2019年年底開始蔓延的新冠肺炎（COVID-19），至今已在世界各地盛行，並造成公共衛生、醫療照護等層面的問題，各國為避免疫情蔓延而採取的封鎖、隔離措施，亦造成其他後續問題，如：經濟放緩與衰退、工時縮減、勞工就業問題等。在我國，新冠肺炎疫情對社會整體及醫療系統帶來了極大的風險，同時也使得許多「家庭」不得不在極短的時間內，選擇與採取應對家庭問題的手段，在措手不及的情形之下，可能因此帶來了許多意料之外的挑戰。本研究旨在探索新冠肺炎疫情對於經濟不利家庭的影響，以及經濟不利家庭為因應疫情所引發的家庭問題、危機之策略等，其中並採深度訪談法、參與觀察法，對於某協會消費教育團體成員中的6名家庭主要照顧者，以及4名12歲以上的兒少進行資料蒐集，經過分析後，本研究結果發現如下：
一、對經濟不利家庭而言，新冠肺炎是一種病毒所引起的大型流行疾病，但相對於病毒詳細資訊的取得或瞭解，受訪者更關注的是疫情發展對家庭經濟層面的影響，以及如何避免家庭成員染疫。
二、疫情的發展對經濟不利家庭所帶來的，除了最為明顯的家庭經濟、就業與債務等問題外，對疫情發展遲遲沒有終點、對未知疾病的恐懼等也都造成他們心理上不安與焦慮的情緒。然而在社會層面中的親友關係，受訪者反而認為比疫情爆發前更為緊密。
三、疫情期間，經濟不利家庭最常透過資源交換的方式，將某一項家庭資源轉換為另一項可以使用、因應家庭問題的資源。而其中，最容易描述與進行轉換的是家庭財務（經濟）資源，然而，其他的家庭資源亦有其重要性。
四、家庭決策中，親子互動與決策權力的分配，在決策制訂與協調的過程中至關重要，而隨著家中子女的發展與成長，孩子在家庭決策中的參與程度也會增加，特別是青少年子女、開始成為家庭資源提供者的孩子，更容易成為經濟不利家庭進行決策時諮詢及採納意見等的對象。
五、疫情期間，當家庭照顧者願意公開家庭實際狀況與相關資訊給家庭成員，以及更為通透的溝通渠道時，對於家庭成員發展出共同應對家庭問題的措施將有所助益。
六、消費教育團體方案能提供追查家庭及個人消費流向及管控支出的技巧，也成為某些受訪者因應疫情所引起的家庭問題時的一項資源，其中兒少參與者更容易將所習得的消費管理知識、技能等延伸並運用於日常生活中。家長則大多認同該團體方案提供的是如：「親子關係變佳」、「手足關係變好」、「更重視家中兒少的意見與觀點」，以及「為學校的數學課程內容找到實踐的機會」等附加的效果。
此外，本文文末則說明本研究的限制，並針對未來的研究、新冠肺炎相關政策，以及實務層面提供建議，茲說明如下：
一、對實務工作層面的建議：
（一）親友關係、親子關係、手足關係，在疫情期間對經濟不利家庭成員而言是一項重要的支持與資源。
（二）疫情期間，穩定且長期的社工服務介入對經濟不利家庭而言有其重要性。
（三）家庭財務教育可能可以增加經濟不利家庭，在疫情期間因應家庭財務問題的能力。
（四）家庭資源管理能力的提升，將能協助經濟不利家庭在疫情期間更好地確認與運用資源，以應對其後續的家庭問題。
二、對新冠肺炎相關政策的建議：
（一）紓困補助措施的資訊不夠明確。
（二）三倍振興券對經濟不利家庭的意義「紓困大於振興」，且數位落差也造成處於數位弱勢的經濟不利家庭成員獲取其他振興券（如：藝FUN券等）時遭到排擠。
（三）近貧家庭在疫情期間的困境更需要被關注。
（四）短期性質的紓困急難救助措施對經濟不利家庭的幫助十分有限。
（五）經濟不利家庭難以負擔漲價後的防疫物資。
（六）當延後開學消息發佈後，臨時托育服務支持不足，並造成照顧者們的困擾。
三、對未來研究的建議：
（一）增加更多不同背景的研究對象。
（二）建議未來有縱貫性及長期性的相關研究投入。

COVID-19 that started to spread by the end of 2019 has become a pandemic all over the world, and it has caused the issues in public health as well as medical care. The lockdown, along with measures of isolation and quarantine adopted by each country to prevent epidemic, also creates other problems subsequently, such as the slowdown and recession of economic, shortened working hours, labor employment issues, etc. In Taiwan, the epidemic has brought great risks to the whole society and medical system. At the same time, many "families" have to choose and take measures to deal with family problems in a very short period of time. Under this kind of unexpected circumstance, it might further generate a lot of unanticipated challenges. This study aims to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the economically disadvantaged families as well as the family problems and strategies for risks caused to the economically disadvantaged families in order to respond to the epidemic. In-depth interview and participant observation are used to collect data from the 6 main family caregivers among a consumer educational group in one association and 4 children above 12 years old. After analysis, the outcome of the study is as below:
1. For economically disadvantaged families, COVID-19 is a large-scale pandemic caused by virus; however, rather than the acquisition and understanding of the detailed information about the virus, the respondents care more about the impact of the development of epidemic on the economic aspect towards the family as well as how to avoid family members to be infected.
