目的：探討短時間黑木耳增補與有氧運動介入對過重者身體組成、代謝指標、血壓與安靜心跳數影響。方法：招募32名BMI≧24 kg/m2過重男性 (年齡：20.53±1.30歲；身高：173.45±6.70公分；體重：90.16±19.48公斤；BMI：29.83±5.32 kg/m2) ，並依心肺耐力指數配對均分成四組：黑木耳有氧運動組 (AAE組) 、安慰劑有氧運動組 (PE組) 、黑木耳組 (AA組) 和控制組 (CON組) 。實驗期間共四週，AAE組、PE組與AA組每天進行黑木耳 (或安慰劑) 增補6公克，且AAE組和PE組每週須從事50％～60％ HRR有氧運動150分鐘；在實驗前 (PRE) 、實驗第8、15、22與29天 (D8、D15、D22與D29) 測量身體組成、血壓與安靜心跳數，並同時於PRE、D15與D29採集代謝指標，分析血漿中血糖 (BG) 、三酸甘油酯 (TG) 、總膽固醇 (TC) 、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇 (HDL-C) 、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇 (LDL-C) 、C-胜肽鍊胰島素 (C-peptide) 、高敏感度C反應蛋白 (hs-CRP) 與動脈硬化指數 (AI) ，並以混合設計二因子變異數分析進行考驗，顯著水準為α=.05。結果：在體重和BMI方面，PE組於D22與D29比PRE達顯著下降；而腰圍方面，AAE組與PE組在D29天比D8下降5.5％與4.8％達顯著水準；但各組在體脂肪百分比、非脂肪重與腰臀圍比則未達顯著差異。代謝指標方面，AAE組、PE組與AA組在LDL-C與AI數值上皆有顯著下降；PE組在TC與C-peptide濃度達顯著下降，並顯著提高HDL-C濃度。至於AAE組在hs-CRP濃度變化雖未達顯著差異(p>.05)，但罹患心血管疾病從高風險數值 (3.70 mg/dL) 降至為中風險數值 (1.89 mg/dL)。此外，AAE組與PE組在安靜心跳數數值上皆有顯著降低 (13.8％與13.5％)。結論：增補黑木耳粉末膠囊可有效改善LDL-C與AI，若再加上有氧運動則更具加乘效果；也再次證實從事有氧運動對於身體組成、代謝指標與安靜心跳數提供較多正面改善心血管疾病之效果。

Purpose: To investigate the effects of Auricularia auricular (AA) supplementation and aerobic exercise on body composition and metabolic markers, blood pressure (BP), and resting heart rate (RHR) in overweight adults. Methods: Using the scores of the 3 min step-test, thirty-two overweight adults (age 20.53±1.30 yrs; height 173.45±6.70 cm; weight 90.16±19.48 kg; BMI 29.82±5.31 kg/m2) were divided into 4 groups: 1. AA plus aerobic exercise (AAE group). 2. placebo plus aerobic exercise (PE group). 3. AA (AA group). 4. control (CON group). AAE, PE and AA groups were supplemented with 6 g AA powder capsulate or placebo capsulate every day for four weeks. Aerobic exercise program was at 50%~60% HRR intensity on treadmill for 150 min per week. Body composition, BP and RHR were measured at prior to experiment, Day8, Day15, Day22, and Day29 (PRE, D8, D15, D22, D29). Metabolic markers were measured at PRE, D15 and D29. The markers include BG, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, C-peptide, hs-CRP and TC/HDL-C (AI). A mixed design 2-way ANOVA were used to compare the difference among the groups. The significant level was set at α=.05. Results: The PE group had a significant reduction in weight and body mass index at D22 and D29. AAE group and PE group had lower waist circumference (p<.05) . All groups had no significant effects in percent body fat, fat free mass and waist-hip ratio. In AAE, PE, and AA group, there were a significant loss in LDL-C and AI at D15 and D29. The PE group also decreased in C-peptide concentration and elevated HDL-C concentration. In AAE group, although there was no significant change (p>.05) in hs-CRP, but lowered cardiovascular disease risk from high risk (3.70 mg/dL) to middle risk (1.89 mg/dL). AAE and PE groups also decreased in RHR (13.8% and 13.5%). Conclusions: AA supplementation can change LDL-C and AI effectively. Aerobic exercise can offer more positive effects on body composition, metabolic markers and RHR.

