研究生: |
吳毓芳 Yu-Yang Wu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
輪班人員運動行為及其影響因素之探討 An Investigation of Exercise Behavior of Shift Workers and the Influential Factors |
指導教授: |
卓俊辰
Jwo, Jiunn-chern |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
體育學系 Department of Physical Education |
論文出版年: | 2010 |
畢業學年度: | 98 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 88 |
中文關鍵詞: | 運動行為 、運動自我效能 、運動社會支持 、自覺運動利益 、自覺運動障礙 |
英文關鍵詞: | exercise behavior, exercise self-efficacy, exercise social support, perceived benefits of exercise, perceived barriers of exercise. |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:837 下載:33 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究目的旨在瞭解高雄市煉油廠輪班人員的運動行為現況,並探討運動行為與其背景因素、運動自我效能、自覺運動障礙、自覺運動利益及運動社會支持間的關係,其研究結果將可提供相關機構國營機構或有輪班機制的單位之參考。本研究方法運用問卷調查法進行研究,並採立意抽樣調查,研究對象為高雄市煉油廠輪班人員,研究工具為「輪班人員運動行為及其影響因素之問卷」。並取得有效樣本874人,回收率為82.1%。主要統計分析是利用SPSS 12.0 for windows統計套裝軟體進行統計分析。資料分析包括:以獨立樣本單因子變異數分析、pearson積差相關和逐步複迴歸等統計方法進行分析。經研究結果發現如下:
一、有規律運動的輪班人員占32.60%,研究對象較常從事的運動項目依次為:慢跑、爬山、健行、游泳與桌球。
二、運動行為會因不同年齡、學歷、職務、服務年資與婚姻而有統計上的顯著差異。
三、自覺運動利益與運動社會支持會因學歷之不同而有統計上之顯著差異。
四、運動自覺障礙會因年齡與職務而有統計上的顯著差異。
五、運動自我效能會因學歷與職務而有統計上的顯著差異。
六、本研究對象的運動行為與自覺運動利益、運動自我效能、運動社會支持呈顯著正相關。與自覺運動障礙呈顯著負相關。
七、運動行為可由年齡、運動自我效能、與自覺運動障礙三個變項來預測。其中以年齡最具預測力。本研究並依研究結果對有關單位提出建議,進而培養規律運動的習慣,以提升規律運動的人口。
The purpose of this study is to investigate the current exercise behavior of shift workers in Chinese Petroleum Company, and to discuss the relationships among exercise behavior and selected demographic characteristics, exercise self-efficacy, perceived barriers of exercise, perceived benefits of exercise and exercise social support. The results of this study can provide reference for authorities concerned and state-run industries which has a shift system. Questionnaires on exercise behavior of shift workers and its influential factors were adopted as the instrument of this study, and the subjects were shift workers in Chinese Petroleum Company. The number of the questionnaires collected is 874 respondents, with the response rate of 82.1%. The instruments administered to the subjects were Exercise Questionnaire, Perceived Barriers of Exercise Inventory, Perceived Benefits of Exercise Inventory, Exercise Social Support Inventory and Exercise Self-Efficacy Inventory. The collected data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (independent), Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple stepwise regression analysis. The results of this study were as follows:
1. There was 32.60% of the shift workers who keep regular exercise habit. The most popular exercises were jogging, hiking, walking, swimming and playing table-tennis.
2. There was a significant difference of exercise behavior among the subjects in terms of their age, educational degrees, job position, year of work experience, and marital status.
3. There was a significant difference of perceived benefits of exercise and social support of exercise in terms of educational degrees.
4. There was a significant difference of perceived barriers of exercise in terms of age and job positions.
5. There was a significant difference of perceived self-efficacy in terms of educational degrees and job positions.
6. Exercise behavior of the subjects has significant positive correlation with exercise self-efficacy, social support and perceived benefits of exercise. There is significant negative correlation with perceived barriers of exercise.
6. Exercise behavior can be predicted by age, exercise self-efficacy, and perceived barriers of exercise. Age is the most powerful predictor.
Suggestions based on the results of this study are raised to the authority concerned to promote exercise behavior of shift workers.