2. In addition to the outstanding problems in family finance, employment, and debts, the seemingly unending epidemic and the fear to unknown disease also make the economically disadvantaged families mentally stressed and anxious. However, in terms of the relationship with relatives and friends at the social aspect, the respondents all think the relationship is closer than that of in pre-epidemic times.
3. During the epidemic, the economically disadvantaged families most often convert one family resource to another resource that can be used and dealt with family problems through the method of resource exchange. Among them, the resource that is easy to be described and exchanged is family finance (economy). However, other family resources are also important.
4. In terms of family decision, parent-child interaction and the allocation of decision-making power are crucial during the process of decision making and negotiation. Along with the development and growth of children in the family, the degree of participation of children in the family decision will also increase. Particularly, teenagers and children who start to become a provider of family resource are more likely to be asked for the opinion, and their opinions tend to be accepted during the decision making in the economically disadvantaged families.
5. When family caregivers are willing to disclose the actual family situation and relevant information to the family members during the epidemic as well as to become open to more transparent communication channels, it is helpful for all the family members to develop measures to deal with the problems that the family faces together.
6. Solutions from the consumer educational group are able to provide the investigation in the flow of family and personal consumption as well as skills in controlling expenditure. It has also become one of the resources that some respondents use to deal with the family issues caused by the epidemic. Child participants especially tend to use the knowledge of consumption management and skills that they learn in the daily life. Parents mostly recognize the value-added effects provided by the solutions from that group, such as “better parent-child relationship”, “better sibling relationship”, “value the opinions and viewpoints of the children in the family more”, and “finding opportunities for implementing the teaching content of mathematics in the school”.
Moreover, the last part of the article explains the restriction of the study as well as provides suggestions for the future research, relevant policies for COVID-19, and practical aspects. The summary includes the following:
1. Suggestions for the practical working aspects:
a. Relationship with relatives and friends, parent-child relationship, and sibling relationship are an important support and resource for members in the economically disadvantaged families during the epidemic.
b. During the epidemic, stable and long-term social service intervention plays an important role to the economically disadvantaged families.
c. Education on family finance might be able to enhance the ability of dealing with finance problems among the economically disadvantaged families during the epidemic.
d. The enhancement of ability in managing family resources will be able to assist the economically disadvantaged families to confirm and use the resources better during the epidemic in order to deal with the subsequent family problems.
2. Suggestions for the policies related to COVID-19:
a. The information on the relief package is not clear enough.
b. The meaning of triple stimulus vouchers to the economically disadvantaged families is “relief instead of stimulus”. Besides, digital gap also causes exclusion for the economically disadvantaged families with digital vulnerability to acquire other stimulus vouchers (such as Arts FUN Go vouchers).
c. The difficult situation that the near-poor households face during the epidemic shall be paid more attention.
d. The actual assistance that the short-term relief plan to the economically disadvantaged families is very limited.
e. The economically disadvantaged families cannot afford the epidemic prevention materials after price increasing.
f. The support in temporary child care service after announcing the late start of the school is insufficient, and it causes distress to the caregivers
3. Suggestions for future research:
a. Having more research objects in different backgrounds.
b. Suggesting having longitudinal research and long-term research in the future

參考文獻：
原文資料：
Ahmed, M. Z., Ahmed, O., Aibao, Z., Hanbin, S., Siyu, L., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Epidemic of COVID-19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092
Ahuja, R., & Stinson, K. M. (1993). Female-Headed Single Parent Families: An Exploratory Study of Children's Influence in Family Decision Making. Advances in Consumer Research, 20, 469-474.
Belch, M. A., & Willis, L. A. (2002). Family decision at the turn of the century: Has the changing structure of households impacted the family decision‐making process?. Journal of Consumer Behaviour: An International Research Review, 2(2), 111-124.
Bertol, K. E., Broilo, P. L., Espartel, L. B., & Basso, K. (2017). Young children’s influence on family consumer behavior. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. DOI 10.1108/QMR-07-2016-0057
Bourdieu, P., & Richardson, J. G. (1986). The forms of capital. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education.
Boss, P. (2002). Family stress management: A contextual approach. Sage Publications.
Boss, P. & Mulligan, C. (Eds.). (2003). Family stress: Classic and contemporary readings. Sage.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77–101.
Buehler, C., & Hogan, M. J. (1986). Planning styles in single‐parent families. Home Economics Research Journal, 14(4), 351-362.
Chaudhary, M. (2016). Involvement of children in the family buying: a review. Pacific Business Review International, 8(11), 54-62.
Chaudhury, S. R., & Hyman, M. (2019). Children’s influence on consumption-related decisions in single-mother families: Research review and Agenda. Cogent Business & Management, 6(1), 1622178. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2019.1622178
Chen, S., & Bonanno, G. A. (2020). Psychological adjustment during the global outbreak of COVID-19: A resilience perspective. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S51.
Coibion, O., Gorodnichenko, Y., & Weber, M. (2020). Labor markets during the covid-19 crisis: A preliminary view (No. w27017). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American journal of sociology, 94, S95-S120. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2780243
Daneshpour, M.(2017). Examining Family Stress: Theory and Research. Quarterly of Clinical Psychology Studies. 7(28), 1-7.
Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
Eberle, T. S. (2015). Exploring another’s subjective life-world: A phenomenological approach. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 44(5), 563-579. DOI: 10.1177/0891241615587383
Everson, R. B., Darling, C. A., & Herzog, J. R. (2013). Parenting stress among US Army spouses during combat‐related deployments: the role of sense of coherence. Child & Family Social Work, 18(2), 168-178. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2011.00818.x
Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: a narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 14, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
Fell, B., & Hewstone, M. (2015). Psychological Perspectives on Poverty: A Review of Psychological Research into the Causes and Consequences of Poverty. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Retrieved January, 26, 2018.
Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
Fisher, J., Languilaire, J. C., Lawthom, R., Nieuwenhuis, R., Petts, R. J., Runswick-Cole, K., & Yerkes, M. A. (2020). Community, work, and family in times of COVID-19. Community, Work & Family, 23(3), 247-252. DOI:10.1080/13668803.2020.1756568
Fitzsimmons, V. S., Hira, T. K., Bauer, J. W., & Hafstrom, J. L. (1993). Financial management: Development of scales. Journal of family and economic issues, 14(3), 257-274.
Foa, U. G. (1971). Interpersonal and economic resources. Science, 171(3969), 345-351. DOI: 10.1126/science.171.3969.345.
Foa, E. B., & Foa, U. G. (2012). Resource theory of social exchange. In Handbook of social resource theory (pp. 15-32). Springer, New York, NY.
Goldin, C. D. (2016). Human capital. https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/34309590
Goldsmith, E. B. (2013). Resource management for individuals and families. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
Greenberg, M. D., Hui, J., & Gerber, E. (2013). Crowdfunding: A resource exchange perspective. In CHI'13 extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems (pp. 883-888).
Grønhøj, A., & Gram, M. (2020). Researching family food decision making processes: highlights, hits and pitfalls when including young children’s perspectives. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. DOI: 10.1108/QMR-03-2019-0048
Halbesleben, J. R., Neveu, J. P., Paustian-Underdahl, S. C., & Westman, M. (2014). Getting to the “COR” understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. Journal of management, 40(5), 1334-1364. DOI: 10.1177/0149206314527130
Hamilton, K., & Catterall, M. (2006). Consuming love in poor families: children's influence on consumption decisions. Journal of Marketing Management, 22(9-10), 1031-1052.
Hamilton, K., & Catterall, M. (2007). Cooperation and conflict in family decision making. ACR European Advances, 8, 43–48.
Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., ... & Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry. 7, 547-560.
Jamison, T. B., Ganong, L., & Proulx, C. M. (2017). Unmarried coparenting in the context of poverty: Understanding the relationship between stress, family resource management, and resilience. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 38(3), 439-452. DOI 10.1007/s10834-016-9518-z
Kafle, N. P. (2011). Hermeneutic phenomenological research method simplified. Bodhi: An interdisciplinary journal, 5(1), 181-200.
Kiernan, K. E., & Mensah, F. K. (2011). Poverty, family resources and children's early educational attainment: the mediating role of parenting. British Educational Research Journal, 37(2), 317-336.
Kim, J., Gutter, M. S., & Spangler, T. (2017). Review of family financial decision making: Suggestions for future research and implications for financial education. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 28(2), 253-267.
Lindley, S., O’Neill, J., Kandeh, J., Lawson, N., Christian, R., & O’Neill, M. (2011). Climate change, justice and vulnerability. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1-177.
MacDonald, C. (2012). Understanding participatory action research: A qualitative research methodology option. The Canadian Journal of Action Research, 13(2), 34-50.
Mason, J. (2006). Mixing methods in a qualitatively driven way. Qualitative research, 6(1), 9-25. DOI: 10.1177/1468794106058866
Monitor, I. L. O. (2020). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. Fifth edition. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_749399.pdf
Monitor, I. L. O. (2021). ILO Monitor: COVID-19 and the world of work. 7th edition. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf
Manning, M. M., Wainwright, L., & Bennett, J. (2011). The double ABCX model of adaptation in racially diverse families with a school-age child with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 41(3), 320-331.
Maria, N., Zaid, A., Catrin, S., Ahmed, K., Ahmed, A. J., Christos, I., ... & Riaz, A. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International Journal of Surgery, 78, 185-193.
McKibbin, W. J., & Fernando, R. (2020). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios.
Moore, T. J., & Asay, S. M. (2013). Family resource management. Sage Publications.
Parkinson, J., Gallegos, D., & Russell-Bennett, R. (2016). Transforming beyond self: Fluidity of parent identity in family decision-making. Journal of Business Research, 69(1), 110-119.
Patterson, J. M. (2002). Integrating family resilience and family stress theory. Journal of marriage and family, 64(2), 349-360.
Philippa Roxby（2020.04.16）Coronavirus: 'Profound' mental health impact prompts calls for urgent research [BBC NEWS]. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52295894
Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
Rajkumar, R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Rogošić, S., & Baranović, B. (2016). Social capital and educational achievements: Coleman vs. Bourdieu. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, 6(2), 81-100
Rosen, Z.; Weinberger-Litman, S.L.; Rosenzweig, C.; Rosmarin, D.H.; Muennig, P.; Carmody, E.R.; Rao, S.T.; Litman, L. Anxiety and distress among the first community quarantined in the U.S. due to COVID-19: Psychological implications for the unfolding crisis. PsyArXiv 2020.