王伯徹 (1991) 。食用及藥用菇系列報導 (十四) -木耳。食品工業，23 (12)，28-41。
王繼德 (2011) 。運動訓練與補充鉻及啤酒酵母對中年肥胖男性血脂代謝的影響 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
水野卓、合川允正 (1997) 。菇類的化學．生化學。國立編譯館。297-303。
行政院衛生署中央健康保險局 (2010) 。糞便裡的健康玄機。全民健康保險雙月刊，87，31-33。
江伯源、林育諄 (2001) 。黑木耳―道地美味又養生的黑英雄。農業世界雜誌，212，107-111。
行政院衛生署 (2002) 。國人肥胖定義與處理原則。2014年7月16日取自行政院衛生署：http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/SEARCH_RESULT.aspx
朱嘉華 (2005) 。十二週耐力運動訓練對肥胖大學生心臟結構型態和泵血功能之影響 (未出版博士論文) 。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
吳政融、吳立偉、陳韋良、張耀文和高東煒 (2016) 。肥胖測量指標對於死亡率的預測分析，家庭醫學與基層醫療，3(5)，140-146。
林郁娟 (2013) 。評估補充黑木耳膳食纖維於飲食中對大鼠胃腸道運動功能與腸道菌相之影響 (未出版碩士論文) 。實踐大學，臺北市。
林瑞興 (2003) 。運動訓練及飲食教育計畫介入對體重過重大學生的效果探討 (未出版博士論文) 。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
邱靖富 (2006) 。毛木耳多糖流變性及改善type 2 糖尿病患血糖與血脂之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立嘉義大學，嘉義市。
許青雲、賴明宏、趙哲毅、賴慶隆、王彥懿、黃啟彰、蕭千祐、蕭文 (譯) (2007) 。營養與代謝。台北市：五南圖書出版公司。 (David, A. B., 2002)
教育部體育署體適能網站 (2016) 。體適能測驗-三分鐘登階測驗。2016年4月1日取自教育部體育署體適能網站：http://www.fitness.org.tw/
陳啟禎 (2002) 。黑木耳減肥最健康。台北市：元齋出版社。
曾春典 (2006) 。中老年人的心血管疾病，台北市：健康文化出版。
董氏基金會 (2013) 。正確認識血糖，改變生活飲食。2016年6月1日取自董氏基金會營養特區：http://nutri.jtf.org.tw/index.php?idd=1&aid=65&bid=630&cid=2278
楊素貞 (2003) 。台灣野生毛木耳遺傳結構之研究 (未出版碩士論文) 。國立彰化師範大學，彰化。
楊新美 (1988) 。中國食用菌栽培學。中國北京：中國農業出版社。
潘淑芬譯 (2003) 。醫學生物化學，臺北市：藝軒圖書出版社。
鄭景峰、李佳倫、何仁育、周峻忠、劉錦謀、林明儒、林慈芳黃依婷 (譯) (2013) 。應用運動生理學：整合理論與實務。新北市：藝軒圖書出版社。 (William, J. K., Steven, J. F., & Michael, R. D., 2012)
衛生福利部食品藥物管理署 (2011) 。2005 - 2008 台灣國民營養健康狀況變遷調查結果。2014年7月14日取自行政院衛生福利部：https://consumer.fda.gov.tw/ Pages/ List.aspx?nodeID=287
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2013) 。肥胖防治網。2016年7月1日取自行政院衛生福利部：http://obesity.hpa.gov.tw/TC/weight.aspx
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2007) 。2007年台灣地區高血壓、高血糖、高血脂之追蹤調查研究專輯。2016年6月15日取自行政院衛生福利部：http://www.hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/HealthTopic/TopicArticle.aspx?No=201102110002&parentid=200712250015
謝明哲、曾瓊慧、鄭心嫻 (1990) 。台灣產常用姑類之營養成分分析及其對田鼠脂質代謝效應之探討。中華營養學會誌，15，11-22。
謝長華 (2006) 規律運動訓練對代謝症候群個案身體組成、心肺適能與血液生化值成效之探討 (未出版碩士論文) 。臺北醫學大學，臺北市。
Adiotomre, J., Eastwood, M. A., Edwards, C., & Brydon, W. G. (1990). Dietary fiber: In vitro methods that anticipate nutritient and metabolic activity in humans. American Journal Clinical Nutrition, 52, 128-134.
