乳癌、子宮內膜癌及卵巢癌為婦女性癌症中高發生率的惡性腫瘤，流行病學資料顯示其發生率有逐漸增長的趨勢。婦女性癌症和雌激素的調節與作用息息相關，而經由飲食攝取所含的天然雌激素也可能為影響因子之一，植物性雌激素結構與人體製造的雌二醇相似，可能執行類似或拮抗的功效進而干擾體內雌激素的作用。近年智慧醫療相關產業發達，有越來越多研究是利用電腦資訊技術進行，以協助醫療能夠更加進步、精確與優化。本研究運用電腦自然語言學習工具建立自動化分類程式，對摘要內容以分句方式配合分類關鍵字與訓練資料來進行分類判斷，以幫助文獻資料的分類與整理，減少人力閱讀花費的時間與精力，利用植物雌激素類型、癌症類型、實驗類型這三個類別變項建立資料庫，共包含937篇文獻摘要分為1683筆資料，再使用資料探勘技術及決策樹模型進行資料的分析與統合，接著針對癌症種類如乳癌、子宮內膜癌與卵巢癌，和植物性雌激素類別包含香豆酚 (coumestrol)、大豆苷元 (daidzein)、雌馬酚 (equol)、金雀素黃酮 (genistein)、木酚素 (lignan) 與白藜蘆醇 (resveratrol) 介入研究，以及實驗類型如細胞、動物與人體實驗，進而探討植物雌激素介入後對婦女癌風險發展的相關性。本研究利用卡方檢驗及資料探勘模型如決策樹模型及關聯規則，來分析植物性雌激素介入對婦女性癌症的發展影響。在不同類別植物性雌激素介入，發現植物性雌激素lignan與resveratrol對於婦女性癌症的影響多為正面，而daidzein 與equol造成的負面影響相對較多。針對癌症種類討論，其中乳癌對於genistein、daidzein或equol的使用可能會有較高風險，而卵巢癌在植物性雌激素介入後多是正向反應，而子宮內膜癌則含有較多負面結果，特別是對於daidzein或equol的使用。在實驗類型中，細胞或動物實驗顯示相對較高的負面反應，而人體實驗則為中性結果較多，特別在乳癌的研究。綜合上述，本研究建議乳癌與子宮內膜癌的患者在植物性雌激素的食物攝取上可能會有些微的風險，特別在daidzein或equol的單品使用。

Breast cancer, endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer are malignant tumors with a high incidence and have high mortality in women. Epidemiological studies show that the incidence of these types of women cancer is increasing nowadays. Breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer are closely related to the estrogen status. These phytoestrogens have similar structure with the human estradiol, thus, have similar effects and may interfere the action of estrogen in our body. Recently, the smart health industries use computer technologies to develop medical therapy to achieve advanced, accurate and optimized pathway. In this study, a natural language processing system was used to establish an automated classification program to help data classification, reduce the time and effort of the manual reading. We established a database using four classification categories of phytoestrogens, cancers, experiments and research results. The data base was set up contained 937 abstracts including 1683 data. Then we use text mining techniques and decision tree models to analyze the data. We collected three types of women cancer including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer, six phytoestrogens, including coumestrol, daidzein, equol, genistein, lignin and resveratrol. The research type was included cell, animal and human studies. We used chi-square and text mining methods, such as decision tree models and association rules, to explore the correlation between phytoestrogens and women cancer development. Regard to the types of phytoestrogens, we found that the phytoestrogens lignin and resveratrol have a higher positive effect on women cancer, while daidzein and equol are more related to negative effects. According to the type of cancer, coumestrol, genistein, daidzein or equol may have more risk on breast cancer, besides there are more positive reactions on ovarian cancer, and more negative results related to endometrial cancer. In the experiment types, cell and animal experiments showed higher negative impacts, while human experiments have more neutral results, especially in breast cancer researches. In conclusion, patients with women cancer should pay more attention to using daidzein and equol. Thus, patients with endometrial or breast cancer may have a slight risk on intake of foods containing coumestrol, daidzein, equol and genistein, especially daidzein and equol.

Agrawal, R., & Srikant, R. (1994, September). Fast algorithms for mining association rules. In Proc. 20th int. conf. very large data bases, VLDB (Vol. 1215, pp. 487-499).
Ahmed, A. M., Rizaner, A., & Ulusoy, A. H. (2018). A novel decision tree classification based on post-pruning with Bayes minimum risk. PloS one, 13(4), e0194168.
Akram, M., Iqbal, M., Daniyal, M., & Khan, A. U. (2017). Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer. Biological research, 50(1), 33.
Allred, C. D., Allred, K. F., Ju, Y. H., Goeppinger, T. S., Doerge, D. R., & Helferich, W. G. (2004). Soy processing influences growth of estrogen-dependent breast cancer tumors. Carcinogenesis, 25(9), 1649–1657.
Alonso-Betanzos, A., & Bolón-Canedo, V. (2018). Big-Data Analysis, Cluster Analysis, and Machine-Learning Approaches. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1065, 607–626.
Arpino, G., Pensabene, M., Condello, C., Ruocco, R., Cerillo, I., Lauria, R., Forestieri, V., Giuliano, M., De Angelis, C., Montella, M., Crispo, A., & De Placido, S. (2016). Tumor characteristics and prognosis in familial breast cancer. BMC cancer, 16(1), 924.
Auffray, C., Imbeaud, S., Roux-Rouquié, M., & Hood, L. (2003). From functional genomics to systems biology: concepts and practices. Comptes rendus biologies, 326(10-11), 879–892.
