明末以來，天主教耶穌會士大舉入華，成為中西交流史上的重要篇章。他們在華留下大量的宗教、科技與人文譯著。雖然我們熟悉的多為科學著作，過去的研究也主要集中於宗教和科技領域，但人文著作的量和內容同樣不容忽視。例如，明清時期耶穌會士高一志（1566–1640年）的〈西學〉（約1615年完成；乃1632年《童幼教育》中的一章）以及艾儒略（1582–1649年）的《西學凡》（1623年）就是最早介紹西方各種學科的代表作。耶穌會士在介紹人文學科時，也引入了大量的西方古典修辭學，如利瑪竇（1552–1610年）的《西國記法》（1596年）和高一志的《譬學》。
本論文旨在延續前人的研究，深入探索高一志在《譬學》中參考的中西古典文獻，並討論「譬喻之學」和「修辭學」的引入對中國和歐洲「文」的傳統所帶來的影響，以及其在兩大文明交流中的作用。
第一章審視了中國史上如何翻譯「修辭」這一概念，並探討西方古典修辭學與明清時期耶穌會士的傳教活動、文藝復興人文主義（Renaissance humanism）和中國傳統之間的關係。
第二章深入探究耶穌會士在引入歐洲古典修辭學至中國時參考的西方文獻，特別是亞里士多德在修辭學和譬喻上的理論。
第三章詳細分析《譬學》中的譬喻規則和十大類型，並取之以比較羅馬修辭學家的作品與文藝復興手冊式的修辭著作，揭示坤體良（Quintilian，約35–100年）的《演講術》（Institutio Oratoria）、《獻給赫倫尼》（Rhetorica ad Herennium，作者不明）以及南宋文人陳騤（1128–1203年）的《文則》可能是高一志的主要參考來源。
第四章探討《譬學》受到的中國文獻的影響，結合高一志對譬喻的論述和中國古典的「引譬連類」概念，以呈現《譬學》中西文化交融的特性。
第五章從翻譯學角度探討「翻譯」作為一種廣泛的媒介，考察西方知識如何透過耶穌會士轉化為中文，並提出耶穌會士在中國創新的「翻譯模式」。
第六章重新審視耶穌會士提出的人文學科架構，指出他們將中國教育傳統與西方古典教育傳統融合，形成了明清時期中西交融的獨特人文學科框架。

Rhetoric, traditionally seen as a Western discipline, is increasingly recognized as a global heritage. This dissertation explores the Jesuits' introduction of classical rhetoric to late imperial China, a crucial but under-explored moment in the intersection of Chinese and European literary traditions during the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Specifically, it addresses the research question: How did Alfonso Vagnone and other Jesuits in late imperial China metaphorically mediate Western classical rhetoric and the Chinese literary tradition of wen?
The study begins with a historical and etymological examination of "rhetoric" in China, setting the stage by situating the Jesuit mission within the broader contexts of Renaissance humanism and the Chinese literary tradition. This introductory overview provides insights into how classical rhetoric was introduced to Ming-Qing literati and tracks the evolution of Chinese rhetorical terminology, laying the groundwork for addressing the central research question.
With this context established, the dissertation surveys Western classical sources that influenced the Jesuits' presentation of rhetoric and metaphor in China, focusing particularly on Aristotle. This analysis demonstrates how Aristotelian thought shaped the Jesuits' approach to metaphor and underscores its significance in the successful mediation of Western rhetoric for a Chinese audience.
The core analysis centers on Alfonso Vagnone's Pixue (Study of Comparison, 1633), comparing it with Roman and Chinese works on rhetoric. Quintilian's Institutio Oratoria emerges as a key source for Vagnone's rules on metaphor, alongside Rhetorica ad Herennium and Chen Kui's Wenze (The Rules of Writing) from the Song dynasty, which influence his typology of ten metaphors. Notably, Vagnone integrates the moral and ethical dimensions emphasized by Quintilian's focus on virtuous rhetoric, which resonate with the Confucian emphasis on cultivation. This integration underscores how these values shaped Vagnone's rhetorical approach, reflecting his commitment to humanist themes. By harmonizing Western rhetorical principles with Chinese Confucian ideals of propriety and moral rectitude, Vagnone not only enriches both traditions but also promotes a form of metaphor that is intellectually rigorous, ethically grounded, and reflective of Christian humanism.
Further exploration delves into other Chinese influences on Pixue, linking Vagnone's model to ancient Chinese conceptual theories of association. By comparing Aristotelian and pre-Qin rhetorical traditions, this research reveals connections between Western thought and Chinese oral persuasion, indicating that Vagnone's model is deeply rooted in ancient Chinese conceptual dimensions of metaphor.
Shifting to a translation studies perspective, the dissertation examines how Western knowledge was "translated" into Chinese, contrasting Jesuit translation practices with those of Buddhist enterprises. It proposes a novel Jesuit-Chinese translation model that broadens the concept of "translation" to include metaphor as a process of change and transformation.