Al-Tahami, B. A., Bee, Y. T. G., Ismail, A. A. A. S., & Rasool, A. H. G. (2011). Impaired microvascular endothelial function in relatively young obese humans is associated with altered metabolic and inflammatory markers. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 47(2), 87-97.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2014). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed.) (pp.318-321). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Biermann, J., Herrmann, W., Schütz, C., & Hanf, S. (1984). Modification of lipoprotein parameters in the initial phase of physical exercise in middle-aged cardiovascular patients. Zeitschrift Für Alternsforschung, 39 (3), 163-167.
Blaak, E. E. (2004). Basic disturbances in skeletal muscle fatty acid metabolism in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 63(02), 323-330.
Cai, M., & Zou, Z. (2015). Effect of aerobic exercise on blood lipid and glucose in obese or overweight adults: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Obesity research & clinical practice.
Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (2007). Canada's physical activity guide to healthy activie living (internet). Agency of Canada. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca./ pau-uap/ paguide/ index.html
Chen, G., Luo, Y. C., Ji, B. P., Li, B. Y., Guo, Y., Su, W., & Xiao, Z. L. (2008). Effect of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula on blood lipid metabolism and lipoprotein lipase activity of ICR mice fed a cholesterol‐enriched diet. Journal of food science, 73(6), H103-H108.
Chen, G., Luo, Y. C., Ji, B. P., Li, B. Y., Su, W., Xiao, Z. L., & Zhang, G. Z. (2011). Hypocholesterolemic effects of Auricularia auricula ethanol extract in ICR mice fed a cholesterol-enriched diet. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 692-698.
Chen, T. C., Chen, H. L., Liu, Y. C., & Nosaka, K. (2014). Eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of pre-adolescent and adolescent boys in comparison to young men. European journal of applied physiology, 114(6), 1183-1195.
Chen, T. C., Chen, H. L., Lin, M. J., Chen, C. H., Pearce, A. J., & Nosaka, K. (2013). Effect of two maximal isometric contractions on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage of the elbow flexors. European journal of applied physiology, 113(6), 1545-1554.
Cheung, P. C. K. (1996). The hypocholesterolemic effect of two edible mushroom: Auricularia auricula (tree-ear) and Tremella fuciformis (white jelly-leaf) in hypercholesterolemic rates 1. Nutrition Research. 16 (10), 1721-1725.
Cheung, P. C. K. (2010). The nutritional and health benefits of mushrooms. Nutrition Bulletin, 35(4), 292-299.
Chung, Y. C., Hsu, C. K., Ko, C. Y., & Chan, Y. C. (2007). Dietary intake of xylooligosaccha- rides improves the intestinal microbiota, fecal moisture, and pH value in the elderly. Nutrition Research, 27(12), 756-761.
Cornelissen, V. A., & Fagard, R. H. (2005). Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure–regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension, 46(4), 667-675.
Cowley, A. W. J. (1992). Long-term control of arterial blood pressure. Physiological Reviews, 72(1), 231-300.
Fagard, R. H., & Cornelissen, V. A. (2007). Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 14(1), 12-17.
Florkowska, A. & Kryier, K. (2004). Application of indigestible oligosaccharides in foodstuffs. Przen Spoz, 5, 44-46.
Framingham.com (2006). A Timeline of Milestones from the Framingham Heart Study. Retrieved 2007-1-19 from http://www.framingham.com/heart/timeline.htm.
