同背景學生需求。
本研究對教育主管機關、大學校院、負責新生定向輔導的學務處人員之建議如下：
一、瞭解新生定向輔導的理論基礎。
二、重視大學新生定向輔導的重要性及價值。
三、以學生為需求考量的方案設計。
四、健全的人力組織與財務資源。
五、加強學長姐的同儕訓練。
六、學校全員投入並通力合作。
七、學校實施新生定向輔導自我評鑑或行動研究。
八、加強宣導並補助大學新生定向輔導的實施。
九、辦理績優學校示範與觀摩。
十、教育主管機關善盡評鑑督導之責與加強績效責任。

The purpose of this study is to investigate current orientation programs held for frosh students among various universities, different perspectives between staff of Student Affairs and students, and the needs of the frosh students on orientation. Various methodologies are employed to examine the research questions. Several types of statistics analysis are performed in the quantitative data including descriptive statistics, Hotelling’s T , and MANOVA. Total number of valid samples (staff responsible for orientation) is 95 and the return rate of questionnaire is 66.43%. Meanwhile, focus group method is employed to interview 14 university frosh students and reflections on the issue will also be discussed in detail. Accordingly, major findings drawn from this study are summarized as follows: Universities that show difficulties in implementing orientation also encounter problems on insufficient funding, human resources and the lack of intra-divisions coordination；No significant relationships exist, however, among variables in school types, frosh students numbers, and how important the administration values the orientation. And, following recommendations regarding orientation are proposed for school administrators, policymakers, and the government:
1. Understand related theories of student orientation.
2. Emphasize the importance and value of orientation.
3. Design a program based on students’ needs.
4. Construct a sound human and funding resources.
5. Improve the training of student volunteers.
6. Emphasize intra-divisions shared-responsibility and coordination.
7. Conduct a self-evaluation or action research on orientation.
8. Implement orientation with extra funding.
9. Encourage intercommunion of the orientation among universities.
10.Supervise and evaluate the orientation results on a regular basis.
Key words
orientation for frosh students
administrators of Student Affairs
focus group

一、中文部分：
王郁文（2001）。大學生網際網路使用行為、性別、社會焦慮與網路諮商意願、生活適應問題接受網路諮商意願之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
江文賢（2001）。大學生約會暴力現象與相關因素之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化。
朱娟瑩 (1986)。我國大學生求助態度與求助行為之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
宋湘玲、鄭熙彥、林幸台（1997）。學校輔導工作的理論與實施。高雄市：復文書局。
李柏英 (1985)。大學生之求助態度與求助行為及其相關變項。國立台灣大學心理研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
李惠琦（1999）。原住民學生與非原住民學生入學適應輔導研究初探。明志技術學院學報，第31期，頁211-222。
何英奇 (1985)。我國大學生次文化及相關因素之研究。台北：師大教育研育所博士論文。
何春慧 (2000)。大學生的社會焦慮與其相關因素之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
吳正勝 (1981)。大一學生學習適應之調查研究。台灣教育學院輔導常報，期4，頁81~134。
吳秀碧、賀孝銘 (1991)。新生大學生活困擾之調查研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導學報，14，175-206。
林一真（1994）。醫學院新生定向輔導具體措施細部規劃研究。委託單位：教育部訓育委員會。
林一真（1983）。新鮮人輔導。輔導月刊，20（1），13-18。