Building on these findings, this dissertation reevaluates the Jesuits' contributions to the study of rhetoric, proposing a new framework that merges Chinese and Western traditions. It illustrates how the Jesuits introduced new forms of knowledge through the rhetorical tradition of metaphor, transforming and reshaping the understanding of rhetoric and intercultural exchange. By investigating the Jesuits' role in shaping intercultural rhetoric, this research aims to pave the way for future studies on the impact of Western doctrines on Chinese thought, education, culture, and literary traditions, reflecting the broader movement of Christian humanism that sought to harmonize classical learning with Christian values.

Aleni, Guilio. Xixue fan 西學凡 (Introduction to Western Learning). Tianxue chuhan 天學初函, edited by Li Zhizao 李之藻, vol. 1, Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1965.
Amelung, Iwo. “Historiography of Science and Technology in China: The First Phase.” Science and Technology in Modern China, 1880s-1940s, edited by Jing Tsu and Benjamin A. Elman, Brill, 2014, pp. 39–65.
The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation. Translated by Roger T. Ames and Henry Rosemont Jr., Ballantine, 1998.
Aristotle. Aristotle: On Rhetoric, A Theory of Civic Discourse. Translated by George A. Kennedy, Oxford UP, 2006.
---. Categories. On Interpretation. Prior Analytics. Translated by H. P. Cooke and Hugh Tredennick, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 325, Harvard UP, 1938.
---. Categories. Translated by L. Ackrill, University of Washington. faculty.washington.edu/smcohen/520/Cats1-5.pdf. Accessed 10 Aug. 2022.
---. The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by Jonathan Barnes, 2 vols., Oxford UP, 1984.
---. Poetics. Translated by W. H. Fyfe, Doreen C. Innes, and W. Rhys Roberts; revised by Donald A. Russell, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 23, Harvard UP, 1932.
---. Poetics. Translated by Anthony Kenny, Oxford UP, 2013.
---. Posterior Analytics. Topica. Translated by Hugh Tredennick and E. S. Forster, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 391, Harvard UP, 1960.
---. Rhetoric. Translated by J. H. Freese, Aristotle in 23 Volumes, vol. 22, Harvard UP and William Heinemann, 1926.
---, Longinus, et al. Aristotle: Poetics.; Longinus: On the Sublime; Demetrius: On Style. Translated by Stephen Halliwell, W. Hamilton Fyfe, Doreen C. Innes, and W. Rhys Roberts, revised by Donald A. Russell, Loeb Classical Library, no. 199, Harvard UP, 1995.
Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. On Christian Doctrine. Translated by D.W. Robertson, Jr., Macmillan, 1958.
Ban Gu 班固. Hanshu 漢書. Commentary by Yan Shigu 顏師古. Zhonghua shuju, 1975.
---. “Yiwen zhi” 藝文志. Hanshu 漢書, Zhonghua shuju 中華書局, 1962, pp. 30.1701-1784.
Bod, Rens, Julia Kursell, Jaap Maat, and Thijs Weststeijn. “A New Field: History of Humanities.” History of Humanities, vol. 1, no. 1, 2016, pp. 1–8, doi.org/10.1086/685056.
Bottéro, Françoise. “Revisiting the wen and the zi: The Great Chinese Characters Hoax.” Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, vol. 74, 2002, pp. 14–33.
--- and Christoph Harbsmeier. “The ‘Shuowen Jiezi’ Dictionary and the Human Sciences in China.” Asia Major, vol. 21, no. 1, 2008, pp. 249–271. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41649948.
Brahmajāla Sūtra (梵網經直解事義). CBETA Chinese Electronic Tripitaka Collection eBook. X38n0689.
Brockey, Liam Matthew. Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724. Belknap, 2008.
Cai, Zongyang蔡宗陽. Chen Kui Wenze Xinlun 陳騤文則新論 (New Commentary and Discussion on Chen Kui’s Wenze). Wenshizhe chubanshe, 1993.
Carron, Jean-Claude. “Imitation and Intertextuality in the Renaissance.” New Literary History, vol. 19, no. 3, 1988, pp. 565-579. ProQuest, www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/imitation-intertextuality-renaissance/docview/1297383446/se-2.
Chen Kui 陳騤. Wenze zhuyi 文則注譯 (Commentary on and Modern Chinese Translation of Wenze). Annotated by Liu Yancheng, Shumu wenxian chubanshe, 1988. (referred to as Wenze)
Chen, Yinke 陳寅恪. “Zhi Mindu xueshuo kao” 支愍度學說考 (An Examination of Zhi Mindu’s Theories). Chen Yinke xiansheng lunji 陳寅恪先生論集 (A Collection of Chen Yinke’s Essays), Zhongyang yanjiu yuan lishi yuyan yanjiu suo, 1977, pp. 426–443.
Cheng, Wen-chien. “The Pictorial Portrayal of Women and Didactic Messages in the Han and Six Dynasties.” NAN NÜ, vol. 19, no. 2, 2017, pp. 155–212. doi.org/10.1163/15685268-00192P01.
