背景
醫療照護人員對於精神疾病的污名態度可能對精神疾病患者的醫療服務品質產生負面影響。目前已針對醫療照護人員發展出不同精神疾病去污名的介入方式，然而對於此特定族群的各項介入方式之成效仍尚未有明確的定論。本研究旨在進行網絡統合分析，估算並釐清針對醫療照護人員所設計的不同類型去污名介入方式之間的相對成效。
研究方法
本研究已註冊於PROSPERO（International prospective register of systematic reviews）數據庫（編號：CRD42018112865）。透過PubMed，MEDLINE，ERIC，PsycARTICLES，PsycINFO，CINAHL和Cochrane Liberty等電子資料庫進行文獻搜尋。搜尋年限至2018年止。搜尋關鍵字分為精神疾病、污名、介入方式以及醫療照護人員（專業人員和學生）等四大類。本研究僅限於具對照組之實驗設計之研究。研究分析使用隨機效應模型進行，效果量則使用標準化平均差異（standard mean difference, SMD）呈現。
結果
系統性文獻回顧結果共納入來自九個國家18項研究（20項數據）進行分析。網絡統合分析中，相對成效排名之前三名介入方式分別為：課堂教育融合影片觀賞的間接接觸（SUCRA = 81.5％），問題導向學習模式工作坊融合面對面的直接接觸（SUCRA = 77.4％）以及影片觀賞的間接接觸（SUCRA = 72.2％）。單獨社會接觸的介入方式以及融合社會接觸的教育介入方式其降低精神疾病污名的成效均比單獨教育介入方式更佳。本研究延伸過去的研究結果發現，融合社會接觸的去污名介入方式，不僅對於公眾，對於醫療照護人員亦為最有效降低精神疾病污名的短期介入方式。
結論
透過適當的介入可有效降低醫療照護人員對於精神疾病的污名態度。教育融合社會接觸的精神疾病去污名介入方式成效最佳，將可廣泛運用於醫療照護場域，改善精神疾病患者的醫療服務品質。未來研究需進一步探討影響去污名介入成效的組成要素，以提升介入成效。

Background
Stigma existing among healthcare providers (HCPs) may lead to a poor quality of healthcare services for people with mental illness. Given a plenty of research on changing the stigma of mental illness, little is known regarding evidence on interventions for reducing mental illness stigma in HCPs. This study aimed to conduct a network meta-analysis to estimate the relative efficacy among different types of anti-stigma interventions among HCPs.
Materials and Methods
This study has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42018112865). A systematic review was carried out in PubMed, MEDLINE, ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Cochrane Library till 2018. Search terms fell into four categories: stigma, mental illness, anti-stigma intervention, and HCPs (professionals and students). Studies were limited to randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. Data was analyzed using a random-effect model with the effect size based on standardized mean difference (SMD).
Results
A total of 18 studies (20 trails) from nine countries were included in the analysis. In the network meta-analysis, rank probabilities showed that intervention of indirect contact plus lecture (SUCRA=81.5%), direct contact plus problem-based learning workshop (SUCRA=77.4%), and indirect contact (SUCRA=72.2%) had the highest probability of being ranked first, second, and third. Intervention with contact alone and with education combining social contact had a better ranking than those with education alone on reducing stigma. This might extend previous research that social contact is the most effective type of short-term intervention to improve stigma-related attitudes not only among the public but also among HCPs.
Conclusion
This study indicates that HCPs’ negative attitude toward mental illness can be changed in a positive way throughout an appropriate intervention. Our findings suggest that education combining social contact is the most effective type of anti-stigma interventions, which can be implemented in clinical practices to help reduce the negative effects of stigma among HCPs and improve the healthcare services for people living with mental illness. Further research is required to investigate the active ingredients of interventions in order to maximize the efficacy.

Abbey, S. C., M., Tranulis, C., Moss, P., Baici, W., Dabby, L., Gautam, M., & Paré, M. (2011). Stigma and discrimination. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(10), 1-9.
Angermeyer, M. C., & Schomerus, G. (2017). State of the art of population-based attitude research on mental health: a systematic review. Epidemiology And Psychiatric Sciences, 26(3), 252-264. doi:10.1017/S2045796016000627
Applin, H., Williams, B., Day, R., & Buro, K. (2011a). A comparison of competencies between problem-based learning and non-problem-based graduate nurses. urse Education Today, 31(2), 129–134. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.05.003.