林惠雅、朱瑞玲、玉惠惠、馬志珩 (1986)。輔仁大學學生輔導中心評估之研究。輔仁學報，15，139-191。
周文欽（1983）。大學生的始業輔導。測驗與輔導，期58，979-981。
金樹人 (1989)。轉換期的概念在學校生活輔導上的啟示。測驗與輔導，期102，頁2038~2040。
洪冬桂 (1986)。我國大學生適應問題、因應行為、求助偏好及相關因素之研究。台北：台灣師大學教育研究所博士論文。
洪志成、廖梅花 (2003)。焦點團體訪談。台北：濤石文化事業有限公司出版。
洪佳玲 (1995)。五專轉學生的生活適應及輔導。諮商與輔導，113，37-39。
洪淑媚（1999）。應用外語科新生適應學校生活之探究。建國學報，18（下），頁745-768。
洪錦珠 (1997)。華夏工商專校志願就學方案學生求學狀況分析研究。諮商與輔導，137，頁36-39。
胡幼慧 (1996)。質性研究：理論、方法及本土女性研究。台北：巨流圖書公司出版
俞筱鈞、黃志成 (1987)。大一學生焦慮及憂鬱症狀群研究。中華心理衛生學刊，3(1)，139-148。
夏林清等(1986)。調整心態當個快樂新鮮人—五位專家會診大學新生的調適危機。中國論壇，期264，20-27。
張定中 (2000)。致理人學習態度問卷調查報告。致理技術學院學生輔導中心。
張雪梅 (2002)。介入或放手—大學生參與課外活動的問題與輔導對策。東吳大學：大學校院教學與活動領導研討會論文，頁156-168。
張雪梅（1996）。學生發展：學生工作的理論與實踐。台北：張老師文化。
張雪梅（1993）。海洋大學一年級新生輔導需求之調查研究。海洋大學人文數理學報第二期，頁161-183。
張雪梅（1991）。我國大學新生輔導實施的研究—學生及新生訓練承辦人對新生輔導之看法。人文數理學報第一期，頁97-110。海洋大學。
張雍琳（2001）。台灣師大新生適應問題及因應行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學碩士論文。
陳榮華 (1987)。大專學生心態調查研究。台北：國立台灣師範大學教育學院。
陳麗如 (1994)。大學生生涯發展阻隔因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
彭秀玲 (1986)。大學生的生活壓力和自我強度對心理健康的影響。國立台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
莊淇銘 (2001)。掌握學習基因。台北：如何出版社。
莊淇銘 (2000)。超倍速學習。台北：月旦出版。
郭國禎 (1986)。我國大專學生求助需欲與求助態度之調查研究。台灣教育學院輔導學報，期9，頁165~203。
程千芳 (1999)。官校新生適應問題壓力與自我概念之初探。劍橋學報，第六期，117-128。
陳向明 (1999)。社會科學質的研究。台北：五南文化事業。
黃 玉 (2003)。高等教育「學生事務工作實施準則與自我評量指引」之研究。（教育部委託書，研究計畫書）。
黃 玉 (2003)。e世代多元背景大學生校園經驗與心理社會、認知發展歷程之縱貫研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫研究成果報告。
黃 玉 (2003)。她們是如何成長的？多元背景女大學生的校園經驗與心理社會發展歷程之研究。論文發表於東吳大學學生事務處課外活動組主辦之2003自強隧道論壇--學生事務與社團輔導學術研討會，台北。
黃 玉 (2002a)。從環境中增進學生事務功能—論學校環境與學生發展。論文發表於東吳大學學生事務處課外活動組主辦之2002—兩岸三地學生事務學術研討會，台北。
黃 玉 (2002b)。大學生發展理論與應用再探。載於林至善主編，學生事務與社團輔導（第二輯），3-28。東吳大學。
黃 玉 (2001)。大學學生事務的理論與應用。載於林至善主編，學生事務與社團輔導，35-80。東吳大學。
黃 玉（1999）。大學學生事務的理論基礎—台灣大學生心理社會發展之研究。中國訓育學會八十八年度年會論文。
黃堅厚 (1977)。大學新生輔導的要點。測驗與輔導，期23，355-356。
惠 風 (1995)。大一學生原生家庭經驗、心理分離－個體化、與情緒適應之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
董新華、鐘思嘉 (1993)。影響大學生尋求專業心理輔導意願之因素探討。中華輔導學報，1，158-191。
傅木龍（2001）。跨世紀大學學生事務工作發展與輔導。學生事務與社團輔導，東吳大學。
楊昌裕（2002）。大學生發展理論用與方案設計－大學新生定向輔導方案。學生事務與社團輔導，第二輯，東吳大學。
楊國樞 (1985)。防止青年價值觀念的軟化。民生以1985年3月29日民生論壇。
楊極東 (1985)。政大學生學校生活適應之研究。國立政治大學學報，期52，頁15~38。
蓋浙生 (2002)。校園菁英看台灣—透視2020主流價值。台北：淡江大學。
廖張京棣、劉若蘭、曹麗英（1999）。護專原住民新生學校適應行為之探討，技術學刊，第十四卷，第四期，頁 619-626 。
劉若蘭(2002)。大專新生定向輔導方案初探。未出版，台北。
劉美華（1996）。大一學生之因應行為社會支持與身心困擾之相關性探討。長庚大學護理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
駱重鳴 (1983)。生活壓力，適應方式與身心健康。台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
蕭新煌 (1995)。「新人類」的社會意識與社會參與，探索一個新世代的社會秩序研討會。台北：中國青年反共救國團社會研究院。
潘慧玲 (2003)。社會科學研究典範的流變。教育研究資訊，11（1）。
簡茂發 (1974)。中美大學生適應問題之比較研究。師大教育心理學報。7，業77-87。
蘇富美 (1985)。大學生同儕團體輔導的效果分析研究。國立台灣師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北。
二、英文部分：
Abraham, B. C., Nesbit, B. G., & Ward-Roof, J. A.（2003). Organization and Administration of Orientation Programs. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Aslanian, C. B. (2001).Adult students today. New York: The College Board.