壹、中文部分
方進隆(1997)。提升體適能的策略與展望。載於國立台灣師範大學學校體與研究與發展中心(編輯)。教師體適能指導手冊(9-21頁)。台北市:教育部。
王文科(1997)。教育研究法(四版)。台北市:五南圖書出版公司。
王榮德(2004)。淺談輪班制度下工作人員的健康問題,2004年11月21日,http://www.fhl.net/main/ccmm/ccmm15.html
王昶閔(2005)。少睡易變胖,抽煙未必瘦。博大健康網,2005年2月27日,,http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/5/2/27/n828538.htm
王瑞霞(1994)。社區老年人健康體能活動參與及相關因素的探討‧行政院衛生署八十三年度委託研究計畫。
牛玉珍(1997)。教師規律運動行為影響因素之研究─以交通大學教師為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
朱嘉華(1997)。國小教師運動習慣對睡眠品質影響之研究。體育學報,第26輯,217-224頁。
行政院勞工委員會(1995)。勞工安全衛生研究報告-國人工作壓力量表之建立。行政院勞工委員會勞工安全衛生研究所編印。
束有明(1995)。身體質量指數及動機因素對運動參與的影響。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文。
宋素真(1998)。臨床護理人員健康促進生活型態及其相關因素之探討。高雄醫學院護理學研究所碩士論文。
李彩華(1998)。臺北市國中學生身體活動量及其影響因素研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
李蘭、陸玓玲、李隆安、黃美維、潘怜燕、鄧肖琳(1995)。臺灣地區成人的健康行為探討:分佈情形因素結構和相關因素。中華衛誌,14 (4),358-367。
李思招(2000)。護理學生規律動行為相關因素研究-以臺北護理學院學生為例。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
李金泉(1994)。SPSS/PC+實物與應用統計分析。台北:松崗。
李碧霞(2001)。中年人運動階段、身體活動及其影響因素之研究-以台北市中山區居民為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系博士論文。
吳慧玲(1996)。臨床護理人員規律運動習慣及其相關因素探討。國立臺灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文。
何佩玲(2004)。臺北市某完全中學學生運動行為及其相關因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
岳奕葒(2005)。經常開夜班易患心臟病,2005年3月22日,http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.chinabroadcast.cn/
邱皓政(2000)。量化研究與統計分析:SPSS中文視窗版資料分析範例解析。台北:五南。
林正常(1992)。臺北市30-39歲中年就業人口運動量及健康體能常模之測定。行政院衛生署八十一年度委託研究計劃。
林清山(1992)。心理與教育統計學。台北:東華書局。
林靖斌(2001)。國中學生規律運動及其影響因素之研究-以宜蘭文化國中為例。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
呂淑美(2004)。大學生運動行為及其相關因素之研究-以國立宜蘭大學學生為例。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
呂昌明、李明憲、陳錫琦(2000)。都市國小學童身體活動及其影響因素之研究。衛生教育學報,14,95-111。
季瑋珠、符春美(1992)。社區民眾從事體能運動之研究。中華衛誌,11(4),328-329頁。
姜逸群、呂槃、江永盛、黃雅文(1988)。民眾的健康意識及中老年病之預防健康行為調查。衛生教育雜誌,9,67-81。
徐彩莉(2000)。輪班工作對生理狀態之影響, 勞工安全衛生研究所勞工安全衛生簡訊,第四十期:24-30。
馬力生、孔憲蘭(1988)。臺北市居民危險因子調查。疫情報導,37-41。
許泰彰(2000)。國小教師運動行為及其相關因素研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
許哲彰(1999)。國小教師從事規律運動意圖、行為之預測及影響因素之探討─驗證計畫行為理論。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
許森彥(2002)。夜班與輪班工作對身心健康的影響,勞工安全衛生研究所。
許建盛(1996)。我國企業輪班工時制度研究。政治大學勞工研究所碩士論文。
統一企業公司中央研究所(2002)。別讓輪班影響健康。2002年12月2日,http://www.fodexpert.com.tw/health/5work.htm,
勞工安全衛生研究所(2001)。輪班作業危害預防手冊。
勞工安全衛生研究所(2002)。「睡眠衛生與勞工安全」研討會資料。
張彩秀(1992)。中老年人運動型態、體適能及健康狀況之研究‧國立陽明大學公共衛生研究所碩士論文。
張春興(1991)。現代心理學。台北:東華書局。
張明麗(1991)。國小女教師工作壓力、工作滿意度與退休態度之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
張正發(2000)。臺北縣新莊市國小學生家長運動參與行為及其影響因素之研究。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
張志培(1995)。輪班人員之工作適應性探討。國立台灣科技大學研究所碩士論文。
張麗銀(1993)。某教學醫院護理人員對輪班制與固定班別制觀點之探討,榮總護理,第一卷第二期,140頁。
張彩秀、姜逸群(1995)。國人運動行為、體適能及主觀健康狀況之研究。學校衛生,26,2-10。
曾珍麗(1995),輪班制護理人員睡眠型態紊亂之探討,榮總護理,第十二卷第三期,289頁。
黃惠如(2005)。夜貓子上班族-10招避免過勞死,康健雜誌,2005年2月22日,http://www.books.com.tw/magazine/item/chealth0930.htm#top