Cheng, Yu-yu. Yinpi lianlei: wenxue yanjiu de guanjianci 引譬連類: 文學研究的關鍵詞 (Discovering Metaphors in Categories: A Keyword in Chinese Literary Studies). Linking, 2012.
Cheung, Martha. An Anthology of Chinese Discourse on Translation, Volume 1: From Earliest Times to the Buddhist Project. Routledge, 2014.
Chu, Linda Wen-Chi. “Literary Forms of Knowledge: Exploring Classical Rhetoric as an Educational and Epistemic Genre in Late Imperial China.” Youth in Chinese History: Education and Representations of Young People in Chinese Sources Between Tradition and Modernity, edited by Giulia Falato and Renata Vinci, Routledge, 2025 (forthcoming).
---. “Translation as Metaphoric Mediation: Revisiting Rhetoric ‘as’ the Study of Wen and its Impact in Bridging the Chinese and European Literary Traditions.” Ming Qing Studies, December 2024 (forthcoming).
---. Transwriting: Matteo Ricci’s Xiguo jifa and the European Classical Art of Memory (論利瑪竇的《西國記法》與歐洲古典記憶法的關係). 2016. Fu Jen University, M.A. thesis.
Clossey, Luke. Salvation and Globalization in the Early Jesuit Missions. Cambridge UP, 2008.
Corbett, Edward P. J. and Robert J. Connors. Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed., Oxford UP, 1998.
De Troyes, Chrétien. Chrétien de Troyes: Cligès. Translated by Burton Raffel, Yale UP, 1997.
Demattè, Paola. The Origins of Chinese Writing. Oxford UP, 2022.
Duan, Yucai 段玉裁. Shuowen jiezi zhu 說文解字注 (Explaining and Analyzing Characters annotated). Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1988.
Dudink, Adrian. “Nangong Shudu (1620), Poxie Ji (1640), and Western Reports on the Nanjing Persecution (1616/1617).” Monumenta Serica, vol. 48, 2000, pp. 133–265. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40727263.
Elman, Benjamin A. “Some Comparative Issues in the World History of Science and Technology: Jesuit Learning in Late Imperial China.” Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, vol. 41, no. 1, 2011, pp. 137–70.
---. “The Investigation of Things (gewu 格物), Natural Studies (gezhixue 格致學), and Evidental Studies (kaozhengxue 考證學) in Late Imperial China, 1600-1800.” Concepts of Nature: A Chinese-European Cross-Cultural Perspective, edited by Hans Ulrich Vogel and Günther Dux, Brill, 2010, pp. 368–399.
Engen, John van. Devotio Moderna: Basic Writings. Paulist, 1988.
Erasmus, Desiderius. Parabolae. Translated by R. A. B. Mynors et al., vol. 24, Collected Works of Erasmus, U of Toronto P, 1982–2006. (abbreviated CWE)
Eskew, Harry and Hugh T. McElrath. Sing With Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Hymnology. B&H, 1980.
Falato, Giulia. Alfonso Vagnone’s Tongyou jiaoyu 童幼教育 (On the Education of Children, c. 1632): The Earliest Encounter between Chinese and European Pedagogy. Brill, 2020.
Fletcher, Peter. World Musics in Context: A Comprehensive Survey of the World’s Major Musical Cultures. Oxford UP, 2004.
Fontana, Michela. Matteo Ricci: A Jesuit in the Ming Court. Rowman & Littlefield, 2011.
Foulks, Beverley. “Duplicitous Thieves: Ouyi Zhixu’s Criticism of Jesuit Missionaries in Late Imperial China.” Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal, vol. 21, 2008, pp. 55–75.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. Translated by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall, Continuum, 1989.
Galambos, Imre. Orthography of Early Chinese Writing: Evidence from Early Chinese Manuscripts. Department of East Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránd University, 2006.
Gao, Ming 高明 and Tu Baikui 塗白奎. Guwenzi leibian 古文字類編 (Classification of Ancient Characters). Zhonghua shuju, 1980.
Ge Zhaoguang 葛兆光. An Intellectual History of China. Volume 1: Knowledge, Thought and Belief before the Seventh Century CE. Translated by Michael S. Duke and Josephine Chiu-Duke, Brill, 2014.
Giles, Herbert Allen. A Chinese-English Dictionary. B. Quaritch Kelly & Walsh, 1892.
Guwenzi leibian 古文字類編. Edited by Gao Ming 高明 and Tu Baikui 塗白奎, 2 vols., Shanghai guji chubanshe, 2008.
Harris, George. “The Mission of Matteo Ricci, S.J: A case study of an effort at guided culture change in China in the sixteenth century.” Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies, vol. 25, 1966, pp. 1-168.
Halverson, John. “Havelock on Greek Orality and Literacy.” Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 53, no. 1, 1992, pp. 148-163.
Havelock, Eric A. Preface to Plato. Belknap, 1963.
Hawkes, Terence. Metaphor. Routledge, 1972.
Heidegger, Martin. Being and Time. Basil Blackwell, 1962.
“History of Humanities.” The University of Chicago Press Journals, The University of Chicago Press for Society for the History of Humanities, www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/hoh/current. Accessed 1 Mar. 2024.