Astin, A. W. (1996). Involvement in learning revisited: Lessons we have learned. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 123-134.
Astin, A. W. (1985). Achieving educational excellence: A critical assessment of priorities and practices in higher education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Astin, A. W. (1984). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 25, 297-308.
Astin, A. W., Parrott, S. A., Korn, W. S., & Sax, L. J. (1997). The American freshman: Thirty year trends. Los Angeles: University of California, Higher Education Research Institute.
Austin, D. (1988). Building an orientation program from the ground. Campus Activities Programming, 21, 41-45.
Banning, J. H. (1989). Impact of college environments on freshman students. In M. L. Upcraft, J. N. Gardner, & Associates, The freshman year experience: Helping students survive and succeed in college (pp. 53 -62). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Barefoot, B. (2000). The first-year experience: Are we making it any better? About Campus, 4(6), 12-18.
Barefoot, B. (1993). Exploring the evidence: reporting outcomes of freshman seminars (Monograph No. 11). Columbia, SC: University of south Carolina, National Resource Center for The Freshman Year Experience.
Baxter Magolda, M., Terenzini, P. T., & Hutchings, P. (1999). Learning and teaching in the 21st century: Trends and implications for practice. In C. S. Johnson (Ed.), Higher education trends for the next century: A research agenda for student success (pp. 20-27). Washington, DC: American College Personnel Association.
Beneshoff, J. M., & Bundy, A. P. (2000). Nontraditional students. In D. C. Davis & K. M. Humphrey (Eds.), College counseling: Issues and strategies for a new millennium (pp. 133-151). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Bishop, J. B., Bauer, K. W., & Becker, E. T. (1998). A survey of counseling needs of male and female students. Journal of College Student Dvelopment, 39, 205-210.
Boening, C. H., & Anderson, M. L. (2000). Writing apprehension and academic achievement among undergraduate honors students. Journal of College Orientation and Transition, 8(1), 7-12.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Brower, A.M. (1990). Student perceptions of life-task demands as a mediator in the freshman year experience, Journal of the Freshman Year Experience, 2（2）,7-30.
Brown S. M. (2002). Strategies that contribute to nontraditional adult student development and persistence. Paper presented at Eastern regional adult Education Research Conference, University Park, PA.
Brownstein, A., & Hoover, E. (2001). Destination unknown, for many students September 11 changed everything. Chronicle of Higher education, p. A 35.
Caffarela, R. S. (2002). Planning programs for adult learners: A practical guide for educators, trainers and staff developers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cawthon, T. W. & Miller, M. ( 2003). Today’s students and their impact on orientation and First-Year Programs. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity (2nd ed.) San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
The Chronicle of Higher Ecucation. (2001). Almanac, 2001-2002. Washington, DC: Author.
Clark, M. C., & Caffarella, R. S. (Eds.). (1999). An update on adult development theory: New ways of thinking about the life course. (New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education No.84). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Council for the Advancement of Standards（CAS）in Higher Education.（2001). CAS standards and guidelines for student support services/development programs. Washington, DC: Author.
Council for the Advancement of Standards in Higher Education.（1997). The CAS Book of Professional Standards for Higher Education. Iowa: ACT.
Cuneo, A., & Krol, C. (1998). Marketing finding Gen Y a profitable playground. Advertising Age, 69(1), 57.
Cuyjet, M. J., & Rode, D. L. (1987). Follow-up of orientation contacts: Effects on freshman environmental satisfation. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28.
Dayton, L. (1989). Toward the future vitality of student development services: Traverse City five years later. Chapter 3. Summary Report of the Sixth Annual Leadership Colloquium, Traverse City, Michigan.
Dannells, M & Wilson, M. E. (2003). Theoietical Perspectives on Orientation. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
El Khawas, E. (1995). Campus trends. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
Evans, N. J., Forney, D. S., & Guido-DiBrito, F. (1998). Student development in college. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Fidler, P. P. (1991). Relationship of freshman orientation seminars to sophomore return rates. Journal of the Freshman Year Experience, 3(1).
Gallagher, R. P. , Gill, A. M., & Goldstrohm, S. L. (1998). National survey of counseling center directors. Alexandria, VA: International Association of Counseling Services.
Gartin, B. C., Rumrill, P., & Serebreni, R. (1996). The higher education transition model: guidelines for facilitation college transition among college-bound students with disabilities. TEACHING Exceptional Children, 29(1), 30-33.