Baglia, M. L., Zheng, W., Li, H., Yang, G., Gao, J., Gao, Y. T., & Shu, X. O. (2016). The association of soy food consumption with the risk of subtype of breast cancers defined by hormone receptor and HER2 status. International journal of cancer, 139(4), 742–748.
Baker, S., Silins, I., Guo, Y., Ali, I., Högberg, J., Stenius, U., & Korhonen, A. (2016). Automatic semantic classification of scientific literature according to the hallmarks of cancer. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 32(3), 432–440.
Bandera, E. V., King, M., Chandran, U., Paddock, L. E., Rodriguez-Rodriguez, L., & Olson, S. H. (2011). Phytoestrogen consumption from foods and supplements and epithelial ovarian cancer risk: a population-based case control study. BMC women's health, 11(1), 40.
Basu, P., & Maier, C. (2018). Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: In vitro anticancer activities of isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, stilbenes and their analogs and derivatives. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 107, 1648-1666.
Bergman Jungeström, M., Thompson, L. U., & Dabrosin, C. (2007). Flaxseed and its lignans inhibit estradiol-induced growth, angiogenesis, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 13(3), 1061–1067.
Berman AY, Motechin RA, Wiesenfeld MY, Holz MK. The therapeutic potential of resveratrol: a review of clinical trials. NPJ Precis Oncol.
Bokhman J. V. (1983). Two pathogenetic types of endometrial carcinoma. Gynecologic oncology, 15(1), 10–17.
Bowers, L. W., Lineberger, C. G., Ford, N. A., Rossi, E. L., Punjala, A., Camp, K. K., ... & Hursting, S. D. (2019). The flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside decreases local inflammation, suppresses NFκB signaling, and inhibits mammary tumor growth. Breast cancer research and treatment, 173(3), 545-557.
Braun, M. M., Overbeek-Wager, E. A., & Grumbo, R. J. (2016). Diagnosis and Management of Endometrial Cancer. American family physician, 93(6).
Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine learning, 45(1), 5-32.
Budhathoki, S., Iwasaki, M., Sawada, N., Yamaji, T., Shimazu, T., Sasazuki, S., Inoue, M., Tsugane, S., & JPHC Study Group (2015). Soy food and isoflavone intake and endometrial cancer risk: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 122(3), 304–311.
Buxton, E. K., Vohra, S., Guo, Y., Fogleman, A., & Patel, R. (2019). Pediatric population health analysis of southern and central Illinois region: A cross sectional retrospective study using association rule mining and multiple logistic regression. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, 178, 145–153.
Cao, Z. H., Green-Johnson, J. M., Buckley, N. D., & Lin, Q. Y. (2018). Bioactivity of soy-based fermented foods: A review. Biotechnology advances.
Chan, K. K., Siu, M. K., Jiang, Y. X., Wang, J. J., Wang, Y., Leung, T. H., ... & Ngan, H. Y. (2017). Differential expression of estrogen receptor subtypes and variants in ovarian cancer: effects on cell invasion, proliferation and prognosis. BMC cancer, 17(1), 606.
Chan, K., Siu, M., Jiang, Y. X., Wang, J. J., Leung, T., & Ngan, H. (2018). Estrogen receptor modulators genistein, daidzein and ERB-041 inhibit cell migration, invasion, proliferation and sphere formation via modulation of FAK and PI3K/AKT signaling in ovarian cancer. Cancer cell international, 18, 65.
Chen, J., Douglass, J., Prasath, V., Neace, M., Atrchian, S., Manjili, M. H., Shokouhi, S., & Habibi, M. (2019). The microbiome and breast cancer: a review. Breast cancer research and treatment, 178(3), 493–496.
Chen, J., Saggar, J. K., Corey, P., & Thompson, L. U. (2009). Flaxseed and pure secoisolariciresinol diglucoside, but not flaxseed hull, reduce human breast tumor growth (MCF-7) in athymic mice. The Journal of nutrition, 139(11), 2061-2066.
Chuwa, A. H., Sone, K., Oda, K., Tanikawa, M., Kukita, A., Kojima, M., Oki, S., Fukuda, T., Takeuchi, M., Miyasaka, A., Kashiyama, T., Ikeda, Y., Nagasaka, K., Mori-Uchino, M., Matsumoto, Y., Wada-Hiraike, O., Kuramoto, H., Kawana, K., Osuga, Y., & Fujii, T. (2018). Kaempferol, a natural dietary flavonoid, suppresses 17β-estradiol-induced survivin expression and causes apoptotic cell death in endometrial cancer. Oncology letters, 16(5), 6195–6201.
Cortez, A. J., Tudrej, P., Kujawa, K. A., & Lisowska, K. M. (2018). Advances in ovarian cancer therapy. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 81(1), 17–38.
Cruz, F. O. A. M., Vilela, R. A., Ferreira, E. B., Melo, N. S., & Dos Reis, P. E. D. (2019). Evidence on the Use of Mobile Apps During the Treatment of Breast Cancer: Systematic Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(8), e13245.
de la Parra, C., Borrero-Garcia, L. D., Cruz-Collazo, A., Schneider, R. J., & Dharmawardhane, S. (2015). Equol, an isoflavone metabolite, regulates cancer cell viability and protein synthesis initiation via c-Myc and eIF4G. The Journal of biological chemistry, 290(10), 6047–6057.