Applin, H., Williams, B., Day, R., & Buro, K. (2011b). A comparison of competencies between problem-based learning and non-problem-based graduate nurses. Nurse Education Today, 31(2), 129-134.
Arboleda-Flórez, J., & Stuart, H. (2012). From Sin to Science: Fighting the Stigmatization of Mental Illnesses. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(8), 457-463.
Arrue, M., Ruiz de Alegria, B., Zarandona, J., & Hoyos Cillero, I. (2017). Effect of a PBL teaching method on learning about nursing care for patients with depression. Nurse Education Today, 52, 109-115. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2017.02.016
Barkil-Oteo, A. (2012). Psychiatry's identity crisis. The Lancet, 379(9835), 2428.
Baxter, H., Singh, S. P., Standen, P., & Duggan, C. (2001). The attitudes of ‘tomorrow’s doctors’ towards mental illness and psychiatry: changes during the final undergraduate year. Medical education, 35(4), 381-383.
Beaulieu, T., Patten, S. B., Knaak, S., Weinerman, R., Campbell, H., & Lauria-Horner, B. (2017). Impact of skill-based approaches in reducing stigma in primary care physicians: results from a double-blind, parallel-cluster, randomized controlled trial. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(5), 327-335.
Bhatia, S. K., & Bhatia, S. C. (2007). Childhood and adolescent depression. Depression, 100, 53.
Bienvenu, O. J., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2007). Prevention of anxiety disorders. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(6), 647-654.
Breuer, S. D. (2012). Review of Mental illness, discrimination and the law: Fighting for social justice. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(5), 413-413. doi:10.1037/h0094505
Brohan, E., Slade, M., Clement, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2010). Experiences of mental illness stigma, prejudice and discrimination: a review of measures. BMC health services research, 10(1), 80.
Charles, J. L. K., & Bentley, K. J. (2018). Measuring mental health provider-based stigma: Development and initial psychometric testing of a self-assessment instrument. Community Mental Health Journal, 54(1), 33-48.
Chen, S. P., Koller, M., Krupa, T., & Stuart, H. (2016). Contact in the Classroom: Developing a Program Model for Youth Mental Health Contact-Based Anti-stigma Education. Community Mental Health Journal, 52(3), 281-293. doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9944-7
Clement, S., van Nieuwenhuizen, A., Kassam, A., Flach, C., Lazarus, A., De Castro, M., . . . Thornicroft, G. (2012). Filmed v. live social contact interventions to reduce stigma: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 201(1), 57-64.
Collaboration, T. C. (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1. 0. Higgins JPT, and Green, S., editor.
Cooper, B. (2010). British psychiatry and its discontents. Journal Of The Royal Society Of Medicine, 103(10), 397-402.
Corrigan, P. W. (2003). Perceptions of discrimination among persons with serious mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1105-1110.
Corrigan, P. W., Druss, B. G., & Perlick, D. A. (2014). The Impact of Mental Illness Stigma on Seeking and Participating in Mental Health Care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37-70. doi:10.1177/1529100614531398
Corrigan, P. W., Edwards, A. B., Green, A., Diwan, S. L., & Penn, D. L. (2001). Prejudice, social distance, and familiarity with mental illness. Schizophrenia bulletin, 27(2), 219.
Corrigan, P. W., Morris, S. B., Michaels, P. J., Rafacz, J. D., & Rusch, N. (2012). Challenging the public stigma of mental illness: a meta-analysis of outcome studies. Psychiatric Services, 63(10), 963-973. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100529
Corrigan, P. W., River, L. P., Lundin, R. K., Penn, D. L., Uphoff-Wasowski, K., Campion, J., . . . Kubiak, M. A. (2001). Three strategies for changing attributions about severe mental illness. Schizophrenia bulletin, 27(2), 187-195. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006865
Corrigan, P. W., Rowan, D., Green, A., Lundin, R., River, P., Uphoff-Wasowski, K., . . . Kubiak, M. A. (2002). Challenging two mental illness stigmas: personal responsibility and dangerousness. Schizophrenia bulletin, 28(2), 293.
Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16-20.
da Costa, B. R., & Jüni, P. (2014). Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized trials: principles and pitfalls. European heart journal, 35(47), 3336-3345.