Hsia, Florence C. Sojourners in a Strange Land: Jesuits and Their Scientific Missions in Late Imperial China. U of Chicago P, 2009.
Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. A Jesuit in the Forbidden City: Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610. Oxford UP, 2010.
---. “Christianity and Empire: The Catholic Mission in Late Imperial China.” Studies in Church History, vol. 54, 2018, pp. 208–224.
---. The World of Catholic Renewal, 1540-1770. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2005.
Hu, Yamin 胡亞敏. Keywords in Western Literary Criticism and Contemporary China. Translated by Fang Xingfu et al., 2 vols., Taylor & Francis, 2021.
---. Xifang wenlun guan jianzi yu dang dai Zhongguo 西方文論關鍵字與當代中國. Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanzhe, 2015.
Huang, Zhongmo 黃中模. Xiandai Chuci piping shi 現代楚辭批評史. Hubei jiaoyu chubanshe, 1990.
Huijiao 慧皎. Gaoseng zhuan 高僧傳 (Biographies of Eminent Monks). Edited by Tang Yongtong 湯用彤, Zhonghua shuju, 1992. (referred to as Gaoseng zhuan)
Hunter, Michael. “The ‘Yiwen Zhi’ 藝文志 (Treatise on Arts and Letters) Bibliography in Its Own Context.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 138, no. 4, 2018, pp. 763–80. JSTOR, doi.org/10.7817/jameroriesoci.138.4.0763.
Ji, Xiangxiang 計翔翔. “Guan yu Li Madou yi Ru fu de yanjiu” (“The Definition of the Time When Matteo Ricci Weared [sp of original] Confucian Clothes”). Studies in World Religions, vol. 85, 2001, pp. 74–83.
Jin, Wenbing 金文兵. Gao Yizhi yu mingmo xixue dong chuan yanjiu 高一志與明末西學東傳研究 (A Study on Alfonso Vagnoni and the Spread of Western Learning to the Far East at the end of the Ming Dynasty). Xiamen UP, 2015.
Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo. “Metaphor in Chinese: Cognition, Culture, and Society.” The Routledge Encyclopedia of the Chinese Language-Routledge, edited by Chan Sin-Wai. Routledge, 2016, pp. 629–644.
Jones, Charles B. “Pixieji 闢邪集: Collected Refutations of Heterodoxy by Ouyi Zhixu (蕅益智旭, 1599-1655).” Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies, 3rd ser., vol. 11, 2011, pp. 351–407.
Klemperer, Victor. The Language of the Third Reich (Lingua Tertii Imperii: Notizbuch eines Philologen). Translated by Martin Brady, Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
Kirkpatrick, Andy. “China’s First Systematic Account of Rhetoric: An Introduction to Chen Kui’s Wen Ze.” Rhetorica, vol. 23, no. 2, 2005, pp. 103–152.
--- and Zhichang Xu. Chinese Rhetoric and Writing: An Introduction for Language Teachers. WAC Clearinghouse, 2012.
Kikuchi, Dairoku 菊池大麓. Shūji oyobi kabun 修辞及華文. Hyakka zensho 百科全書. Tokyo: Maruzen Shōsha Shoten, 1879. pp. 1083–1130.
Knoblock, John. “The Chronology of Xunzi’s Works.” Early China, vol. 8, 1982–1983, pp. 28–52.
---. Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works. 3 vols. Stanford UP, 1988–1994.
Kroeber, Alfred Louis. Configurations of Cultural Growth. U of California P, 1944.
Kurtz, Joachim. The Discovery of Chinese Logic. Modern Chinese Philosophy. Brill, 2011.
Laven, Mary. Mission to China: Matteo Ricci and the Jesuit Encounter with the East. Faber & Faber, 2011.
Legge, James, translator. Confucian Analects, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean. The Chinese Classics: With a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vol. 1, Hong Kong and London: Trubner & Co., 1861. (referred to as Lunyu 論語)
---. The Lî Kî (The Book of Rites). Hong Kong and London: Trubner & Co., 1885. Internet Archive, ia803000.us.archive.org/33/items/ApolloHumanRightsBooks/57593829-Li-Ji-Legge.pdf (referred to as Liji 禮記)
---. The She King, or The Book of Poetry. The Chinese Classics: With a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vol. 4, Hong Kong and London: Trubner & Co., 1861. (abbreviated Shijing 詩經)
---. The Works of Mencius 孟子. The Chinese Classics: with a Translation, Critical and Exegetical Notes, Prolegomena, and Copious Indexes, vol. 2, Hong Kong and London: Trubner & Co., 1861. (referred to as Menzi 孟子)
---. The Yî King (I Ching). Sacred Books of the East, vol. 16, Oxford: Clarendon, 1882. Chinese Text Project, ctext.org/book-of-changes/qian.
Levi, Albert William. “Literature as a Humanity.” Journal of Aesthetic Education, vol. 10, no. 3/4, 1976, pp. 45–60. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3332061.