Dey, L., & Mukhopadhyay, A. (2019). Biclustering-based association rule mining approach for predicting cancer-associated protein interactions. IET systems biology, 13(5), 234–242.
Díaz-Uriarte, R., & Alvarez de Andrés, S. (2006). Gene selection and classification of microarray data using random forest. BMC bioinformatics, 7, 3.
Ding, D. C., Chen, W., Wang, J. H., & Lin, S. Z. (2018). Association between polycystic ovarian syndrome and endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer: A population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Medicine, 97(39).
Dunlap, T. L., Howell, C. E., Mukand, N., Chen, S. N., Pauli, G. F., Dietz, B. M., & Bolton, J. L. (2017). Red Clover Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) and Estrogen Receptor (ER) Agonists Enhance Genotoxic Estrogen Metabolism. Chemical research in toxicology, 30(11), 2084–2092.
El-Kott, A. F., Shati, A. A., Ali Al-Kahtani, M., & Alharbi, S. A. (2019). The apoptotic effect of resveratrol in ovarian cancer cells is associated with downregulation of galectin-3 and stimulating miR-424-3p transcription. Journal of food biochemistry, 43(12), e13072.
Fazakis, N., Karlos, S., Kotsiantis, S., & Sgarbas, K. (2016). Self-Trained LMT for Semisupervised Learning. Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2016, 3057481.
Fritz, H., Seely, D., Flower, G., Skidmore, B., Fernandes, R., Vadeboncoeur, S., Kennedy, D., Cooley, K., Wong, R., Sagar, S., Sabri, E., & Fergusson, D. (2013). Soy, red clover, and isoflavones and breast cancer: a systematic review. PloS one, 8(11), e81968.
Gaffney, D. K., Hashibe, M., Kepka, D., Maurer, K. A., & Werner, T. L. (2018). Too many women are dying from cervix cancer: Problems and solutions. Gynecologic oncology.
Gonoodi, K., Tayefi, M., Saberi-Karimian, M., Amirabadi Zadeh, A., Darroudi, S., Farahmand, S. K., Abasalti, Z., Moslem, A., Nematy, M., Ferns, G. A., Eslami, S., & Mobarhan, M. G. (2019). An assessment of the risk factors for vitamin D deficiency using a decision tree model. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 13(3), 1773–1777.
Grosso, G., Bella, F., Godos, J., Sciacca, S., Del Rio, D., Ray, S., Galvano, F., & Giovannucci, E. L. (2017). Possible role of diet in cancer: systematic review and multiple meta-analyses of dietary patterns, lifestyle factors, and cancer risk. Nutrition reviews, 75(6), 405–419.
Grunewald, T., & Ledermann, J. A. (2017). Targeted Therapies for Ovarian Cancer. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 41, 139–152.
Guetterman, T. C., Chang, T., DeJonckheere, M., Basu, T., Scruggs, E., & Vydiswaran, V. (2018). Augmenting Qualitative Text Analysis with Natural Language Processing: Methodological Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(6), e231.
Gunter, M. J., Hoover, D. R., Yu, H., Wassertheil-Smoller, S., Manson, J. E., Li, J., Harris, T. G., Rohan, T. E., Xue, X., Ho, G. Y., Einstein, M. H., Kaplan, R. C., Burk, R. D., Wylie-Rosett, J., Pollak, M. N., Anderson, G., Howard, B. V., & Strickler, H. D. (2008). A prospective evaluation of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I as risk factors for endometrial cancer. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 17(4), 921–929.
Guo, J. M., Kang, G. Z., Xiao, B. X., Liu, D. H., & Zhang, S. (2004). Effect of daidzein on cell growth, cell cycle, and telomerase activity of human cervical cancer in vitro. International Journal of Gynecological Cancer, 14(5), 882-888.
Hatina, J., Boesch, M., Sopper, S., Kripnerova, M., Wolf, D., Reimer, D., Marth, C., & Zeimet, A. G. (2019). Ovarian Cancer Stem Cell Heterogeneity. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 1139, 201–221.
Hosni, M., Abnane, I., Idri, A., de Gea, J. M. C., & Alemán, J. L. F. (2019). Reviewing Ensemble Classification Methods in Breast Cancer. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine.
Hu, X. J., Xie, M. Y., Kluxen, F. M., & Diel, P. (2014). Genistein modulates the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin in MCF-7 breast and HT-29 colon cancer cells. Archives of toxicology, 88(3), 625-635.
Hu, Y. C., Wu, C. T., Lai, J. N., & Tsai, Y. T. (2015). Detection of a negative correlation between prescription of Chinese herbal products containing coumestrol, genistein or daidzein and risk of subsequent endometrial cancer among tamoxifen-treated female breast cancer survivors in Taiwan between 1998 and 2008: A population-based study. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 169, 356–362.
Hua, F., Li, C. H., Chen, X. G., & Liu, X. P. (2018). Daidzein exerts anticancer activity towards SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and inhibiting the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade. International journal of molecular medicine, 41(6), 3485-3492.
Huang, X., Wang, X., Shang, J., Zhaang, Z., Cui, B., Lin, Y., Yang, Y., Song, Y., Yu, S., & Xia, J. (2018). Estrogen related receptor alpha triggers the migration and invasion of endometrial cancer cells via up regulation of TGFB1. Cell adhesion & migration, 12(6), 538–547.
Huang, Y., Zhao, Z., Xu, H., Shyr, Y., & Zhang, B. (2012). Advances in systems biology: computational algorithms and applications. BMC systems biology, 6 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), S1.