DEMİRÖREN, M., SAKA, M. C., ŞENOL, Y., ŞENTÜRK, V., BAYSAL, Ö., & ÖZTUNA, D. (2016). The impact of reflective practices on medical students’ attitudes towards mental illness. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(6).
Dolmans, D., Michaelsen, L., Van Merrienboer, J., & van der Vleuten, C. (2015). Should we choose between problem-based learning and team-based learning? No, combine the best of both worlds! Medical Teacher, 37(4), 354-359.
Dreison, K. C., Luther, L., Bonfils, K. A., Sliter, M. T., McGrew, J. H., & Salyers, M. P. (2018). Job burnout in mental health providers: A meta-analysis of 35 years of intervention research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(1), 18-30. doi:10.1037/ocp0000047
10.1037/ocp0000047.supp (Supplemental)
Duman, Z. Ç., Günüşen, N. P., İnan, F. Ş., Ince, S. Ç., & Sari, A. (2017). Effects of two different psychiatric nursing courses on nursing students' attitudes towards mental illness, perceptions of psychiatric nursing, and career choices. Journal of Professional Nursing, 33(6), 452-459.
Fernandez, A., Tan, K. A., Knaak, S., Chew, B. H., & Ghazali, S. S. (2016). Effects of brief psychoeducational program on stigma in Malaysian pre-clinical medical students: a randomized controlled trial. Academic Psychiatry, 40(6), 905-911.
Finkelstein, J., Lapshin, O., & Wasserman, E. (2008). Randomized study of different anti-stigma media. Patient Education And Counseling, 71(2), 204-214. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2008.01.002
Fiorillo, A., Luciano, M., Del Vecchio, V., Sampogna, G., Obradors-Tarragó, C., & Maj, M. (2013). Priorities for mental health research in Europe: A survey among national stakeholders' associations within the ROAMER project. World Psychiatry: Official Journal Of The World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 12(2), 165-170. doi:10.1002/wps.20052
Flanagan, E. H., Buck, T., Gamble, A., Hunter, C., Sewell, I., & Davidson, L. (2016). "Recovery Speaks": A Photovoice Intervention to Reduce Stigma Among Primary Care Providers. Psychiatric Services, 67(5), 566-569. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201500049
Gabbidon, J., Clement, S., van Nieuwenhuizen, A., Kassam, A., Brohan, E., Norman, I., & Thornicroft, G. (2013). Mental Illness: Clinicians' Attitudes (MICA) Scale—Psychometric properties of a version for healthcare students and professionals. Psychiatry Research, 206(1), 81-87.
Griffiths, K. M., Carron‐Arthur, B., Parsons, A., & Reid, R. (2014). Effectiveness of programs for reducing the stigma associated with mental disorders. A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry, 13(2), 161-175.
Harris, C., & Barraclough, B. (1998). Excess mortality of mental disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 173(1), 11-53.
Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2013). Mental Illness Stigma, Help Seeking, and Public Health Programs. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 777-780. doi:10.2102/AJPH.2012.301056
Henderson, C., Noblett, J., Parke, H., Clement, S., Caffrey, A., Gale-Grant, O., . . . Thornicroft, G. (2014). Mental health-related stigma in health care and mental health-care settings. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 1(6), 467-482. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00023-6
Higgins, J. P. T., Jackson, D., Barrett, J. K., Lu, G., Ades, A. E., & White, I. R. (2012). Consistency and inconsistency in network meta‐analysis: concepts and models for multi‐arm studies. Research synthesis methods, 3(2), 98-110.
Hugo, M. (2001). Mental health professionals' attitudes towards people who have experienced a mental health disorder. Journal Of Psychiatric And Mental Health Nursing, 8(5), 419-425.
Jansen, J. P., Fleurence, R., Devine, B., Itzler, R., Barrett, A., Hawkins, N., . . . Cappelleri, J. C. (2011). Interpreting indirect treatment comparisons and network meta-analysis for health-care decision making: report of the ISPOR Task Force on Indirect Treatment Comparisons Good Research Practices: part 1. Value in Health, 14(4), 417-428.
Jansen, J. P., Fleurence, R. D., B., Itzler, R., Barrett, A., Hawkins, N., Lee, K., . . . Cappelleri, J. C. (2011). Interpreting indirect treatment comparisons and network meta-analysis for health-care decision making: report of the ISPOR Task Force on Indirect Treatment Comparisons Good Research Practices: part 1. Value in Health, 14(4), 417-428.