Guillamón, E., García-Lafuente, A., Lozano, M., Rostagno, M. A., Villares, A., & Martínez, J. A. (2010). Edible mushrooms: role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Fitoterapia, 81(7), 715-723.
Heaton, K. W. (1973). Food fibre as an obstacle to energy intake. The Lancet, 302(7843), 1418-1421.
Higashikawa, F., Noda, M., Awaya, T., Nomura, K., Oku, H., & Sugiyama, M. (2010). Improvement of constipation and liver function by plant-derived lactic acid bacteria : A double- blind, randomized trial. Nutrition, 26 (4), 367-374.
Ho, S. S., Radavelli‐Bagatini, S., Dhaliwal, S. S., Hills, A. P., & Pal, S. (2012). Resistance, aerobic, and combination training on vascular function in overweight and obese adults. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 14(12), 848-854.
Jagannathan, S. N., Connor, W. E., Baker, W. H., & Bhattacharyya, A. K. (1974). The turnover of cholesterol in human atherosclerotic arteries. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 54(2), 366.
Jenkins, D. J., Axelsen, M., Kendall, C. W., Augustin, L. S., Vuksan, V. & Smith, U. (2000). Dietary fibre, lente carbohydrates and insulin-resistant disease. British Journal of Nutrition, 83, 157-163.
Jenkins, J. A., Spadafora, P. J., Jenkins, A. L., & Rainey-Macdonald, L. G. (1993). Fibre in treatment of hyperlipidemia. In : Spiller, G. A. (Ed.) Handbook of dietary fibre in human nutrition. Boca Rotan : CRC Press Inc. p419-38.
Johnson, N. A., Sachinwalla, T., Walton, D. W., Smith, K., Armstrong, A., Thompson, M. W., & George, J. (2009). Aerobic exercise training reduces hepatic and visceral lipids in obese individuals without weight loss. Hepatology, 50(4), 1105-1112.
Katzmarzyk, P. T., Leon, A. S., Wilmore, J. H., Skinner, J. S., Rao, D. C., Rankinen, T., & Bouchard, C. (2003). Targeting the metabolic syndrome with exercise: evidence from the HERITAGE Family Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35(10), 1703-1709.
Kelley, G. A., Kelley, K. A., & Vu Tran, Z. (2001). Aerobic exercise and resting blood pressure: A Meta‐Analytic review of randomized, controlled trials. Preventive cardiology, 4(2), 73-80.
Kim, S. K., Hong, U. P., Kim, J. S., Kim, C. H., Lee, K. W., Choi, S.E., Park, K. H.,& Lee, M.W. (2007). Antidiabetic effect of Auricularia auricular mycelia in streptozotocin- induced diabetic rate. Natural Production Science, 13, 390-393.
Kobayashi, S., Inoue, N., Ohashi, Y., Terashima, M., Matsui, K., Mori, T., & Ejiri, J. (2003). Interaction of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in coronary plaque instability important role of C-reactive protein. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 23(8), 1398-1404.
Laughlin, M. H. (1999). Cardiovascular response to exercise. American Journal of Physiology, 277(6 Pt 2), S244-S259.
Ｍassi, M., Ioan, P., Budriesi, R., Chiarini, A., Vitali, B., Lammers, K. M. & Brigidi, P. (2006). Effects of probiotic bacteria on gastrointestinal motility in guinea-pig isolated tissue. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 12(37), 5987-5994.
Matheson, H. B., Colon, I. S., & Story, J. A. (1995). Cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase activity is increased by dietary modification with psyllium hydrocolloid, pectin, cholesterol and cholestyramine in rats. The Journal of Nutrition, 125(3), 454-8. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/197423570?accountid=10076
Mizuno, T., Saito, H., Nishitoba, T., & KaWagishi, H. (1995). Antitumor‐active substances from mushrooms. Food Reviews International, 11(1), 23-61.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. National Institutes of Health. (2012). How are overweight and obesity treated? Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/ health- topics/topics/obe/treatment
National Institutes of Health. (1998). Clinical guideline on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults – the evidence report. Obesity Research, 2, 51-209.