Izquierdo-Torres, E., Hernández-Oliveras, A., Meneses-Morales, I., Rodríguez, G., Fuentes-García, G., & Zarain-Herzberg, Á. (2019). Resveratrol up-regulates ATP2A3 gene expression in breast cancer cell lines through epigenetic mechanisms. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology.
Javadi, S., Ganeshan, D. M., Qayyum, A., Iyer, R. B., & Bhosale, P. (2016). Ovarian Cancer, the Revised FIGO Staging System, and the Role of Imaging. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 206(6), 1351–1360.
Ju, Y. H., Allred, C. D., Allred, K. F., Karko, K. L., Doerge, D. R., & Helferich, W. G. (2001). Physiological concentrations of dietary genistein dose-dependently stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in athymic nude mice. The Journal of nutrition, 131(11), 2957–2962.
Kaaks, R., Lukanova, A., & Kurzer, M. S. (2002). Obesity, endogenous hormones, and endometrial cancer risk: a synthetic review. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 11(12), 1531–1543.
Kaldawy, A., Segev, Y., Lavie, O., Auslender, R., Sopik, V., & Narod, S. A. (2016). Low-grade serous ovarian cancer: A review. Gynecologic oncology, 143(2), 433–438.
Kathleen Moore, Molly A. Brewer. (2017). Endometrial Cancer: Is This a New Disease? American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, 37, 435-442.
Katz, G., Shabtai, A., Rokach, L., & Ofek, N. (2014). ConfDtree: A statistical method for improving decision trees. Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 29(3), 392-407.
Khan, H., Ullah, H., Martorell, M., Valdes, S. E., Belwal, T., Tejada, S., Sureda, A., & Kamal, M. A. (2019). Flavonoids nanoparticles in cancer: Treatment, prevention and clinical prospects. Seminars in cancer biology, S1044-579X(19)30182-8. Advance online publication.
Khan, S. A., Chatterton, R. T., Michel, N., Bryk, M., Lee, O., Ivancic, D., Heinz, R., Zalles, C. M., Helenowski, I. B., Jovanovic, B. D., Franke, A. A., Bosland, M. C., Wang, J., Hansen, N. M., Bethke, K. P., Dew, A., Coomes, M., & Bergan, R. C. (2012). Soy isoflavone supplementation for breast cancer risk reduction: a randomized phase II trial. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 5(2), 309–319.
Kim, E. Y., Shin, J. Y., Park, Y. J., & Kim, A. K. (2014). Equol induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis of human cervical cancer cells. Anticancer research, 34(9), 4985-4992.
Kim, S. H., Kim, S. H., Kim, Y. B., Jeon, Y. T., Lee, S. C., & Song, Y. S. (2009). Genistein inhibits cell growth by modulating various mitogen‐activated protein kinases and AKT in cervical cancer cells. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1171(1), 495-500.
Kim, Y. S., Choi, K. C., & Hwang, K. A. (2015). Genistein suppressed epithelial–mesenchymal transition and migration efficacies of BG-1 ovarian cancer cells activated by estrogenic chemicals via estrogen receptor pathway and downregulation of TGF-β signaling pathway. Phytomedicine, 22(11), 993-999.
Ko, J. H., Sethi, G., Um, J. Y., Shanmugam, M. K., Arfuso, F., Kumar, A. P., Bishayee, A., & Ahn, K. S. (2017). The Role of Resveratrol in Cancer Therapy. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(12), 2589.
Kokts-Porietis, R. L., McNeil, J., Nelson, G., Courneya, K. S., Cook, L. S., & Friedenreich, C. M. (2020). Prospective cohort study of metabolic syndrome and endometrial cancer survival. Gynecologic oncology, S0090-8258(20)32303-9.
Koshiyama, M. (2019, September). The Effects of the Dietary and Nutrient Intake on Gynecologic Cancers. In Healthcare (Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 88). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute.
Kreeger, P. K., & Lauffenburger, D. A. (2010). Cancer systems biology: a network modeling perspective. Carcinogenesis, 31(1), 2–8.
Křížová, L., Dadáková, K., Kašparovská, J., & Kašparovský, T. (2019). Isoflavones. Molecules, 24(6), 1076.
Kyriakidis, I., & Papaioannidou, P. (2016). Estrogen receptor beta and ovarian cancer: a key to pathogenesis and response to therapy. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 293(6), 1161-1168.
Kyrø, C., Hansen, L., Frederiksen, K., Nørskov, N. P., Bach Knudsen, K. E., Eriksen, A. K., Holm, M., Tjønneland, A., & Olsen, A. (2018). Pre-diagnostic plasma enterolactone concentrations and breast cancer prognosis among postmenopausal women - The Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 37(6 Pt A), 2217–2225.
Lee, Y. H., Yuk, H. J., Park, K. H., & Bae, Y. S. (2013). Coumestrol induces senescence through protein kinase CKII inhibition-mediated reactive oxygen species production in human breast cancer and colon cancer cells. Food chemistry, 141(1), 381-388.
Lephart E. D. (2017). Resveratrol, 4' Acetoxy Resveratrol, R-equol, Racemic Equol or S-equol as Cosmeceuticals to Improve Dermal Health. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(6), 1193.
Li, Y., Li, S., Meng, X., Gan, R. Y., Zhang, J. J., & Li, H. B. (2017). Dietary natural products for prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Nutrients, 9(7), 728.
Liaw, A., & Wiener, M. (2002). Classification and regression by randomForest. R news, 2(3), 18-22.