Rosino, M. (2016). ABC‐X Model of Family Stress and Coping. Encyclopedia of family studies, 1-6. DOI: 10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs313
Rosenthal, M. (2016). Qualitative research methods: Why, when, and how to conduct interviews and focus groups in pharmacy research. Currents in pharmacy teaching and learning, 8(4), 509-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cptl.2016.03.021
Sabbagh, C., & Levy, S. (2012). Toward an Expansion of Resource Exchange Theory: A Facet Approach. In Handbook of Social Resource Theory (pp. 67-80). Springer, New York, NY.
Sandefur, G. D., Meier, A. M., & Campbell, M. E. (2006). Family resources, social capital, and college attendance. Social science research, 35(2), 525-553. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.11.003
Sheehy-Skeffington, J., & Rea, J. (2017). How poverty affects people’s decision-making processes. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
Sherraden, M. S., & Huang, J. (2019). Financial social work. In C. Franklin et al. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Social Work. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.923
Skelton, J. A., Buehler, C., Irby, M. B., & Grzywacz, J. G. (2012). Where are family theories in family-based obesity treatment?: conceptualizing the study of families in pediatric weight management. International journal of obesity, 36(7), 891-900. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.56
Suffren, S., Dubois-Comtois, K., Lemelin, J. P., St-Laurent, D., & Milot, T. (2021). Relations between Child and Parent Fears and Changes in Family Functioning Related to COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1786.
Sullivan, K. (2015). An application of family stress theory to clinical work with military families and other vulnerable populations. Clinical Social Work Journal, 43(1), 89-97.DOI 10.1007/s10615-014-0500-7
Sun, N., Wei, L., Shi, S., Jiao, D., Song, R., Ma, L., ... & Wang, H. (2020). A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients. American journal of infection control, 48(6), 592-598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018
Stack, R. J., & Meredith, A. (2018). The impact of financial hardship on single parents: An exploration of the journey from social distress to seeking help. Journal of family and economic issues, 39(2), 233-242.
Tomić, S., Leković, K., Marić, D., & Paskaš, N. (2018). The role of children in family vacation decision-making process. TEME, 661-677. DOI: 10.22190/TEME1802661T
UNESCO（2021.03）Education: From disruption to recovery https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(5), 1729. doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729
Weber, K. M. (2016). Decision‐Making in Families. Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 1-4. DOI: 10.1002/9781119085621.wbefs174
World Health Organization. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 18 March 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1). World Health Organization.
World Health Organization. (2020). Critical preparedness, readiness and response actions for COVID-19: interim guidance, 24 June 2020 (No. WHO/COVID-19/Community_Actions/2020.4). World Health Organization.
Yeong-Tsyr Wang, K., Wen-Hui, T., Chuang, T. Y., & Lee, H. J. (2020). Rethinking four social issues of the COVID-19 pandemic from social work perspectives. Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development, 1-7.
中文資料：