Greenlaw, H. S., Anlider, M. E., & Barker, A. J. (1997). Orientation: A student affairs function? NASPA Journal, 34(4), 303-313.
Hadlock, H. L. (2000). Orientation programs: A synopsis of their significance. The Journal of College Orientation and Transition, 7(2), 27-32.
Hatch, C. (2003). Orienting Nontraditional Students To College:Creting Opportunities, Suorting Success. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Henderson, C. (2001). 2001 College freshmen with disabilities: A biennial statistical profile. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
Higginson, L. C., Moore L. V., & White, E. R. (1981). A new role for orientation: Getting down to academics. NASPA Journal, 19, 21-28.
Howe, N., & Strauss, W. (2000). Millennials rising: The next great generation. New York: Vintage Books.
Hunter, M. S. & Gahagan, J. S. (2003). It takes a year. About Campus / September - October, pp.31-32.
Jacobs, B. & Bowman, B. S. (2003). Methods for Orienting Diverse Populations. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Jacobs, B., & With, E. (2002). Orientation,s role in addressing the developmental stages of parents. Journal of College Orientation and Transition, 9(2), 37-43.
Jones, P. F. (2002). The value of the liberal arts and what it means for orientation professionals. Journal of College Orientation and Transition, 9(2), 13-18.
Knefelkamp, L. L. (1984). A workbook for the practice-to-theory-to-practice models. Unpublished manuscript, University of Maryland, College Park.
Knowles, M. (1980). The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston: Gulf Publishing.
Kozeracki, C. A. (2001). Transfer student adjustment. In F. S. Lannan (Ed.), Transfer students: Trends and issues. (New Directions for Community Colleges No. 114). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kuh, G. D. (1996). Guiding principles for creating seamless learning environments for undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development, 37(2), 135-148.
Laanan, F. S. (2003). Studying transfer students: Policies, research, and implications. Presentation at the First Annual Institute for the Study of Transfer Students, Denton, Texas.
Lenning, O. T., Sauer, K., & Beal, P. E. (1980). Student retention strategies. (ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 8). Washington, DC: The George Washington University School of Education and Human Development.
Levine, A., & Cureton, J. (1998). When hope and fear collide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Levitz, R. & Noel, L.（1989）. Connecting Students to Institutions: Keys to Retention and Success. In M. L. Upcraft, J. N. Gardner, & Associates（Ed. ). The Freshman Year Experience: Helping Students Survive and Succeed in College. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mann, B. A. (1998). Retention principles for new student orientation programs. Journal of College Orientation and Transitions,6(1), 15-20.
Margaret, J. B., Sharon, H. J. & Bernard, D. Y.（1979). Orientation. In G. D. Kuh（Ed. ). Evaluation in Student Affairs. Cincinnati: ACPA.
Mitchell, M. (1972). A student-to-student guidance program for college freshmen. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Personal and Guidance Association, Dallas. TX.
Mullendore, R.H. (1998). Orientation as a component of institutional retention efforts. In R. H. Mullendore (Ed.), NODA orientation planning manual. Bloomington, IN: National Orientation Directors Association.
Nadler, D. P., & Miller, M. T. (1999). Designing transitional programs to meet the needs of the multi-ethnic first-year students. Journal of College Orientation and Transition, 7(2), 41-43.
National Center for Educational Statistics. (2001). Welcome to the National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 2, 2002 from http: // nces.ed.gov/
National Center for public Policy and Higher Education (2002). Losing ground: A national status report on the affordability of American higher education. San Jose, CA: Author.
Pappas. J. G. (1967). Effects of three approaches to college orientation on academic achievement. Journal of College Student Personnel, 8,
Pascarella, E. T. (1980). Student-faculty informal contact and college outcomes. Review of educational Research, 50(4), 545-595.
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1991). How college affects students. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T. (1978). Student-faculty informal relationships and freshman year educational outcomes. The Journal of Educational Research, 73, 183-189.
Pascarella, E. T., & Terenzini, P. T., & Wolfle, L. M. (1986). Orientation to college and freshman year persistence / withdrawal decisions. Journal of Higher Education, 57, 155-173.
Perigo, D. J. & Upcraft, M. L.（1989). Orientation Programs. In M. L. Upcraft, J. N. Gardner, & Associates（Eds. ). The Freshman Year Experience: Helping Students Survive and Succeed in College. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Pope, M. (2001). Faculty involvement in student affairs: Legitimate claim or latest fade? Journal of College Orientation and Transition, 8(2), 7-12.
Rakoff, J. S. (2001). E-boredom? University Business, 4(3), 16.