Liggins, J., Mulligan, A., Runswick, S., & Bingham, S. A. (2002). Daidzein and genistein content of cereals. European journal of clinical nutrition, 56(10), 961–966.
Lim, W., Jeong, M., Bazer, F. W., & Song, G. (2017). Coumestrol inhibits proliferation and migration of prostate cancer cells by regulating AKT, ERK1/2, and JNK MAPK cell signaling cascades. Journal of cellular physiology, 232(4), 862-871.
Lim, W., Jeong, W., & Song, G. (2016). Coumestrol suppresses proliferation of ES2 human epithelial ovarian cancer cells. The Journal of endocrinology, 228(3), 149–160.
Limer, J. L., Parkes, A. T., & Speirs, V. (2006). Differential response to phytoestrogens in endocrine sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells in vitro. International journal of cancer, 119(3), 515–521.
Liu, F. C., Lin, H. T., Kuo, C. F., See, L. C., Chiou, M. J., & Yu, H. P. (2017). Epidemiology and survival outcome of breast cancer in a nationwide study. Oncotarget, 8(10), 16939–16950.
Liu, H., Liu, J., Wang, S., Zeng, Z., Li, T., Liu, Y., Mastriani, E., Li, Q. H., Bao, H. X., Zhou, Y. J., Wang, X., Hu, S., Gao, S., Qi, Y., Shen, Z., Wang, H., Yu, M., Gao, T., Johnston, R. N., & Liu, S. L. (2017). Enterolactone has stronger effects than enterodiol on ovarian cancer. Journal of ovarian research, 10(1), 49.
Liu, J., Viswanadhapalli, S., Garcia, L., Zhou, M., Nair, B. C., Kost, E., Rao Tekmal, R., Li, R., Rao, M. K., Curiel, T., Vadlamudi, R. K., & Sareddy, G. R. (2017). Therapeutic utility of natural estrogen receptor beta agonists on ovarian cancer. Oncotarget, 8(30), 50002–50014.
Liu, X., Suzuki, N., Santosh Laxmi, Y. R., Okamoto, Y., & Shibutani, S. (2012). Anti-breast cancer potential of daidzein in rodents. Life sciences, 91(11-12), 415–419.
Liu, Y., Tong, L., Luo, Y., Li, X., Chen, G., & Wang, Y. (2018). Resveratrol inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via inhibiting glycolysis and targeting AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 119(7), 6162–6172.
Luscombe, N. M., Greenbaum, D., & Gerstein, M. (2001). What is bioinformatics? A proposed definition and overview of the field. Methods of information in medicine, 40(4), 346–358.
Malloy, K. M., Wang, J., Clark, L. H., Fang, Z., Sun, W., Yin, Y., Kong, W., Zhou, C., & Bae-Jump, V. L. (2018). Novasoy and genistein inhibit endometrial cancer cell proliferation through disruption of the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. American journal of translational research, 10(3), 784–795.
Mao, X., Dong, B., Gao, M., Ruan, G., Huang, M., Braicu, E. I., Sehouli, J., & Sun, P. (2019). Dual targeting of estrogen receptor α and estrogen-related receptor α: a novel endocrine therapy for endometrial cancer. OncoTargets and therapy, 12, 6757–6767.
Markiewicz, L., Garey, J., Adlercreutz, H., & Gurpide, E. (1993). In vitro bioassays of non-steroidal phytoestrogens. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 45(5), 399–405.
Markowetz F. (2017). All biology is computational biology. PLoS biology, 15(3), e2002050.
Mason, J. K., & Thompson, L. U. (2013). Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components: can they play a role in reducing the risk of and improving the treatment of breast cancer?. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(6), 663-678.
Mason, J. K., & Thompson, L. U. (2014). Flaxseed and its lignan and oil components: can they play a role in reducing the risk of and improving the treatment of breast cancer?. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 39(6), 663–678.
McHugh M. L. (2013). The chi-square test of independence. Biochemia medica, 23(2), 143–149.
Minatoya, M., Kutomi, G., Asakura, S., Otokozawa, S., Sugiyama, Y., Nagata, Y., Mori, M., & Hirata, K. (2013). Equol, adiponectin, insulin levels and risk of breast cancer. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 14(4), 2191–2199.
Montalesi, E., Cipolletti, M., Cracco, P., Fiocchetti, M., & Marino, M. (2020). Divergent Effects of Daidzein and its Metabolites on Estrogen-Induced Survival of Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers, 12(1), 167.
Moore, K., & Brewer, M. A. (2017). Endometrial Cancer: Is This a New Disease?. American Society of Clinical Oncology educational book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting, 37, 435–442.
Moreira, A. C., Silva, A. M., Branco, A. F., Baldeiras, I., Pereira, G. C., Seiça, R., Santos, M. S., & Sardão, V. A. (2017). Phytoestrogen coumestrol improves mitochondrial activity and decreases oxidative stress in the brain of ovariectomized Wistar-Han rats. Journal of functional foods, 34, 329-339.
Mukund, V., Mukund, D., Sharma, V., Mannarapu, M., & Alam, A. (2017). Genistein: Its role in metabolic diseases and cancer. Critical reviews in oncology/hematology, 119, 13–22.
Neill, A. S., Ibiebele, T. I., Lahmann, P. H., Hughes, M. C., Nagle, C. M., Webb, P. M., & Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group and Australian National Endometrial Cancer Study Group (2014). Dietary phyto-oestrogens and the risk of ovarian and endometrial cancers: findings from two Australian case-control studies. The British journal of nutrition, 111(8), 1430–1440.