Jansen, J. P., & Naci, H. (2013). Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers. BMC medicine, 11(1), 159.
Jorm, A. F. (2012). Mental health literacy: Empowering the community to take action for better mental health. American Psychologist, 67(3), 231.
Jugal, K., Mukherjee, R., Parashar, M., Jiloha, R. C., & Ingle, G. K. (2007). Beliefs and attitudes towards mental health among medical professionals in Delhi. Indian journal of community medicine, 32(3), 198.
Kassam, A., Glozier, N., Leese, M., Henderson, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2010). Development and responsiveness of a scale to measure clinicians’ attitudes to people with mental illness (medical student version). Acta Psychiatr Scand, 122(2), 153-161.
Kassam, A., Glozier, N., Leese, M., Loughran, J., & Thornicroft, G. (2011). A controlled trial of mental illness related stigma training for medical students. BMC Medical Education, 11(1), 51. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-11-51
Katschnig, H. (2010). Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession. World Psychiatry: Official Journal Of The World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 9(1), 21-28.
Kerby, J., Calton, T., Dimambro, B., Flood, C., & Glazebrook, C. (2008). Anti-stigma films and medical students' attitudes towards mental illness and psychiatry: randomised controlled trial. Psychiatric Bulletin, 32(9), 345-349. doi:10.1192/pb.bp.107.017152
Kessler, R. C., Foster, C. L., Saunders, W. B., & Stang, P. E. (1995). Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: Educational attainment. The American Journal Of Psychiatry, 152(7), 1026-1032.
Kleinman, A., & Cohen, A. (1997). Psychiatry's global challenge. Scientific American, 276(3), 86-89.
Knaak, S., Karpa, J., Robinson, R., & Bradley, L. (2016). "They are Us-We are Them": Transformative learning through nursing education leadership. Healthcare Management Forum, 29(3), 116-120. doi:10.1177/0840470416628880
Knaak, S., Mantler, E., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence-based solutions. Healthcare Management Forum, 30(2), 111-116. doi:10.1177/0840470416679413
Knaak, S., Mantler, E. D., & Szeto, A. (2017). Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare: Barriers to access and care and evidence-based solutions. Paper presented at the Healthcare Management Forum.
Knaak, S., & Patten, S. (2016). A grounded theory model for reducing stigma in health professionals in Canada. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 134 Suppl 446, 53-62. doi:10.1111/acps.12612
Li, J., Li, J., Thornicroft, G., Yang, H., Chen, W., & Huang, Y. (2015). Training community mental health staff in Guangzhou, China: evaluation of the effect of a new training model. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 263. doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0660-1
Lin, L., Chu, H., & Hodges, J. S. (2017). Alternative measures of between‐study heterogeneity in meta‐analysis: Reducing the impact of outlying studies. Biometrics, 73(1), 156-166.
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J. F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental patients: Understanding why labels matter. American journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1461-1500.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual review of Sociology, 27(1), 363-385.
Liu, W., Li, Y. M., & Peng, Y. (2018). Beliefs about prognosis and outcomes for people with mental disorders: A cross-cultural study of Bachelor of Nursing students from the US and China. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(5), 751-756. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2018.04.006
Lyons, Z. (2013). Attitudes of Medical Students toward Psychiatry and Psychiatry as a Career: A Systematic Review. Academic Psychiatry, 37(3), 150-157.
Magliano, L., Rinaldi, A., Costanzo, R., De Leo, R., Schioppa, G., Petrillo, M., & Read, J. (2016). Improving psychology students’ attitudes toward people with schizophrenia: A quasi-randomized controlled study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(3), 253.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2016). Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry. World Psychiatry, 15(2), 103-111. doi:10.1002/wps.20311
Mezuk, B., Eaton, W. W., Albrecht, S., & Golden, S. H. (2008). Depression and type 2 diabetes over the lifespan: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 31(12), 2383-2390. doi:10.2337/dc08-0985
Mino, Y., Yasuda, N., Tsuda, T., & Shimodera, S. (2001). Effects of a one-hour educational program on medical students' attitudes to mental illness. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 55(5), 501-507. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2001.00896.x
Modgill, G., Patten, S. B., Knaak, S., Kassam, A., & Szeto, A. C. H. (2014). Opening minds stigma scale for health care providers (OMS-HC): examination of psychometric properties and responsiveness. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 120.
Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., . . . Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic reviews, 4(1), 1.
Morgan, A. J., Reavley, N. J., Ross, A., Too, L. S., & Jorm, A. F. (2018). Interventions to reduce stigma towards people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res, 103, 120-133. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.05.017
Nguyen, E., Chen, T. F., & O'Reilly, C. L. (2012). Evaluating the impact of direct and indirect contact on the mental health stigma of pharmacy students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 47(7), 1087-1098. doi:10.1007/s00127-011-0413-5
Nieuwhof, M. G. H., Rademakers, J. J. D. J. M., Kuyvenhoven, M. M., Soethout, M. B. M., & ten Cate, T. J. (2005). Students' conceptions of the medical profession; an interview study. Medical Teacher, 27(8), 709-714.
O'Reilly, C. L., Bell, J. S., & Chen, T. F. (2010). Consumer-led mental health education for pharmacy students. American Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education, 74(9), 167-167.
O'Reilly, C. L., Bell, J. S., Kelly, P. J., & Chen, T. F. (2011). Impact of mental health first aid training on pharmacy students' knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviour: a controlled trial. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 45(7), 549-557. doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.585454
Oyebode, F. H., M. (2011). The future of psychiatry. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(6), 439-440.
Papish, A., Kassam, A., Modgill, G., Vaz, G., Zanussi, L., & Patten, S. (2013). Reducing the stigma of mental illness in undergraduate medical education: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Medical Education, 13, 141. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-13-141
Patten, S. B., Remillard, A., Phillips, L., Modgill, G., Szeto, A. C. H., Kassam, A., & Gardner, D. M. (2012). Effectiveness of contact-based education for reducing mental illness-related stigma in pharmacy students. BMC Medical Education, 12, 120. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-12-120
Penn, D. L., Guynan, K., Daily, T., Spaulding, W. D., Garbin, C. P., & Sullivan, M. (1994). Dispelling the stigma of schizophrenia: what sort of information is best? Schizophrenia bulletin, 20(3), 567-578.
Petkari, E., Masedo Gutierrez, A. I., Xavier, M., & Moreno Küstner, B. (2018). The influence of clerkship on students’ stigma towards mental illness: a meta‐analysis. Medical education, 52(7), 694-704.
Rössler, W. (2012). Stress, burnout, and job dissatisfaction in mental health workers. European Archives Of Psychiatry And Clinical Neuroscience, 262 Suppl 2, S65-S69. doi:10.1007/s00406-012-0353-4
Rüsch, N., Evans-Lacko, S. E., Henderson, C., Flach, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2011). Knowledge and attitudes as predictors of intentions to seek help for and disclose a mental illness. Psychiatric Services, 62(6), 675-678. doi:10.1176/ps.62.6.pss6206_0675
Rong, Y., Glozier, N., Luscombe, G. M., Davenport, T. A., Huang, Y., & Hickie, I. B. (2011). Improving knowledge and attitudes towards depression: a controlled trial among Chinese medical students. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 36-36. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-11-36
Rubio-Valera, M., Aznar-Lou, I., Vives-Collet, M., Fernández, A., Gil-Girbau, M., & Serrano-Blanco, A. (2018). Reducing the mental health–related stigma of social work students: A cluster RCT. Research on Social Work Practice, 28(2), 164-172.
Rugulies, R. (2002). Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease: a review and meta-analysis. American journal of preventive medicine, 23(1), 51-61.
Salanti, G. (2012). Indirect and mixed‐treatment comparison, network, or multiple‐treatments meta‐analysis: many names, many benefits, many concerns for the next generation evidence synthesis tool. Research synthesis methods, 3(2), 80-97.
Samele, C., Seymour, L., & Morris, B. (2006). A formal investigation into health inequalities experienced by people with learning difficulties and people with mental health problems-Area Studies Report. Area Studies Report London: Disability Rights Commission.
Sartorius, N. (1997). Fighting schizophrenia and its stigma: a new World Psychiatric Association educational programme. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 170(4), 297-297.