黃如瑋(2000)。輪班生活對健康影響知多少?勞工安全衛生研究所勞工安全衛生簡訊,第四十七期。
高毓秀、黃奕清(2000)。成年人運動行為影響因素之徑路分析。護理研究,8(4),435-445。
黃茜莉(2002)。技職院校護生社會支持、運動資源與運動行為相關性之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立台北護理學院,台北市。
黃任要(2003)。苗栗市高中學生課後運動行為及其影響因素調查研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所,臺北市。
陳芮淇(2000)。新竹市某高職學生運動行為及其影響因素之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
陳秀珠(1999)。老人運動行為及其相關因素之研究研究-以臺北市基督長老教會松年大學五十五歲以上學員為例‧國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
陳真美(2001)。職業婦女運動行為及其相關因素之研究-以台北市某家銀行為例。國立台灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文。
陳美燕、廖張京棣(1995)。桃園地區護理學生與護理人員執行健康促進的生活方式之初步探討。護理研究,3(1),6-16。
陳光榮、許靜宜(1997)。不同的輪班系統對工作者生理健康、社交及家庭生活、工作態度影響。人力資源學報,第八期,71-96頁。
楊裕隆(1997)。大學生運動行為之研究─合理行動理論之應用。國立台灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
楊宜川(1995)。社區民眾從事體能活動的情形及其認知之研究。行政院衛生署八十四年度委託研究計畫。
楊建銘(2004)。如何調整生理時鐘促進身心健康。2004年11月2日, http://www.iosh.gov.tw/netbook/91workshop/w910727/w910727_5.htm
潘美玉(1996)。某公司中年白領階級男性規律運動習慣及其相關因素之研究。國立臺灣大學護理學研究所碩士論文。
蔡美月(1996)。臺北市某活動中心六十歲以上老人運動行為及其影響因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
劉立宇(1995)。運動對改善慢性疾病的效果。國民體育季刊,24,99-103。
郭曉文(2000)。學童母親規律運動行為相關因素研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
賴妙純(2003)。應用健康促進模式探討大學生運動行為之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
賴明德(1999)。輪班人員工作生活品質與工作適應關聯性研究。靜宜大學企業管理學系碩士論文。
勞工安全衛生研究所(2001)。輪班作業危害預防手冊。
鍾東蓉(2000)。台北市立高中導師運動行為及其影響因素調查研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
戴良全(2002)。臺北縣國小教師運動行為及其相關因素之研究。未出版碩士論文,國立臺灣師範大學,臺北市。
盧俊宏(2002)。規律運動、心理健康和生活品質。國民體育季刊,31(1),60-73。
盧天駒(1987)。輪班人員的工作適應與社會適應之探討。台灣工業技術學院工程技術研究所工業管理組碩士論文。
蘇振鑫(1999)運動健康信念與運動行為之關係研究-以運動健康信念模式探討中老年人的運動行為。國立體育學院體育研究所碩士論文。
鄭大誠(2002),部隊輪班制之分析與策略,海軍學術月刊,第三十六卷第十一期,107頁。
貳、英文部分
Andrew, G. M.(1981). Reason for dropout from exercise programs in post coronary patients. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 13(3), 164-168.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A.(1982) Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychology, 37 (2), 122-147.
Becker, M. H., & Maiman, B. A. (1975). Socio-behavioral determinants of compliance with health and medical care recommendations. Medical Care, 13 (1), 10-24.
Benjamin, G. A. (1984), “Shift workers: Improve the quality of life for employees who aren’t on the 9-to-5 routine”, Personnel Journal, 63(6):72-76.
Biddle, S., Goudas, P. M., & Page, A. (1994). Social- psychological predictors of self-reported actual and intended physical activity in a university workforce sample. British Journal Sport Medicine, 28(3), 160-163.
Blair, S.N.(1984). How to assess exercise habits and physical fitness. Behavioral health : a handbook of health enhancement and disease prevention. New York , NY : John Wiley and Sons : 424-477.
Borg, G. V.(1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 14(5), 337-381
Caplan, G.(1974). Support system and community mental health. NY : Behavioral.