Ning, Y., Li, Q., Xiang, H., Liu, F., & Cao, J. (2012). Apoptosis induced by 7-difluoromethoxyl-5, 4'-di-n-octyl genistein via the inactivation of FoxM1 in ovarian cancer cells. Oncology reports, 27(6), 1857-1864.
Ning, Y., Xu, M., Cao, X., Chen, X., & Luo, X. (2017). Inactivation of AKT, ERK and NF-κB by genistein derivative, 7-difluoromethoxyl-5, 4'-di-n-octylygenistein, reduces ovarian carcinoma oncogenicity. Oncology reports, 38(2), 949-958.
Norquist, B. M., Harrell, M. I., Brady, M. F., Walsh, T., Lee, M. K., Gulsuner, S., Bernards, S. S., Casadei, S., Yi, Q., Burger, R. A., Chan, J. K., Davidson, S. A., Mannel, R. S., DiSilvestro, P. A., Lankes, H. A., Ramirez, N. C., King, M. C., Swisher, E. M., & Birrer, M. J. (2016). Inherited Mutations in Women With Ovarian Carcinoma. JAMA oncology, 2(4), 482–490.
Obiorah, I. E., Fan, P., & Jordan, V. C. (2014). Breast cancer cell apoptosis with phytoestrogens is dependent on an estrogen-deprived state. Cancer prevention research, 7(9), 939-949.
Olsen, A., Christensen, J., Knudsen, K. E. B., Johnsen, N. F., Overvad, K., & Tjønneland, A. (2011). Prediagnostic plasma enterolactone levels and mortality among women with breast cancer. Breast cancer research and treatment, 128(3), 883-889.
Ouyang, G., Yao, L., Ruan, K., Song, G., Mao, Y., & Bao, S. (2009). Genistein induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human ovarian cancer cells via activation of DNA damage checkpoint pathways. Cell biology international, 33(12), 1237-1244.
Park, S. H., Jang, S. Y., Kim, H., & Lee, S. W. (2014). An association rule mining-based framework for understanding lifestyle risk behaviors. PloS one, 9(2), e88859.
Passarello, K., Kurian, S., & Villanueva, V. (2019). Endometrial Cancer: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Management, and Care. Seminars in oncology nursing, 35(2), 157–165.
Perkins, J. (2014). Python 3 text processing with NLTK 3 cookbook. Packt Publishing Ltd.
Pons, D. G., Vilanova-Llompart, J., Gaya-Bover, A., Alorda-Clara, M., Oliver, J., Roca, P., & Sastre-Serra, J. (2019). The phytoestrogen genistein affects inflammatory-related genes expression depending on the ERα/ERβ ratio in breast cancer cells. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 70(8), 941–949.
Poonyachoti, S., & Deachapunya, C. (2012). Modulatory effects of phytoestrogens on the expression of Fas ligand and the release of cytochrome C in normal and cancerous endometrial cells. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand = Chotmaihet thangphaet, 95 Suppl 12, S105–S112.
Quaas, A. M., Kono, N., Mack, W. J., Hodis, H. N., Felix, J. C., Paulson, R. J., & Shoupe, D. (2013). Effect of isoflavone soy protein supplementation on endometrial thickness, hyperplasia, and endometrial cancer risk in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 20(8), 840–844.

Rietjens, I., Louisse, J., & Beekmann, K. (2017). The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. British journal of pharmacology, 174(11), 1263–1280.
Rigalli, J. P., Scholz, P. N., Tocchetti, G. N., Ruiz, M. L., & Weiss, J. (2019). The phytoestrogens daidzein and equol inhibit the drug transporter BCRP/ABCG2 in breast cancer cells: potential chemosensitizing effect. European journal of nutrition, 58(1), 139–150.
Rodríguez-García, C., Sánchez-Quesada, C., Toledo, E., Delgado-Rodríguez, M., & Gaforio, J. J. (2019). Naturally Lignan-Rich Foods: A Dietary Tool for Health Promotion?. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(5), 917.
Rossi, M., Edefonti, V., Parpinel, M., Lagiou, P., Franchi, M., Ferraroni, M., Decarli, A., Zucchetto, A., Serraino, D., Dal Maso, L., Negri, E., & La Vecchia, C. (2013). Proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids in relation to endometrial cancer risk: a case-control study in Italy. British journal of cancer, 109(7), 1914–1920.
Rosso, N., & Giabbanelli, P. (2018). Accurately Inferring Compliance to Five Major Food Guidelines Through Simplified Surveys: Applying Data Mining to the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey. JMIR public health and surveillance, 4(2), e56.
Sagner, M., McNeil, A., Puska, P., Auffray, C., Price, N. D., Hood, L., Lavie, C. J., Han, Z. G., Chen, Z., Brahmachari, S. K., McEwen, B. S., Soares, M. B., Balling, R., Epel, E., & Arena, R. (2017). The P4 Health Spectrum - A Predictive, Preventive, Personalized and Participatory Continuum for Promoting Healthspan. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 59(5), 506–521.
Saklayen M. G. (2018). The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome. Current hypertension reports, 20(2), 12.
Salvo, V. A., Boué, S. M., Fonseca, J. P., Elliott, S., Corbitt, C., Collins-Burow, B. M., Curiel, T. J., Srivastav, S. K., Shih, B. Y., Carter-Wientjes, C., Wood, C. E., Erhardt, P. W., Beckman, B. S., McLachlan, J. A., Cleveland, T. E., & Burow, M. E. (2006). Antiestrogenic glyceollins suppress human breast and ovarian carcinoma tumorigenesis. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research, 12(23), 7159–7164.