Levin, Samuel R. “Aristotle’s Theory of Metaphor.” Philosophy & Rhetoric, vol. 15, no. 1, 1982, pp. 24–46. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40237305.
Li, Jiugong 李九公. Lixiu yijian 勵修一鑒 (A Mirror for Self-Cultivation, 1639). Christian Literature in Chinese Translation, 1595–1647: An Anthology with Commentary and Annotations 晚明天主教翻譯文學箋注, vol. 4, edited by Sher-shiueh Li and Hsi-chiang Lin, Academia Sinica, 2014.
Li, Sher-shiueh 李奭學. “Bafang fengyu hui “wenxue’”八方風雨會「文學」 (Christianity and the Formation of Modern Sense of Wenxue in Late Imperial China).” Journal of the History of Ideas in East Asia, vol. 10, 2016, pp. 153–177. doi.org/10.29425/JHIEA.201606_(10).0010.
---. European Literature in Late Ming China: A Study of Jesuit Appropriation of Greco-Roman Lore through the Medieval Tradition of European Exempla 中國晚明與歐洲中世紀：明末耶穌會西洋古典型證道故事考詮. Academia Sinica and Linking, 2005.
---. The Literary World of Joseph de Prémare 馬若瑟的文學世界. National Taiwan UP, 2022),
---. “The Multiple Beginnings of Modern Chinese ‘Literature’.” A New Literary History of Modern China, edited by David Der-wei Wang. Harvard UP, 2017, pp. 29–34.
---. “Rhetorica and Exemplum: The Genesis of Christian Literature in Late Imperial China.” Religions vol. 10, no. 8, 2019, pp. 23-34. MDPI, doi:/10.3390/rel10080465.
---. Transwriting: Translated Literature and Late-Ming Jesuits 譯述：明末耶穌會翻譯文學論. The Chinese U of Hong Kong P, 2012.
---. Western Learning in the Ming and the Qing: Six Studies 明清西學六論. Zhejiang daxue chubanshe, 2016.
--- and Thierry Meynard. Jesuit Chreia in Late Ming China: Two Studies with an Annotated Translation of Alfonso Vagnone’s Illustrations of the Grand Dao. Peter Lang, 2014.
Liang, Qichao 梁啟超. “Fanyi wenxue yu fodian” 翻譯文學與佛典. Yinbingshi wenji 飲冰室文集, vol. 61, Zhonghua shuju, 1926, pp. 1a–24b. Fojiao yu Zhongguo wenxue 佛教與中國文學, edited by Zhang Mantao 張曼濤, Dacheng wenhua chubanshe, 1977, p. 382.
Lin, Hsi-chiang 林熙強. Rhetoric, Semiotics, and Religious Aphorisms: A Study on Alfonso Vagnone’s Pixue (The Science of Comparison) 修辭．符號．宗教格言：耶穌會士高一志《譬學》研究. Chinese Christian Literature Council, 2015.
Liu Xiang. Exemplary Women of Early China: The Lienü zhuan of Liu Xiang. Translated by Anne Behnke Kinney, Columbia UP, 2014. (referred to as Lienü zhuan 列女傳)
---. Garden of Eloquence: Shuoyuan說苑. Translated by Eric Henry, U of Washington Press, 2022. (referred to as Shuoyuan說苑)
Liu, Xie 劉勰. Wenxin diaolong 文心雕龍 (The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons). Translated by Vincent Yu-chung Shih, The Chinese U of Hong Kong P, 2015.
Liu zi ji jiao 劉子集校, edited by Lin Qiyan 林其錟 and Chen Fengjin 陳鳳金. Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1985.
Lu, Xing. Rhetoric in Ancient China, Fifth to Third Century, B.C.E.: A Comparison with Classical Greek Rhetoric. U of South Carolina P, 1998.
Ma, Xiangbo 馬相伯. “The Hanxia Academy of Humanities and Sciences.” Ma Xiangbo and the Mind of Modern China, edited by R. Hayhoe and Y. Lu, M.E. Sharpe, 1996, pp. 223–232.
Ma, Zonghuo 馬宗霍. Shuowen jiezi yin fangyan kao 說文解字引方言考. Zhongguo kexueyuan, 1959.
Mack, Peter. A History of Renaissance Rhetoric 1380-1620. Oxford UP, 2011.
Mair, Victor H. “What is Geyi, After All?” Philosophy and Religion in Early Medieval China, edited by Alan Chan and Yuet-keung Lo, SUNY, 2010, pp. 227–264.
McCall, Marsh. “Cicero, De Oratore, III, 39, 157.” The American Journal of Philology, vol. 90, no. 2, 1969, pp. 215–19. JSTOR, doi.org/10.2307/293428.
Medhurst, Walter Henry. Chinese and English Dictionary: Containing All the Words in the Chinese Imperial Dictionary, Arranged According to the Radicals. Batavia: Parapattan, 1842, mhdb.mh.sinica.edu.tw/databaseabout.php.
Mencius. “Gongsunchou of Mencius (Selections)” Resources for
East Asian Language and Thought. Translated by Charles A. Muller, J., 1995, www.acmuller.net/con-dao/mencius.html.