107年低收入戶及中低收入戶生活狀況調查（2020.01.09）【衛生福利部統計處】。取自https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/dos/lp-1768-113.html
2019 冠状病毒病的关键防范、准备和应对行动（2020.06.24）【世界卫生组织】。取自https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/332665/WHO-COVID-19-Community_Actions-2020.4-chi.pdf
COVID-19全國指定社區採檢院所地圖【衛生福利部】。取自 https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/List/cxGj3XkIJ6EsnGftBfqw7Q
「COVID-19(武漢肺炎)」因應指引：社交距離注意事項（2020.04.10）【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/File/Get/LtS8RsN4j2kCcgziZzfGmA
「COVID-19(武漢肺炎)」因應指引：公眾集會（2020.04.22）【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自：https://www.cdc.gov.tw/File/Get/Ay6XnqRMRD_M_VsWZBIKDQ
COVID-19 疫情期間民眾假期生活防疫指引（2020.05.21）【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/File/Get/kEqk5dBJjLUFnC3G2fgY0w
「COVID‐19(武漢肺炎)」阻絕社區傳染策略（2020.05.21）【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/File/Get/BCqM2STbY67hX2VXzTwjxg
全國疫情警戒第三級延長至6月28日，相關防疫措施持續執行，嚴守社區防線（2021.06.07）【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/ListContent/EmXemht4IT-IRAPrAnyG9A?uaid=0SoUcz9h9xq6wfHsBCpV-g
Hsu An（2020.04.09）【旅遊補助】秒懂 2020 年紓困方案：住宿補助＆振興抵用券【旅遊咖】。取自https://www.tripresso.com/blog/2020/04/%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A%E8%A3%9C%E5%8A%A9-2/#.YH2r_GczbIU
王文科、王智弘（2010）。質的研究的信度和效度。彰化師大教育學報，17，29-50。
王永慈（2005）。台灣的貧窮問題：相關研究的檢視。臺大社會工作學刊，10， 1-54。doi:10.6171/ntuswr2005.10.01
王孟愉（2007）。 高風險家庭因應壓力之適應歷程-以優勢觀點為取向。暨南大學社會政策與社會工作學系學位論文，1-201。
王芊淩（2020.07.24後疫情時代的台灣！十大學者分析改變了這些事【Heho健康】。取自https://heho.com.tw/archives/93094）
王芊淩（2021.01.30）懶人包／桃園醫院「院內群聚」擴散社區！累積19人確診 一次看懂醫護染疫始末【Heho健康】。取自https://heho.com.tw/archives/158447
王家瑜（2021.02.23）打完疫苗會發燒嗎？AZ、BNT輝瑞、莫德納疫苗副作用比一比【健康2.0】。取自https://health.tvbs.com.tw/medical/327160
中華民國109年度中央政府總決算審核報告（第1冊）（2021.07.29）【審計部】。取自https://www.audit.gov.tw/var/file/0/1000/attach/32/pta_43503_2796109_49790.pdf
公告109年度「充電再出發訓練計畫」（2020.07.07）【勞動力發展署 雲嘉南分署】。取自https://yct168.wda.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=3457B06B7217EC61&sms=9F8CD839BDD2F62F&s=70B683E148D6085C
主要景區、夜市等公共場域人流管制相關措施（2020.04.10）【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/File/Get/kbzfFi3pEqK1JoZptf7w3g
甘獻基 （2020.03.30）疫情海嘯來襲，社會安全政策也需「超前部署」【聯合新聞網-鳴人堂】。取自https://opinion.udn.com/opinion/story/12638/4455154
台灣疫情：飛行員群組爆發加社區案例陡升後，抗疫「典範」陷入質疑（2021.05.12）。【BBC中文】取自https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-57086046
因應嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎振興三倍券發放辦法【全國法規資料庫】。取自https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=J0140019
因應中國大陸新型冠狀病毒肺炎疫情嚴峻，中央流行疫情指揮中心決定全國高中職(含)以下學校，延後2週開學（2020.02.02）【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Bulletin/Detail/JZQlIA_rgWjwQV-gqeJJww?typeid=9
安侯建業聯合會計師事務所（2020.03）新冠肺炎之影響與因應 - 台灣產業面【安侯建業】。取自https://assets.kpmg/content/dam/kpmg/tw/pdf/2020/03/tw-industry-covid19.pdf
行政院（2021.01.29）因應武漢肺炎衝擊 個人紓困措施【行政院新聞傳播處】。取自https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/d8688651-e878-4f57-a33c-363daabe0817
全球-新型冠狀病毒肺炎【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/TravelEpidemic/Detail/4x3Ks7o9L_pvqjGI6c5N1Q?epidemicId=LN8nTwnIlW9QRwSN4DvaRQ
全國各縣市快篩/PCR執行地點（2021.08.11）【衛生福利部中央健康保險署】。取自https://www.nhi.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=BD79A7DABFEC5993&topn=787128DAD5F71B1A
李欣芳（2020.05.27）蘇貞昌宣布：口罩出口禁令6月1日解除【自由時報】。取自https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/3179251
李周燕、凌正華、劉翎玲、葉麗月、洪弘昌（2020）。護理人員照護新型冠狀病毒感染病患心靈記事-某中台灣醫院的 2 例經驗。醫學與健康期刊，9（1），153-160。
李宗憲（2020.03.05）台灣2020口罩之戰：總人口2300萬日產量挑戰1000萬【BBC中文】。取自https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-51734215