Song, F., Loke, Y. K., Walsh, T., Glenny, A. M., Eastwood, A. J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). Methodological problems in the use of indirect comparisons for evaluating healthcare interventions: survey of published systematic reviews. BMJ Journals, 338, b1147.
Song, F., Xiong, T., Parekh-Bhurke, S., Loke, Y. K., Sutton, A. J., Eastwood, A. J., . . . Deeks, J. J. (2011). Inconsistency between direct and indirect comparisons of competing interventions: meta-epidemiological study. BMJ Journals, 343, d4909.
Stuart, H., Chen, S. P., Christie, R., Dobson, K., Kirsh, B., Knaak, S., . . . Whitley, R. (2014). Opening minds in Canada: targeting change. Canadian Journal Of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie, 59(10 Suppl 1), S13-S18.
Stubbs, A. (2014). Reducing mental illness stigma in health care students and professionals: a review of the literature. Australasian Psychiatry: Bulletin Of Royal Australian And New Zealand College Of Psychiatrists, 22(6), 579-584. doi:10.1177/1039856214556324
Thornicroft, G. (2006). Shunned: discrimination against people with mental illness: Oxford (GB): Oxford University Press.
Thornicroft, G. (2011). Physical health disparities and mental illness: the scandal of premature mortality. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 199(6), 441-442. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092718
Thornicroft, G. (2013). Premature death among people with mental illness. British Medical Journal, 346, f2969. doi:10.1136/bmj.f2969
Thornicroft, G., Brohan, E., Rose, D., Sartorius, N., & Leese, M. (2009). Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet (London, England), 373(9661), 408-415. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61817-6
Thornicroft, G., Mehta, N., Clement, S., Evans-Lacko, S., Doherty, M., Rose, D., . . . Henderson, C. (2016). Evidence for effective interventions to reduce mental-health-related stigma and discrimination. Lancet, 387(10023), 1123-1132. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00298-6
Thornicroft, G., Rose, D., Kassam, A., & Sartorius, N. (2007). Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination? The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 190, 192-193.
Thornicroft, G., Tansella, M., Becker, T., Knapp, M., Leese, M., Schene, A., & Vazquez-Barquero, J. L. (2004). The personal impact of schizophrenia in Europe. Schizophrenia Research, 69(2-3), 125-132.
Ungar, T., Knaak, S., & Szeto, A. C. H. (2016). Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Combating Mental Illness Stigma in Health Care. Community Mental Health Journal, 52(3), 262-271. doi:10.1007/s10597-015-9910-4
Volpe, U., Fiorillo, A., Luciano, M., Del Vecchio, V., Palumbo, C., Calò, S., . . . Sartorius, N. (2014). Pathways to mental health care in Italy: results from a multicenter study. The International Journal Of Social Psychiatry, 60(5), 508-513. doi:10.1177/0020764013501648
Waddell, C., Hua, J. M., Garland, O. M., Peters, R. D., & McEwan, K. (2007). Preventing mental disorders in children: a systematic review to inform policy-making. Canadian Journal Of Public Health = Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 98(3), 166-173.
Wahlbeck, K., Westman, J., Nordentoft, M., Gissler, M., & Laursen, T. M. (2011). Outcomes of Nordic mental health systems: life expectancy of patients with mental disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 199(6), 453-458. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.085100
WHO. (2013). WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000-2011. Geneva: Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems.
WHO. (2014). Mental health action plan 2013–2020. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013.
Winkler, P., Janouskova, M., Kozeny, J., Pasz, J., Mlada, K., Weissova, A., . . . Evans-Lacko, S. (2017). Short video interventions to reduce mental health stigma: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial in nursing high schools. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 52(12), 1549-1557. doi:10.1007/s00127-017-1449-y
Xu, Z., Rüsch, N., Huang, F., & Kösters, M. (2017). Challenging mental health related stigma in China: systematic review and meta-analysis. I. Interventions among the general public. Psychiatry Research, 255, 449-456. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.008
Yamaguchi, S., Wu, S. I., Biswas, M., Yate, M., Aoki, Y., Barley, E. A., & Thornicroft, G. (2013). Effects of short-term interventions to reduce mental health-related stigma in university or college students: a systematic review. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(6), 490-503. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e31829480df
Yamin, A. E., & Rosenthal, E. (2005). Out of the shadows: using human rights approaches to secure dignity and well-being for people with mental disabilities. Plos Medicine, 2(4), e71-e71.