Meynard, Thierry. “Aristotelian Works in Seventeenth-century China.” Monumenta Serica, vol. 65, no. 1, 2017, pp. 61-85.
---. “Beyond Religious Exclusivism: The Jesuit Attacks against Buddhism and Xu Dashou’s Refutation of 1623.” Journal of Jesuit Studies, vol. 4, 2017, pp. 415–430.
Morrison, Robert. A Dictionary of the Chinese Language, in three parts. Macao: Honorable East India Company, 1815-1823, wellcomecollection.org/works/uf8xnphj.
Mungello, D. E. The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800. Rowman & Littlefield, 2012.
Nauert, Charles. “Rethinking “Christian Humanism.” Interpretations of Renaissance Humanism, edited by Angelo Mazzocco, Brill, 2006, pp. 155-180.
Nishi, Amane 西周. Hyakugaku renkan 百学連環. Nishi Amane zenshū 西周全集, Shūkō Shobō 宗高書房, 1981, pp. 9–294.
O’Neill, Timothy. “Xu Shen's Scholarly Agenda: A New Interpretation of the Postface of the Shuowen jiezi.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 133, no. 3, 2013, pp. 413–440.
Owen, Stephen. Readings in Chinese Literary Thought. Harvard U Asia Center, 1992.
Ouyi, Zhixu 蕅益智旭. Pixie ji 闢邪集 (Collected Essays Refuting Heterodoxy). Ouyi Dashi Quanji 蕅益大師全集 (The Collected Works of Great Master Ouyi), vol. 19, Fojiao chubanshe, 1989, pp. 1171–1181.
Pachtler, Georg Michael. Ratio studiorum et institutiones scholasticae Societatis Jesu per Germaniam olim vigentes collectae concinnatae, vol. 3, Berlin: A. Hofmann & Company, 1890.
Pavur, Claude, S.J. The Ratio Studiorum: The Official Plan for Jesuit Education. Institute of Jesuit Sources, 2005.
Plato. The Gorgias. Translated by W. D. Woodhead. Plato: The Collected Dialogues, edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington Cairns, Princeton UP, 1961, pp. 229–307.
Plett, Heinrich. Literary Rhetoric: Concepts - Structures - Analyses. Brill, 2010.
Qian, Mu 錢穆. Xianqin Zhuzi xinian 先秦諸子繫年. Dadong tushu gongsi, 2008.
Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus). Institutio Oratoria. Translated by Harold Edgeworth Butler, Loeb Classical Library, vols. 124-127, Harvard UP, 1980.
Reuben, Julie. The Making of the Modern University: Intellectual Transformation and the Marginalization of Morality. U of Chicago P, 1996.
Rhetorica ad Herennium. Translated by Harry Caplan, Loeb Classical Library, vol. 403. Harvard UP, 1954.
Ricci, Matteo. China in the Sixteenth Century: The Journals of Matthew Ricci, 1583–1610. Translated by Louis J. Gallagher, Random House, 1953.
---. Ershiwu yan 二十五言 (Twenty-five Sayings, 1604). Christian Literature in Chinese Translation, 1595–1647: An Anthology with Commentary and Annotations 晚明天主教翻譯文學箋注, vol. 1, edited by Sher-shiueh Li and Hsi-chiang Lin, Academia Sinica, 2014.
---. Jiaoyou lun 交友論 (On Friendship, 1595). Christian Literature in Chinese Translation, 1595–1647: An Anthology with Commentary and Annotations晚明天主教翻譯文學箋注, vol. 1, edited by Sher-shiueh Li and Lin Hsi-chiang, Academia Sinica, 2014.
---. Li Madou quanji 利瑪竇全集 (Complete Works of Matteo Ricci). Translated by Luo Yu 羅漁, 4 vols., Guangqi and Fu Jen daxue, 1986. (referred to as Quanji)
---. Opere storiche del P. Matteo Ricci, S.I. Vol. 2, edited by Pietro Tacchi Venturi, S.J., Giorgetti, 1913.
---. Storia dell’Introduzione del Cristianesimo in Cina. Fonti Ricciane, vol. 2-3, edited by Pasquale M. D’Elia S.I., La Libreria dello Stato, 1942.
---. “Shu wen zeng cheng zi” 述文贈程子 (Words for Cheng, 1609). Cheng shi moyuan 程氏墨苑 (Ink Gardens of the Cheng Family), cuan 3, Zhongguo shudian, 1996, reprint, pp. 1a–1b.
---. The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven. Edited by Edward J. Malatesta, translated by Douglas Lancashire and Peter Hu Kuo-chen, Ricci Institute, 1985.
Richards, I. A. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford UP, 1964.
Ricoeur, Paul. The Rule of Metaphor: The Creation of Meaning in Language. Routledge and Kegan, translated by Robert Czerny et al., 1978.
“Roman College (Gregorian University).” The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Jesuits, edited by Thomas Worcester SJ., Cambridge UP, 2017, pp. 687–688.