Pearson, T. A., Mensah, G. A., Alexander, R. W., Anderson, J. L., Cannon, R. O., Criqui, M., ... & Rifai, N. (2003). Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the centers for disease control and prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 107(3), 499-511.
Pereira, M. A., & Ludwig, D. S. (2001). Dietary fiber and body-weight regulation: observations and mechanisms. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 48(4), 969-980.
Pescatello, L. S., Arena, R., Riebe, D. & Thompson, P. D. (2014). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (9th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer/ Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Ridker, P. M. (2003). Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation, 107(3), 363-369.
Ridker, P. M., Hennekens, C. H., Buring, J. E., & Rifai, N. (2000). C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. New England Journal of Medicine, 342(12), 836-843.
Ross, R. (1999). Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 340(2), 115-126.
Sanip, Z., Ariffin, F. D., Al-Tahami, B. A. M., Sulaiman, W. A. W., & Rasool, A. H. G. (2013). Obesity indices and metabolic markers are related to hs-CRP and adiponectin levels in overweight and obese females. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 7(4), e315-e320.
Shinozaki, K., Okuda, M., Sasaki, S. Kunitsugu, I. & Shigeta, M. (2015). Dietary fiber consumption decreases the risks of overweight and hypercholesterolemia in Japanese children. Annual Nutrition Metabolism, 67 (1), 58-64.
Simpson, H. L., & Campbell, B. J. (2015). Review article: dietary fibre–microbiota interactions. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 42(2), 158-179
Snyder, K. A., Donnelly, J. E., Jabobsen, D. J., Hertner, G., & Jakicic, J. M. (1997). The effects of long-term, moderate intensity, intermittent exercise on aerobic capacity, body composition, blood lipids, insulin and glucose in overweight females. International Journal of Obesity, 21(12), 1180-1189.
Spyer, K. M. (1994). Annual review prize lecture. Central nervous mechanisms contributingto cardiovascular control. Journal of Physiology, 474(1), 1.
Stachowiak, B. & Regula, J. (2012). Health-promoting potential of edible macromycetes underspecial consideration of polysaccharides: a review. Euroup Research Technology, 234, 369-380.
Stasiulis, A., Mockienė, A., Vizbaraitė, D., & Mockus, P. (2010). Experimental investigations. Medicina (Kaunas), 46(2), 129-134.
Takeuchi, H., He P. & Mooi, L. (2004). Reductive effect of hot-water extracts from woody ear (Auricularia auricular-judae Quel) on food intake and blood glucose concentration in genetically diabetic KK-AY mice. Journal of Nutrition Science, 50, 300-304.
Tokuda, S., Tagiri, A., Kano, E., Sugawara, Y., Suzuki, S., Sato, H. & Kaneda, T. (1974). Reducing mechanism of plasma cholesterol by shiitake. Mashroom Science, 9, 445-462.
Vigna, G. B., Bolzan, M., Romagnoni, F., Valerio, G., Vitale, E., Zuliani, G., & Fellin, R. (1992). Lipids and other risk factors selected by discriminant analysis in symptomatic patients with supra-aortic and peripheral atherosclerosis. Circulation, 85(6), 2205-2211.
Vikram, N. K., Misra, A., Pandey, R. M., Dwivedi, M., & Luthra, K. (2004). Adiponectin, insulin resistance, and C-reactive protein in postpubertal Asian Indian adolescents. Metabolism, 53(10), 1336-1341.
Yamamoto, T. (2007). Effect of indigestible dextrin on visceral fat accumulation. Journal of Japanese Society for Study of Obesity, 13, 34-41.
Yoon, S. J., Yu, M. A., Pyun, Y. R., Hwang, J. K., Chu, D. C., Juneja, L. R., & Mourao, P. A. (2003). The nontoxic mushroom Auricularia auricula contains a polysaccharide with anticoagulant activity mediated by antithrombin. Thrombosis Research, 112(3), 151- 158.