Cave, D. M. (1991). Relationship between perceived benefits and barriers to exercise and actual exercise participation among the well elderly in the community. Master Abstract International, 30(4), 1287. (P27).
Dishman, R. K. (1991). Increasing & maintaining exercise and physical activity. Behavior Therapy, 22(3), 345-378.
Dishman, R. K., Sallis, J. F., & Orpnstein, D. R. (1985). The determinants of physical activity and exercise. Pubic Health Reports, 100(2), 158-171.
Desharnais, R., Bouillon, J., & Godin, G.(1986). Self-efficacy and outcome expectations as determinants of exercise adherence. Psychological Reports, 59(3), 1155-1159.
Duffy, P. J. (1988). An analysis of the inhibitors to participation in sport in two capitalist countries. Physical Education Review, 11(1), 11-18.
Dzewaltowski, D. A.(1989). Toward a model of exercise motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(3), 251-269. (P24)
Dzewaltowski,D.A., Noble,J.M., & Shaw,J.M. (1990). Physical activity participation: Social cognitive theory versus the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11, 251-269.
Forster, J. E. (1989). The effects of self- efficacy, and smoking habit on participant success in smoking cessation program. U. M. I. Dissertation services (order no. 9021501)
Gage, L. (1991). An examination of the utility of the health belief model for predicting adult participation in aerobic exercise. Dissertation Abstract International, 52(1), 503.
Garcia, A.W.,& King, A.C. (1991) Predicting long-term adherence to aerobic exercise : A comparison of two models. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(4), 394-410.
Gionet, N. J., & Godin, G. (1989). Selfreported exercise behavior of employee : A validity study. Journal of Occupation Medicine, 31(12), 969-973.
Gregg, E. W., Gauley, J. A., Stone, K., Thompson, T. J., Bauer, D. C., Cummings, S. R., & Ensrud, K. E. (2003). Relationship of changes in physical activity and mortality among older women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 289(18), 2379-2386.
Hedges, J. & Sckscenski, E. (1979), “Workers on late shifts in a changing economy”, Monthly Labor Review, 102: 43-47.
Heapes, R. A. (1978). Relating physical and psychological fitness: a psychological point of view. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 18(4), 399-408.
Hofstetter, C. R., Hovell, M. F., & Sallis, J. F.(1990). Social learning correlates of exercise self efficacy: early experiences with physical activity. Sport Medicine, 9(2), 169-176.
House, J. S., Robbins, C., & Metzner, H. L.(1982). The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 116(1), 123-140.
Hovell, M., Sallis, J., Hofstetter, R., Barrington, E., Hackley, M., Elder, J., Castro, F., & Kilbourne, K. (1991). Identification of correlates on physical activity among Latino adults. Journal of Community Health, 16(1), 23-36
Janz, N. K. & Becker, M. H.(1984). The Health Belief Model: A decade later, Health Education Quartely, 11(1), 41-47.
Kushi, L. H., Fee, R. M., Folsom, A. R., Mink, P. J., Anderson, K. E., & Sallers, T. A. (1997). Physical activity and mortality in postmenopausal women. Journal of the American Medical Association, 277(16), 1287-1292.
Laport, R. E., Montoye, H. J., & Caspersen, C. J. (1985). Assessment of
physical activity in epidemiologic research:problem and prospects. Public Health Reports, 100(2), 131-146.
Lian, Wong Mee., & Gan, Goh Lee.(1999). Correlates of leisure-time physical activity in an elderly population in Singapore. American Journal of Public Health, 89(10), 1578-1580.
Lock, J. Q., & Wister, A.V.(1992).Intentions and changes in exercise and behavior; a life-style perspective. Health Promotion International, 7(3), 195-207.
Maibach, E., & Murphy, D. A.(1995). Self-efficacy in health promotion research and practice: conceptualization and measurement. Health Education Research, 10(1), 7-50.
McAuley, E., & Jacobson, L. (1991). Self-efficacy and exercise participation in sedentary adult females. American Journal of Health Promotion, 5(3), 185-191.
Muller, D. (1980). Social networks: A promising direction for research on the relationship of the social environment to psychiatric disorder. Social Science and Medicine, 14A, 147-161.
Noland, M. P., & Feldman, R. H. (1985). An empirical investigation of leisure exercise behavior in adult women. Health Education, 16(5), 29-34.
Norbek, J. S. (1981). Social support: a model for clinical research and application. Advances inNnursing Sciences, 3(4), 43-59.