Ronan, Charles and Bonnie Oh. East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773. Loyola UP, 1988.
Saint Ignatius of Loyola. The Constitutions of the Society of Jesus and Their Complementary Norms: A Complete English Translation of the Official Latin Texts, edited by John W. Padberg, S.J., The Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1996.
---. Ignatius of Loyola: The Spiritual Exercises and Selected Works. Translated by George E. Ganss, Paulist, 1991.
Saraiva, Luis and Catherine Jami, editors. The Jesuits, the Padroado and East Asian Science (1552-1773). History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia. World Scientific, 2008.
Sambiasi, Francesco. Lingyan lishao 靈言蠡勺 (A preliminary discussion of anima). Tian xue chu han 天學初函, edited by Li Zhizao, 6 vols., Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1965.
Sapir, J. David. “The Anatomy of Metaphor.” The Social Use of Metaphor: Essays on the Anthropology of Rhetoric, edited by J. D. Sapir and J. C. Crocker. U of Pennsylvania P, 1977, pp. 3–32.
Saussy, Haun. Translation As Citation: Zhuangzi Inside Out. Oxford UP, 2017.
Schiappa, Edward. “Did Plato Coin Rhêtorikê?” American Journal of Philology, vol. 111, no. 4, 1990, pp. 457–470. www.jstor.org/stable/295241.
---. “Rhêtorikê: What's in a name? Toward a revised history of early Greek rhetorical theory.” Quarterly Journal of Speech, vol. 78, no. 1, 1992, pp. 1–15, doi: 10.1080/00335639209383978.
Standaert, Nicolas S. J., “The Classification of Sciences and the Jesuit Mission in Late Ming China.” Linked Faiths: Essays on Chinese Religions and Traditional Culture in Honour of Kristofer Schipper. BRILL eBooks, Brill, 2000, pp. 287–317. doi.org/10.1163/9789004488939_013.
---. Handbook of Christianity in China, Volume One: 635-1800. Brill, 2001.
---. “ The Investigation of T hings and the Fathoming of Principles (Gewu Qiongli) in the Seventeenth-Century Contact Between Jesuits and Chinese Scholars.” Ferdinand Verbiest (1622–1688): Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer and Diplomat, edited by John W. Witek, S.J., Steyler Verlag, 1994, pp. 395–420.
---. “Jesuits in China,” The Cambridge Companion to the Jesuits, edited by Thomas Worcester. Cambridge UP, 2008.
Spence, Jonathan. The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci. Penguin, 1983.
Sui, Cindy. “Music Bridges the Political Divide Between China and Taiwan.” The New York Times, 20 Apr. 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/04/21/arts/21iht-music.html?pagewanted=all.
Sun, Anna. Confucianism as a World Religion: Contested Histories and Contemporary Realities. Princeton UP, 2013.
Takada, Sanae 高田早苗. Bijigaku 美辞学. Kinkōdō, 1889.
Takata, Tokio. “Printed Editions of the Xiru Ermuzi,” Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, no. 79, 2021, pp. 1–33.
T’ang, Yung-tung [Tang Yongtong]. “On ‘Ko-yi,’ The Earliest Method by Which IndianBuddhism and Chinese Thought Were Synthesized.” Radhakrishnan: Comparative Studies in Philosophy Presented in Honor of His Sixtieth Birthday, edited by W. R. Inge, L. P. Jacks, M. Hiriyanna, E. A. Burtt, and P. T. Raju, Allen & Unwin, 1968, pp. 276–286.
Tang, Yijie. Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture. Springer, 2015.
Terenguto, Aitoru. “The Reception of Rhetoric from the West via Japan to China: What is the Essence of the Rhetoric and its purpose in the Orient?” 東洋における修辞学の変遷 : 日中の修辞学の比較を兼ねて. Hokkai Gakuen University Studies in Culture (北海学園大学人文論集), vol. 54, 2013, pp. 61–77.
---. “The Rise and Fall of Rhetoric in the Orient: Comparison of Rhetoric between Japan and China.” Korean Journal of Rhetoric, vol. 21, 2014. pp. 5–24.
Tomasi, Massimiliano. “Quest for a New Written Language: Western Rhetoric and the Genbun Itchi Movement.” Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 54, no. 3, 1999, pp. 333–60. doi.org/10.2307/2668364.
Toye, Richard. Rhetoric: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford UP, 2013.
Tsao, Joanne. “Ye in Jian’an Literature,” The City of Ye in the Chinese Literary Landscape. Brill, 2020, pp. 45–77.
Vagnone, Alfonso. Dadao jiyan 達道紀言 (Illustrations of the Grand Dao, 1636). Christian Literature in Chinese Translation, 1595–1647: An Anthology with Commentary and Annotations晚明天主教翻譯文學箋注, vol. 4, edited by Sher-shiueh Li and Hsi-chiang Lin, Academia Sinica, 2014.
---. Lixue guyan 勵學古言 (Ancient expressions to encourage learning, 1632). Christian Literature in Chinese Translation, 1595–1647: An Anthology with Commentary and Annotations晚明天主教翻譯文學箋注, vol. 3, edited Sher-shiueh Li and Hsi-chiang Lin, Academia Sinica, 2014.