Schmidt, S., Michna, H., & Diel, P. (2005). Combinatory effects of phytoestrogens and 17beta-estradiol on proliferation and apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 94(5), 445–449.
Schwen, R. J., Nguyen, L., & Jackson, R. L. (2012). Elucidation of the metabolic pathway of S-equol in rat, monkey and man. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association, 50(6), 2074–2083.
Shaheen, M., & Shahbaz, M. (2017). An Algorithm of Association Rule Mining for Microbial Energy Prospection. Scientific reports, 7, 46108.
Sheng, J., Xu, T., Zhang, E., Zhang, X., Wei, W., & Zou, Y. (2016). Synthesis of Coumestrol and Aureol. Journal of natural products, 79(10), 2749-2753.
Sirotkin, A. V., & Harrath, A. H. (2014). Phytoestrogens and their effects. European journal of pharmacology, 741, 230-236.
Sivoňová, M. K., Kaplán, P., Tatarková, Z., Lichardusová, L., Dušenka, R., & Jurečeková, J. (2019). Androgen receptor and soy isoflavones in prostate cancer. Molecular and clinical oncology, 10(2), 191–204.
Sonestedt, E., Borgquist, S., Ericson, U., Gullberg, B., Olsson, H., Adlercreutz, H., Landberg, G., & Wirfält, E. (2008). Enterolactone is differently associated with estrogen receptor beta-negative and -positive breast cancer in a Swedish nested case-control study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 17(11), 3241–3251.
Sonestedt, E., Ivarsson, M. I., Harlid, S., Ericson, U., Gullberg, B., Carlson, J., Olsson, H., Adlercreutz, H., & Wirfält, E. (2009). The protective association of high plasma enterolactone with breast cancer is reasonably robust in women with polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor alpha and beta genes. The Journal of nutrition, 139(5), 993–1001.
Soukup, S. T., Helppi, J., Müller, D. R., Zierau, O., Watzl, B., Vollmer, G., Diel, P., Bub, A., & Kulling, S. E. (2016). Phase II metabolism of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein in humans, rats and mice: a cross-species and sex comparison. Archives of toxicology, 90(6), 1335–1347.
Spagnuolo, C., Russo, G. L., Orhan, I. E., Habtemariam, S., Daglia, M., Sureda, A., Nabavi, S. F., Devi, K. P., Loizzo, M. R., Tundis, R., & Nabavi, S. M. (2015). Genistein and cancer: current status, challenges, and future directions. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 6(4), 408–419.
Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, et al. (2011). Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging. Aging (Albany NY), 3(3), 192.
Stewart, C., Ralyea, C., & Lockwood, S. (2019). Ovarian Cancer: An Integrated Review. Seminars in oncology nursing, 35(2), 151–156.
Stiglic, G., Kocbek, S., Pernek, I., & Kokol, P. (2012). Comprehensive decision tree models in bioinformatics. PloS one, 7(3), e33812.
Su, D., Cheng, Y., Liu, M., Liu, D., Cui, H., Zhang, B., Zhou, S., Yang, T., & Mei, Q. (2013). Comparision of piceid and resveratrol in antioxidation and antiproliferation activities in vitro. PloS one, 8(1), e54505.
Subedi, L., Ji, E., Shin, D., Jin, J., Yeo, J., & Kim, S. (2017). Equol, a dietary daidzein gut metabolite attenuates microglial activation and potentiates neuroprotection in vitro. Nutrients, 9(3), 207.
Sun, P., Mao, X., Gao, M., Huang, M., Chen, L., Ruan, G., Huang, W., Braicu, E. I., & Sehouli, J. (2018). Novel endocrine therapeutic strategy in endometrial carcinoma targeting estrogen-related receptor α by XCT790 and siRNA. Cancer management and research, 10, 2521–2535.
Sun, Y., Zhou, Q. M., Lu, Y. Y., Zhang, H., Chen, Q. L., Zhao, M., & Su, S. B. (2019). Resveratrol Inhibits the Migration and Metastasis of MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer by Reversing TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 24(6), 1131.
Tammeka Swinson Evans, Suzanne L. West, Linda Lux, Michael T. Halpern, and Kathleen N. Lohr. (2017). Cancer Symptoms and Side Effects: A Research Agenda to Advance Cancer Care Options. RTI Press Research Brief [Internet]. Research Triangle Park (NC): RTI Press; 2014-.2017 Jul.
Thasni, K. A., Rojini, G., Rakesh, S. N., Ratheeshkumar, T., Babu, M. S., Srinivas, G., Banerji, A., & Srinivas, P. (2008). Genistein induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via different molecular pathways depending on Breast Cancer Susceptibility gene-1 (BRCA1) status. European journal of pharmacology, 588(2-3), 158–164.
Triantafyllidis, A. K., & Tsanas, A. (2019). Applications of Machine Learning in Real-Life Digital Health Interventions: Review of the Literature. Journal of medical Internet research, 21(4), e12286.
van Duursen, M. B. (2017). Modulation of estrogen synthesis and metabolism by phytoestrogens in vitro and the implications for women's health. Toxicology research, 6(6), 772-794.