Overman, S. J., & Rao V. V., Prakass (1981). Motivation for and extent of participation in organized sports by high school seniors. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 52(2), 228-237.
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., Lee, I-M, Jung, D. L., & Kampert, J. B. (1993). The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(3), 538-545.
Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., Bouchard, C., Buchmer, D., Ettinger, W., Health, G. W., King, A. C., Kriska, A., Leon, A. S., Marcus, B. H., Morris, J., Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Patrick, K., Pollock, M. L., Rippe, J. M., Sallis, J., & Wilmore, J. H. (1995). Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(5), 402-407.
Rabinowitz, S., Melamed, S., Kasan, R., & Ribak, J.(1993). Personal determinants of health promoting behavior. Public Health Review, 20(1), 5-14.
Reynlods, K. D., Killen, J. D, Bryson, S. W., Maron, D. J., Taylor, C. B., Maccoby, N., & Farquhar, J. W., (1990). Psychosocial predictors of physical activity in adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 19, 541-551.
Rosenstock, I. M., (1974) Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2(3), 328-335.
Sallis, J. F., Hill, R. D., Fortmann, P. P., & Flora, J. A. (1986). Health behavior change at the worksite: Cardiovascular risk reduction. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller(Eds.). Progress in behavior modification, 20(1), 161-197. New York: Academic press.
Sallis, J. F., Grossman, R. M., Pinski, R. B., Patterson, T. L., & Nader, P. R.(1987). The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors. Preventive Medicine, 16(4), 826-836.
Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., Hofstetter, C. R.,& Barrington, E.(1992). Explanation of vigorous physical activity during two years using social learning variables. Social Science Medicine, 34(1), 25-32. (P27.30.26)
Sallis, J. F., Pinski, R. B., Grossman, R. M., Patterson, T. L., & Nader, P. R.(1989). The development of self-efficacy scales for health-related diet and exercise behavior. Health Education Research , 3(3), 283-292.
Sallis, J. F., & Hovell, M. F. (1990). Determinants of exercise behavior. Exercise and Sport Sciences Review, 18, 306-330.
Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., & Hofstetter, C. R. (1992). Predictors of adoption and maintenance of vigorous physical activity in men and women. Preventive Medicine, 21, 237-251.
Saris, W. H. M. (1985). The assessment and evaluation of daily physical activity in children:A review: Acta Peditr Scand SUPPL, 318, 37-48.
Schechtman, K. B., Barzilai, B., Rost, K., & Fisher, E. B. (1991). Measing physical activity with a singal question. American of Public Health, 81(6), 771-773.
Schuster, C., Petosa, R., & Petosa, S. (1995). Using social cognitive theory to predict intentional exercise in post-retirement adults. Journal of Health Education, 26(1), 14-21.(P25.27)
Sharpe, P. A., & Connell, C. M. (1992). Exercise belief and behavior among older employees: A health promotion trial. The Gerontologist, 32(4), 444-449.
Scott AJ, Monk TH, Brink LL. Shift work as a risk factor for depression. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 3: S2-9,1997。
Slenker, S. E.(1984). A investigation of the utility of the health belief model in predicting jogging behavior. Dissertation Abstract International, 44(8), 2369.
Stephens, T., Jacobs, D. R., & White, C. C. (1985). A descriptive epidemiology of leisure -time physical activity. Public Health Report, 100(2), 147-158.
Sternfeld, B., Cauley, J., Harlow, S., Liu, G., & Lee, M. (2000). Assessment of physical activity with a single global question in a large, multiethnic sample of medlife women. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152(7), 678-687.
Strecher, V. J., DeVellis, B. M., Becker, M. H., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1986). The role of self-efficacy in achieving health behavior change. Health Education Quarterly, 13(1), 73-92.
Sullum, Julie., & Clark, Mauhew.(2000). Predictors of exercise relapse in a college population. Journal of American college Health, 48 (4), 175-181.
Taylor, R. L., & Kaufmann, S. (1991). Trends in classification usage in the mental retardation literature. Mental Retardation, 29(6), 367-71.
Thomsson, H. (1999). Yes, I used to exercise, but… -A feminist study of exercise in the life Swedish woman. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), 35-56.
Tolsdorf, C. C.(1976). Social networks, support, and coping : an expiratory study. Family Process, 15 (4), 407-417.
Walter, D. Sorochan (1981). Promoting your health physical fitness. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, INC.
Weinberg, R. S.&Gould, D.(1999). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
White, L. & Bruce, K. (1990), “The effect of shift work on the quality and stability of marital relations”, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52: 453-462.