李沃牆（2020）新冠肺炎引爆全球 [宅經濟] 商機。會計研究月刊，413，15-20。doi:10.6650/ARM.202004_(413).0003
李俐慧（2021.04.12）淺談COVID-19 新冠肺炎之藥物治療【中國醫藥大學附設醫院】。取自https://www.cmuh.cmu.edu.tw/NewsInfo/NewsArticle?no=7234
李庭欣（2020.02.02）高中以下延後開學 父母請假壓力山大，小孩誰顧？｜肺炎蔓延時的托育制度（上）【未來城市＠天下】。取自https://futurecity.cw.com.tw/article/1230
李淑容（2018）。八年以後：新貧家庭貧窮動態追蹤研究。東吳社會工作學報， 35，37-75。
呂騫、趙竹青（2020.02.21）王福生院士：新冠肺炎是自限性疾病 但不等於"不需要治療"【人民網-科技頻道】。取自http://scitech.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2020/0221/c1007-31598479.html
別蓮蒂、巫柏翰（2021.03.11）【投書】你的「三倍券」買了什麼？從民眾消費心理看疫情振興效益【＠天下獨立評論】。取自https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/52/article/10575
吳元瑞（2016）。淺談家庭社會資本。家庭教育雙月刊，64，13-23。
吳其穎（2018.12.22）攸關性命的醫學常識：為什麼吃藥後，反而變得更嚴重了？－《蒼藍鴿醫師告訴你》【愛‧長照】。取自https://www.ilong-termcare.com/Article/Detail/2937
余宗翰（2020.04.10）傳播病毒比SARS省1個步驟！新冠肺炎病程「這天」傳染力最強【早安健康】。取自https://www.edh.tw/article/24046
余弦妙（2021.06.24）勞動部紓困4.0再擴大放寬　三大方案申請、條件一次看！【ETtoday財經雲】。取自https://finance.ettoday.net/news/2014814#ixzz6z24XPxZ6
如何做新冠肺炎篩檢？醫檢師告訴你。（2021.01.12）【衛生福利部台北醫院】取自https://www.tph.mohw.gov.tw/?aid=302&pid=0&page_name=detail&iid=321
辛炳隆（2020）。論疫情下臺灣勞動市場現況與因應。臺灣勞工季刊，63，4-13。
宋健生（2020.06.23）青年就業旗艦計畫加碼補助 鼓勵企業聘用並訓練【聯合新聞網】。取自https://udn.com/news/story/7238/4655730
林本炫（2007）不同質性研究方法的資料分析比較 質性研究方法的眾聲喧嘩 127-150。嘉義：南華大學教育社會學研究所。
林如萍、周麗端、徐達光、柯澍馨、唐先梅（2005）。家庭資源與管理。台北：空大。
林良齊（2020.05.07）微型創業鳳凰貸款也可緩繳　勞動部再幫你出一年利息【中時新聞網】。取自https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20200507002620-260405?chdtv
林金定、嚴嘉楓、陳美花（2005）。 質性研究方法：訪談模式與實施步驟分析。 身心障礙研究季刊，3（2），122-136。
林南（Lin, N.）著 ; 张磊译（2005）。社会资本 : 关于社会结构与行动的理论。上海：上海人民出版社。
林彥呈（2020.05.26）營運衰退、破產激增！當企業倒閉潮來襲，台灣能否獨善其身？【風傳媒】。取自https://www.storm.mg/article/2684921
林昱均（2021.03.08）疫情影響 全球女性勞工處境退步4年【中時新聞網】。取自https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210308003554-260410?chdtv
林梅婕（2020.10.26）佛奇：12月才知新冠疫苗是否安全有效 廣泛使用等明年【聯合報】。取自https://udn.com/news/story/120944/4964247
林珮榆（2013）「照顧孩子這條路」─經濟弱勢母親教養子女之資源運用歷程。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系學位論文。1-151。
林朝億（2021.07.30）三倍劵效益有千億？審計部：評估欠嚴謹、紙本券多花11.5億元【新頭殼】。取自https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2021-07-30/612681
周新富（2008）。社會階級對子女學業成就的影響：以家庭資源為分析架構。台灣教育社會學研究，8（1），1-43。
沈孟樺、林淑玲（2013）。國中生家庭社會資本與自我調整學習關係之研究。家庭教育雙月刊，41，6-30。
社會救助及社工司（2020.04.29）防疫期間行政院關懷弱勢加發生活補助【衛生福利部】。取自https://covid19.mohw.gov.tw/ch/cp-4715-52968-205.html
社會救助及社工司（2020.05.04）5月6日起擴大急難紓困開始申請【衛生福利部】。取自https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-53062-1.html
社會救助及社工司（2020.07.03）弱勢民眾領取振興三倍券1000元補助 7月2日已陸續入帳 近109萬人受惠【衛生福利部】。取自https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-54675-1.html
段楚禎（2020.12.23）疫情重創企業倒閉潮　北市關142家歷年最高-惡意歇業可申請調解　辦理工資資遣費墊償【卡優新聞網】。取自https://www.cardu.com.tw/news/detail.php?42272
馬淑蓉、吳惠如、郭俊巖、賴秦瑩、巫承宗（2013）。單親婦女的生活困境與福利需求：以非營利機構受助者為例。社會發展研究學刊，13，72-108。doi:10.6687/JSDS.2013.13.4
徐惠菁（2020.12.29）新冠肺炎最終章何時登場-365天過去了！這一年疫情數據解析【聯合新聞網】。取自https://topic.udn.com/event/COVID19_oneyearchart
徐養齡（2020.07.09）三倍券你看懂了嗎？振興效果尚未浮現，「七大亂象」已成形！【遠見電子報】。取自https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/73606
肺炎疫情「黑天鵝」重創全球六大經濟領域（2020.02.24）【BBC中文】。取自https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/business-51618788
肺炎疫情：台灣防疫面臨最大危機 桃園醫院群聚感染考驗應對措施（2021.01.26）【BBC中文】。取自https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-55808601
洪敬富（2020） 2019 新冠肺炎對人類安全的省思。臺灣經濟研究月刊，43（5）， 76-82。
张若婷、贺梨萍（2020.03.11）最新新冠潜伏期研究：比此前预估更长，约一成患者14天以上【澎湃新闻】。取自https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_6457590
張正正（2011）。淺談家庭資源管理。家庭教育雙月刊，30，22-29。doi:10.6422/JFEB.201103.0022