---. Pixue 譬學 (Study of Comparison). Tianzhujiao dong chuan wenxian: san bian 天主教東傳文獻三編 (Documents of Catholic Missions in Asia. Chinese Historical Monographs), vol. 2, Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1972.
---. Pixue 譬學 (Study of Comparison). Christian Literature in Chinese Translation, 1595–1647: An Anthology with Commentary and Annotations晚明天主教翻譯文學箋注, vol. 3, edited by Sher-shiueh Li and Lin Hsi-chiang, Academia Sinica, 2014. (referred to as Pixue annotated)
---. Tongyou jiaoyu 童幼教育 (On the Education of Children). Xujiahui cangshulou Ming-Qing Tianzhujiao wenxian xubian 徐家匯藏書樓明清天主教文獻續編 (Sequel to Chinese Christian texts from the Zikawei Library), vol. 1, edited by Nicolas Standaert and Adrian Dudink, Taipei Ricci Institute, 2013.
---. Tongyou jiaoyu jinzhu童幼教育今注 (On the Education of Children), annotated by Thierry Meynard 梅謙立, collated by Tan Jie 譚杰, Shangwu yinshuguan, 2017. (referred to as Tongyou jinzhu)
Valpy, Francis Edward Jackson (F.E.J.). An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language. London: Baldwin and Company, 1828. archive.org/details/anetymologicald00valpgoog/page/n6/mode/2up
Vickers, Brian. In Defence of Rhetoric. Oxford UP, 1998.
Virgil. Eclogues. Book VIII. Verse 80-85. MIT, classics.mit.edu/Virgil/eclogue.8.viii.html.
Wang, David Der-wei. “The Multiple Beginnings of Modern Chinese ‘Literature’.” A New Literary History of Modern China, edited by David Der-wei Wang, Harvard UP, 2017, pp. 29–34.
Wang, Gou 王構. Xiuci jianheng 修辭鑒衡 (The Craft of Poetry and Prose Writing). Taiwan shangwu yinshuguan, 1968. Taiwan e-Book, https://taiwanebook.ncl.edu.tw/zh-tw/book/HCHS-9910016003/reader.
Wang, Yun 王筠. Shuowen jiezi judu 說文解字句讀. Zhonghua shuju, 1998.
Wilhelm, Richard. The I Ching or Book of Changes. Translated by Cary Baynes, Pantheon, 1967.
Williams, Gordon. Figures of Thought in Roman Poetry. Yale UP, 1980.
Xu, Dongfeng 徐東風. Friendship and Hospitality: The Jesuit-Confucian Encounter in Late Ming China. SUNY, 2021.
Xu, Jinxiong 許進雄. Jianming Zhongguo wenzixue 簡明中國文字學 (A Concise Philology of Chinese Characters). Zhonghua chubanshe, 2009.
Xu, Shen 許慎. Shuowen jiezi: Fu jianzi 說文解字：附檢字. Taipingshuju, 1966.
Xunzi 荀子. Xunzi: A Translation and Study of the Complete Works. Translated by John Knoblock, 2 vols., Stanford UP, 1988.
---. Xunzi: The Complete Text. Translated by Eric L. Hutton. Princeton UP, 2014.
Yeo, Khiok-Khng. “Creative Transformation, the Bible and China.” The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China, edited by Khiok-Khng Yeo, Oxford UP, 2021, pp. 1–17.
You, Guo’en 游國恩. “Xunqing Kao” 荀卿考. Gushi Bian 古史辨, edited by Luo Genze 羅根澤, vol. 4, Shanghai guji chubanshe, 1982, pp. 94–103.
Zhang, Qiong. Making the New World Their Own: Chinese Encounters with Jesuit Science in the Age of Discovery. Brill, 2015.
Zheng, Haijuan. “De Poirot’s Chinese Bible and Its Influence.” The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China, edited by Khiok-Khng Yeo, Oxford UP, 2021, pp. 95–111.
Zhou, Yifang 周駬方. Poxie ji 破邪集 (Collected Essays Rebutting Heterodoxy) and Pixie ji 闢邪集 (Collected Essays Refuting Heterodoxy). Ming mo Qing chu Tianzhujiao shi wenxian cong bian 明末清初天主教史文獻叢編, 5 vols., Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2001.
Zimmerman, Jens. “Introduction.” Re-Envisioning Christian Humanism, edited by Jens Zimmerman. Oxford UP, 2017.
--- and Natalie Boldt, editors. Christian Humanism and Moral Formation in “A World Come of Age”: An Interdisciplinary Look at the Works of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Marilynne Robinson. Cambridge Scholars, 2016.
Zürcher, Erik. “Renaissance Rhetoric in Late Ming China: Alfonso Vagnoni’s Introduction to his Science of Comparison.” Western Humanistic Culture Presented to China by Jesuit Missionaries (XVII–XVIII Centuries), edited by Federico Masini, Institutum Historicum SJ, 1996, pp. 331–359.