Wang, Y., Li, W., Wang, Z., Ren, H., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, P., & Pan, S. (2019). Genistein upregulates cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression and promotes the proliferation of ovarian cancer OVCAR-5 cells. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry, S0009-8981(19)32020-0. Advance online publication.
Webb, P. M., & Jordan, S. J. (2017). Epidemiology of epithelial ovarian cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 41, 3-14.
Webb, P. M., Green, A. C., & Jordan, S. J. (2017). Trends in hormone use and ovarian cancer incidence in US white and Australian women: implications for the future. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 28(5), 365–370.
Woo, H. D., Park, K. S., Ro, J., & Kim, J. (2012). Differential influence of dietary soy intake on the risk of breast cancer recurrence related to HER2 status. Nutrition and cancer, 64(2), 198–205.
Wright, A., McCoy, A., Henkin, S., Flaherty, M., & Sittig, D. (2013). Validation of an association rule mining-based method to infer associations between medications and problems. Applied clinical informatics, 4(1), 100–109.

Wu, H., Chen, L., Zhu, F., Han, X., Sun, L., & Chen, K. (2019). The Cytotoxicity Effect of Resveratrol: Cell Cycle Arrest and Induced Apoptosis of Breast Cancer 4T1 Cells. Toxins, 11(12), E731.
Xia, N., Daiber, A., Förstermann, U., & Li, H. (2017). Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in the cardiovascular system. British journal of pharmacology, 174(12), 1633–1646.
Xiao, L. H., Chen, P. R., Gou, Z. P., Li, Y. Z., Li, M., Xiang, L. C., & Feng, P. (2017). Prostate cancer prediction using the random forest algorithm that takes into account transrectal ultrasound findings, age, and serum levels of prostate-specific antigen. Asian journal of andrology, 19(5), 586–590.
Xu, J., Yang, P., Xue, S., Sharma, B., Sanchez-Martin, M., Wang, F., Beaty, K. A., Dehan, E., & Parikh, B. (2019). Translating cancer genomics into precision medicine with artificial intelligence: applications, challenges and future perspectives. Human genetics, 138(2), 109–124.
You, J. S., Cho, I. A., Kang, K. R., Oh, J. S., Yu, S. J., Lee, G. J., Seo, Y. S., Kim, S. G., Kim, C. S., Kim, D. K., Im, H. J., & Kim, J. S. (2017). Coumestrol Counteracts Interleukin-1β-Induced Catabolic Effects by Suppressing Inflammation in Primary Rat Chondrocytes. Inflammation, 40(1), 79–91.
You, J. S., Cho, I. A., Kang, K. R., Oh, J. S., Yu, S. J., Lee, G. J., Seo, Y. S., Kim, S. G., Kim, C. S., Kim, D. K., Im, H. J., & Kim, J. S. (2017). Coumestrol Counteracts Interleukin-1β-Induced Catabolic Effects by Suppressing Inflammation in Primary Rat Chondrocytes. Inflammation, 40(1), 79–91.
Zafar, A., Singh, S., & Naseem, I. (2017). Cytotoxic activity of soy phytoestrogen coumestrol against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells: Insights into the molecular mechanism. Food and chemical toxicology, 99, 149-161.
Zaineddin, A. K., Vrieling, A., Buck, K., Becker, S., Linseisen, J., Flesch-Janys, D., Kaaks, R., & Chang-Claude, J. (2012). Serum enterolactone and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen, progesterone and herceptin 2 receptor status. International journal of cancer, 130(6), 1401–1410.
Zarogoulidis, P., Tsakiridis, K., Karapantzou, C., Lampaki, S., Kioumis, I., Pitsiou, G., Papaiwannou, A., Hohenforst-Schmidt, W., Huang, H., Kesisis, G., Karapantzos, I., Chlapoutakis, S., Korantzis, I., Mpakas, A., Karavasilis, V., Mpoukovinas, I., Li, Q., & Zarogoulidis, K. (2015). Use of proteins as biomarkers and their role in carcinogenesis. Journal of Cancer, 6(1), 9–18.
Zhang, Y. F., Kang, H. B., Li, B. L., & Zhang, R. M. (2012). Positive effects of soy isoflavone food on survival of breast cancer patients in China. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 13(2), 479–482.
Zhao, S., & Iyengar, R. (2012). Systems pharmacology: network analysis to identify multiscale mechanisms of drug action. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 52, 505–521.
Ziaei, S., & Halaby, R. (2017). Dietary Isoflavones and Breast Cancer Risk. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 4(2), 18.
Zou, Y., & Laubichler, M. D. (2018). From systems to biology: A computational analysis of the research articles on systems biology from 1992 to 2013. PloS one, 13(7), e0200929.
行政院衛生福利部 (2020)。中華民國106年癌症登記報告。臺北：衛福部。
黃文、王正林 (2017)。利用R語言打通大數據的經脈。臺北市：佳魁資訊。
邱皓政 (2015)。量化研究法(二)：統計原理與分析技術。臺北市：雙葉書廊。
財團法人癌症希望基金會 (2019)。希望之語 面對乳癌。臺北市。
財團法人癌症希望基金會 (2018)。希望之語 面對卵巢癌。臺北市。
財團法人癌症希望基金會 (2018)。希望之語 面對子宮內膜癌。臺北市。
台灣婦癌醫學會 (2018)。子宮內膜癌。2019年12月27號，取自http://www.tago.org.tw/news2_detail.asp?NewsID=108
American Cancer Society. (2019). Breast cancer
American Cancer Society. (2019). Ovarian cancer
American Cancer Society. (2019). Endometrial cancer