張芬芬（2010）。質性資料分析的五步驟: 在抽象階梯上爬升。初等教育學刊，35，87-120。
張憶純、古允文（1999）。家庭壓力、家庭資源與家庭危機形成之研究-以台灣省立台中育幼院院童家庭爲例。社會政策與社會工作學刊，3（1），95-139。
許立穎（2020.11.06）翻到5年前好市多架上中衛口罩 網見價格嘆：回不去了【中時新聞網】。取自https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20201106000056-260405?chdtv
許玲瑄（2020.02.23）看得到，吃不到？大數據分析口罩政策5大民怨　網友最氣的是「這條」【風傳媒】。取自https://www.storm.mg/article/2321677
許秩維（2020.02.02）武漢肺炎防疫 高中以下延至2/25開學【中央社】。取自https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/202002025003.aspx
第五類法定傳染疾病-嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎-疾病介紹【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/Page/vleOMKqwuEbIMgqaTeXG8A
第五類法定傳染疾病-嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎-政策鬆綁【衛生福利部疾病管制署】。取自https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/Page/doa8zQMXRvr_n3beaD0gSA
黃秀香（2010）。台北市平宅女性單親家長就業動機之研究。民生論叢，4，1-62。
黃政仁、黃偉婷（2017）。家庭資源、學習態度、多元入學管道與學習成效關聯性之研究：以臺灣某大學為例。教育科學研究期刊，62（4），117-143。
黃怡菁、郭俊麟（2020.02.03）延後開學 家長將孩子送補習班、安親班【公視新聞網】。取自https://news.pts.org.tw/article/464964
黃晴（2021.04.01）雙薪家庭好幫手！全國4縣市才有的定點托育【i-Fare福利好幫手】。取自https://www.i-fare.org.tw/index/IsuShow.aspx?CDE=GIU20191106141918N7H
彭子珊、王一芝（2021.05.01）第一個英國變種病毒群聚，華航機師事件為何這麼嚴重？【天下雜誌】。取自https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5114603?utm_campaign=cwmg_web-affiliate-daily&utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=cwmg_web&_ga=2.17949439.778515372.1628542218-1973246583.1628361756
彭淑華（2006）。台灣女性單親家庭生活處境之研究。東吳社會工作學報，14， 25-62 。doi:10.29734/SJSW.200606.0002
單厚之（2020.07.30）「全民抽券」背後的數位落差【YaHoo論壇/單厚之】。取自https://tw.sports.yahoo.com/news/-yahoo%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87%E5%96%AE%E5%8E%9A%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%A8%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%BD%E5%88%B8%E8%83%8C%E5%BE%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E8%90%BD%E5%B7%AE-100844669.html
喻文玟、洪敬浤、蔡容喬、邱宜君、簡浩正、李樹人、尤聰光、賴香珊、陳熙文（2020.02.14）口罩之亂引民怨 數據看口罩到底去哪？【聯合新聞網】。取自https://udn.com/newmedia/2020/nCoVmaskchaos/
鈕文英（2018）。質性研究方法與論文寫作二版。臺北市：雙葉書廊。
就業相關補助-就業安心計畫（2020.07.07）【勞動力發展署】。取自https://www.wda.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=A25A31DE8D66F1C6&s=C854C291571A68B5
就業服務法【全國法規資料庫】。取自https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090001
曾金月（2021.02.25）打新冠疫苗出現副作用怎麼辦？指揮中心：最高給付600萬元【健康2.0】。取自https://health.tvbs.com.tw/medical/327207
勞動力發展創新中心（2020.03.25）公告「微型創業鳳凰貸款要點」因應嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫情之擴大協助措施【勞動力發展署】。取自https://www.wda.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=D33B55D537402BAA&s=CF27893DD9849AAD
勞動部因應嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎協助專區【勞動力發展署】。取自https://www.wda.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=835E08 A5E722119D#block
勞動部因應嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎紓困振興措施辦理情形【勞動部】。取自https://www.mol.gov.tw/topic/44761/48532/49841/
勞動福祉退休司（2020.04.29）勞動部開辦「勞工紓困貸款」，4月30日起，承貸銀行陸續受理申請。【勞動部】。取自https://www.mol.gov.tw/announcement/2099/45462/
楊文君（2020.06.22）勞動部補助青年及企業政策 勞團憂讓市場扭曲【中央廣播電臺】。取自https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2069040
楊若晨（2020.02.04）延後開學，家長臨時托育的6個策略【親子天下】。取自：https://www.parenting.com.tw/article/5081189
楊淑萍、林煥祥（2010）。由家庭經濟資源及文化資源探討我國學生在 PISA 科學、數學素養的表現。科學教育學刊，18（6），547-562。doi:10.6173/CJSE.2010.1806.03
楊雅棠、邱宜君（2021.04.20）AZ疫苗接種不良反應 一天增24例【聯合報】。取自https://udn.com/news/story/120940/5399702
新冠病毒疫情爆發至今大事記（2020.02.05）【BBC中文】。取自https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-51382117