Rendón, L. I. (1994). Validating culturally diverse students: Toward a new model of learning and student development. Innovative Higher Education, 19, 33-51.
Rentz, A. L.（1996). Orientation. In A. L. Rentz & Associates（Eds.）,Student Affairs Practice in Higher Education（2nd ed. ). Springfield : Charles C Thomas.
Rodgers, R. F. (1989). student development. In U. Delworth, G. r. Hanson, & Associates, Student services: A handbook for the profession (2nd ed., pp. 117-164). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Rosenthal, N. (1998). The boom tube. MediaWeek, 8(2), 44.
Sanlo, R. L. (2000). The LGBT campus resource center director: The new profession in student affairs. NASPA Journal, 37, 485-495.
Sax, L. J., Astin, A. W., Korn, W. S., & Mahoney, K. M. (1998). The American freshman: National norms for Fall 1998. Los Angeles: University of California, Higher Education Research Institute.
Sax, L. J., Lindholm, J. A., Astin, A. W. Korn, W. S., & Mahoney, K. M. (2001). The American freshman: National norms for Fall 2001. Los Angeles: University of California, Higher Education Research Institute.
Scholssberg, N. K., Waters, E. B., & Goodman, J. (1995). Counseling adults in transition (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Schroeder, C. C., Minor, F. D., & Tarkow, T. A. (1999). Freshman Interest groups: Partnerships for promoting student success. In J. H. Schuh & E. J. Whitt (Eds.), Creating successful partnerships between academic and student affairs. (pp. 37-49). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Smith, R. F. & Brackin, R. K. (2003). Comprehensive Orientation Program. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Stewart, G. L., Russell, R. B., & Wright, D. (1997). The comprehensive role of student affairs in African-American student retention. Journal of College Admission, 154, 6-11.
Strange, C. C., & Banning, J. H. (2001). Educating by design: Creating campus learning environments that work. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Strumpf, G., Sharer, G., & Wawrzynski, M. (2003). 20 Years of trends and issues in orientation program. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Strumpf, G., & Wawrzynski, M. R. (Ed.). (2000). National Orientation Directors Association data bank. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, National Orientation Directors Association.
Townsend, B. K. (2001). Redefining the community college transfer mission. Community College Review, 29(2), 15-29.
University of Toronto (2003). Report of the Task Force on Orientation & Transition. Final Report.（Toronto, Ontario）：Office of Student Affairs, University of Toronto.
Upcraft, M.L. (2003). Reflections on the Future of Orientation. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Upcraft, M. L.（1993）. Orienting today’s students. In M. L. Upcraft, R. H. Mullendore, B. Barefoot, & D.Fidler（Eds.）,Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college （pp.1-8）. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Upcraft, M. L. (1989). Understanding student development: Insights from theory. In M. L. Upcraft, J. N. Gardner, & Associates, The freshman year experience: Helping students survive and succeed in college (pp. 40-52). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Upcraft, M. L., & Farnsworth, W. M. (1984). Orientation programs and activities. In M. L. Upcraft (Ed.), Orienting students to college. (New Directions for Student Services No. 25) (pp. 27-38). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Upcraft, M. L., & Gardner, J. N. (1989). A Comprehensive Approach to Enhencing Freshman Success. In M. L. Upcraft, J. N. Gardner & Associates (Eds.). The Freshman Year Experiencies：Helping Students Survive and Succeed in College . San Fracisco：Jossey-Bass.
Upcraft, M. L., Gardner, J., & Associates. (1989). The freshman year experience. SanFrancisco: Joessey-Bass.
Walsh, R. W. (1985). Changes in college freshmen after participation in a student development program. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26.
Ward-Roof, J. A., & Hatch, C.（Eds）. (2003). Designing Successful transitions：A guide for orienting students to college（Monograph No. 13,2nd ed.）. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Ward-Roof, Kashner ＆ Hodge (2003). Orienting Transfer Students. In J. A. Ward-Roof & C. Hatch Designing successful transitions: A guide for orienting students to college. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina, National Resource Center for the First-Year Experience and Students in Transition.
Wechsler, H., Wueth, H., & Wuethrich, B. (2002). Dying to drink on college campuses. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press.
Wehrly, B. (1988). Cultural diversity from an international perspective, Part 2. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and development, 30(6), 567-569.
Weidman, J. (1989). Undergraduate socialization: A conceptual approach. In J. Smart (Ed.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research: Vol. 5. New York: Agathon.
Zemke, R., & Zemke, S. (1995). Adult learning: What do we know for sure? Training, 32(6), 31-34, 36, 38, 40.