游奕凱（2021.05.12）新冠肺炎症狀 和感冒怎麼區分？11大新冠肺炎症狀一次看，潛伏期也不同【康健編輯部】。取自https://www.commonhealth.com.tw/article/84171
趙恩、陳國緯、李思賢（2021）。台灣公民面對新冠肺炎疫情初期之焦慮症狀與防疫作為之趨勢。台灣公共衛生雜誌，40（1），83-96。
臺中市就業服務處（2020.07.17）安穩僱用計畫【臺中市就業服務處】。取自https://www.eso.taichung.gov.tw/2229698/post
溫子豪（2020.07.06）量販超市三倍券廝殺　全聯家樂福禮包對尬-愛買快樂點數50倍送　寶雅抽Switch、GOGORO【卡優新聞網】。取自https://www.cardu.com.tw/news/detail.php?41040
部桃醫院附近店家受疫情影響營業額衰退，北區國稅局主動調減小規模營業人查定銷售額及營業稅額（2021.02.09）【財政部北區國稅局】。取自https://www.mof.gov.tw/singlehtml/384fb3077bb349ea973e7fc6f13b6974?cntId=b4232cef74244e0c833d348d31546267
葉乃靜（2003）。 SARS 流行期間民眾健康資訊行為研究。圖書資訊學刊，1（2）， 95-110。
葉冠妤（2020.06.24）申請少？勞部放寬「充電再出發訓練」 薪資差額限制【聯合新聞網】。取自https://udn.com/news/story/7269/4657626
董秀珠、楊連謙、林萬億（2004）。當丈夫不再為經濟的靠山時：夫妻間的權力與運作過程。應用心理研究，24，147-182。
歐陽夢萍（2020.03.19）會確保民生物資穩定供應 總統籲勿搶購囤積【中央廣播電臺】。取自https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2056185
劉新圓（2020.06.15）藝文振興不應有數位落差【聯合新聞網】。取自：https://udn.com/news/story/7339/4635932
衛生福利部中央健康保險署（2016.06.07）健全醫療人權普世價值，健保全面解卡，加強欠費追償【衛生福利部】。取自https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-2628-19097-1.html
陳昀（2020.05.07）衛福部急難紓困明確方案、檢討報告2週內提交立院【自由時報電子報】。取自https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/breakingnews/3158261
陳明郎（2020）。新冠肺炎 COVID-19對臺灣的經濟衝擊和影響。人文與社會科學簡訊，22（1），20-25。
陳怡慈（2020.05.31）勞工紓困貸款用哪去了？銀行透露還有這三種... 【聯合新聞網】。取自https://udn.com/news/story/120974/4602646
陳奕曄（2020.02.04）《衛促會新聞稿》「公衛教育」是預防口罩荒、疾病污名化最好的社會疫苗【臺灣公共衛生促進協會】。取自https://phlib.org.tw/%E6%9C%80%E6%96%B0%E6%B6%88%E6%81%AF/2020020401/
陳偉婷（2020.09.01）肺炎痊癒者》他們從武漢肺炎中痊癒，卻遭社會排擠、焦慮到掉頭髮【風傳媒】取自https://www.storm.mg/lifestyle/2992724
陳惠筠（2020.05.01）新冠肺炎疫情衝擊全球16億勞工　貧窮將成最大問題【上報】。取自https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=86444
陳凱俊（2021.05.18）華航萬華「平行爆發」？張上淳否認：應為一個大群聚事件【鏡週刊】。取自https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20210518edi009/
陳麗如（2005）。父母對子女學習的影響-家庭資源之探討。教育與社會研究，9，121-152。doi:10.6429/FES.200506.0121
蓋浙生（2000.12）人力資本【國家教育研究院】。取自 https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1301561/
潘姿羽（2020.11.26）非典型就業疫情最受傷 年減2萬人9年首度下滑【中央社】。取自https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202011260268.aspx
潘淑滿（2003）。質性研究：理論與應用。臺北市：心理。
謝玉玲、王舒芸、鄭清霞（2014）。不同單親家庭的生活處境：單親成因及其性別差異。社會發展研究學刊，14，1-25。doi:10.6687/JSDS.2014.14.1
戴瑞瑤、黃有容、賴于榛、林海（2020.12.31）使用期限將至 3倍券只帶來替代性消費【聯合報】。取自https://udn.com/news/story/7238/5135339
蔡依珍（2021.03.10）桃園振興旅遊 推住房補助每人最高2000元【中時新聞網】。取自https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20210310002821-260405?chdtv
蔡宜璇（2021.05.28）【紓困4.0爭議】小黃運將直接領3萬　勞工只能貸款嗆「上次的都還沒還完」【上報】。取自
https://www.upmedia.mg/news_info.php?SerialNo=114491
蔡嘉凌（2020.12.11）120人遠距課只有10人上 老師體諒：飯錢和房租都沒有，哪來錢買電腦【中央廣播電臺】。取自https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2086699
蔡慧君 張政捷（2020.05.25）防疫物資充足 75%酒精卻漲3-5成【華視新聞】。取自https://news.cts.com.tw/cts/life/202005/202005252001640.html
醫改會提醒：健保已全面取消弱勢欠費鎖卡（2019.12.27）【財團法人台灣醫療改革基金會】。取自https://www.thrf.org.tw/archive/2315
醫聯網 新冠肺炎疫苗研發最新進度【醫聯網】。取自https://med-net.com/CMSContent/Content/684
簡憶鈴譯（2000）。質化研究的嚴謹性與關連性，Deborah K. Padgett原著，張英陣主編，質化研究與社會工作（137-162）。台北：洪葉文化。
蕭佳純、董旭英、饒夢霞（2009）。以結構方程式探討家庭教育資源、學習態度、班級互動在學習成效的作用。教育科學研究期刊，54（2），135-162。
蕭麗君（2020.06.21）北美｜遠距教學實驗大失敗【工商時報】。取自https://ctee.com.tw/bookstore/world-news/287372.html
鄭舒帆、鄭高珍（2020）。新冠肺炎之處置：藥物治療及重症照護。內科學誌， 31（4），239-246。DOI：10.6314/JIMT.202008_31(4).03
鄧麗萍（2020.07.27）病毒權威何大一：疫苗上市至少還要一年，台灣不能鬆懈！【遠見電子報】。取自https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/73830
嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎防治及紓困振興特別條例【全國法規資料庫】。取自https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0050039