背景: 人體的足弓在長時間的走路或跑步的情況下對於整體的足壓分佈以及動態穩定扮演著重要的角色。橫弓近年被證實與足部勁度息息相關。然而，市面上的鞋子大多以內側縱弓支撐為主，主要希望能夠透過外在的支撐元件，分散足底所承受的壓力以及在足部活動時給予支撐，使得足部的結構隨時皆能夠維持適當的功能範圍。目的: 一般健康族群，穿著雙足弓支撐元件之鞋墊的研究數量不多，相關的生物力學影響仍有進一步探討的可能性，本研究主要為觀察中長距離跑步前後穿著不同支撐鞋墊對於足底壓力以及足部內旋角速度之變化。方法: 招募13名健康受試者，皆會穿著縱弓支撐鞋墊與雙足弓支撐鞋墊，於跑步機上進行跑步實驗。實驗過程使用心率帶監控受試者心跳，以Pedar-X無線式鞋墊足壓量測系統收取足底壓力資訊，並利用三軸陀螺儀獲取足部蹠骨內旋角速度之數據，最後給予主觀的自覺量表評估穿著感受。結果: 雙足弓支撐鞋墊與縱弓支撐鞋墊相比，在疲勞前後的足部的內旋角速度顯著下降，且在第一蹠骨與腳跟處的壓力峰值、壓力時間積分值顯著下降，第四、五蹠骨處及中足外側的壓力峰值、壓力積分值提高，由自覺量表得到的舒適感受分數，兩雙鞋墊無顯著差異。結論: 透過本研究結果指出雙足弓支撐鞋墊能夠有效的降低人們跑步時足部的內旋角速度，亦能夠有效幫助跑者降低第一蹠骨處及腳跟處的足底壓力，此外，雙足弓支撐鞋墊帶來的舒適感不遜於內側縱弓支撐鞋墊，未來研究、產品設計可朝此方向發展。

Purpose: There are few studies on wearing insoles with transverse arch supported elements, and the related biomechanical effects are still possible to be further explored. This study is mainly to observe the effect of wearing different arch supported insoles on plantar pressure and foot movement before and after prolonged running. Method: Thirteen healthy subjects were recruited. All of them would wear longitudinal arch support insoles and two axial arch supported insoles, performing running experiments on treadmill. Pedar-X insole foot pressure measurement system was used to collect foot pressure data, and gyroscope was used to obtain the foot internal rotation angular velocity data. Comfort perception of footwear would be measured by visual analogue scale. Results: Compared with the longitudinal supported insole, the internal rotation angular velocity of the two axial arch supported insole decreased significantly before and after fatigue. Peak and pressure-time integral value decreased significantly at the first metatarsal head and heel. Conclusion: Two axial arch supported insole might have a better support ability after prolonged running. We highly recommend the shoes manufacturers could be developed products toward this direction.

Alfuth, M., & Rosenbaum, D. (2011). Long distance running and acute effects on plantar foot sensitivity and plantar foot loading. Neuroscience Letters, 503(1), 58-62.
Anbarian, M., & Esmaeili, H. (2016). Effects of running-induced fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in novice runners with different foot types. Gait & Posture, 48, 52-56.
Arastoo, A. A., Aghdam, E. M., Habibi, A. H., & Zahednejad, S. (2014). Kinetic factors of vertical jumping for heading a ball in flexible flatfooted amateur soccer players with and without insole adoption. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 38(3), 204-210.
Arndt, A., Ekenman, I., Westblad, P., & Lundberg, A. (2002). Effects of fatigue and load variation on metatarsal deformation measured in vivo during barefoot walking. Journal of Biomechanics, 35(5), 621-628.
Balsdon, M. E., & Dombroski, C. E. (2022). Custom-made foot orthoses with and without heel plugs and their effect on plantar pressures during treadmill walking. Prosthetics and Orthotics International, 10.1097.
Barton, C. J., Levinger, P., Webster, K. E., & Menz, H. B. (2011). Kinematics associated with foot pronation in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a case-control study. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 4(1), 1-1.
Baur, H., Merz, N., Muster, A., Flückiger, G., & Hirschmüller, A. (2018). Vorfußentlastung durch Schuheinlagen. Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie, 77(3), 231-239.
Bercovitz, T., Herman, A., Solomonow-Avnon, D., Wolf, A., & Kodesh, E. (2020). Plantar pressure modifications in experienced runners following an exhaustive run. Sports Biomechanics, 1-11.
Besse, J.-L. (2017). Metatarsalgia. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research, 103(1), S29-S39.
Bisiaux, M., & Moretto, P. (2008). The effects of fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in walking. Gait & Posture, 28(4), 693-698.
Bito, T., Tashiro, Y., Suzuki, Y., Kawagoe, M., Sonoda, T., Nakayama, Y., . . . Aoyama, T. (2018). Forefoot transverse arch height asymmetry is associated with foot injuries in athletes participating in college track events. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(8), 978-983.
Bonanno, D. R., Ledchumanasarma, K., Landorf, K. B., Munteanu, S. E., Murley, G. S., & Menz, H. B. (2019). Effects of a contoured foot orthosis and flat insole on plantar pressure and tibial acceleration while walking in defence boots. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1688.
Borg, G. (1970). Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress. Scand J Rehabil Med, 2(2), 92-98.
Braga, U. M., Mendonca, L. D., Mascarenhas, R. O., Alves, C. O., Renato Filho, G., & Resende, R. A. (2019). Effects of medially wedged insoles on the biomechanics of the lower limbs of runners with excessive foot pronation and foot varus alignment. Gait & Posture, 74, 242-249.
Brody, D. M. (1982). Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner. The Orthopedic Clinics of North America, 13(3), 541-558.
Che, H., Nigg, B., & De Koning, J. (1994). Relationship between plantar pressure distribution under the foot and insole comfort. Clinical Biomechanics, 9(6), 335-341.
Christina, K. A., White, S. C., & Gilchrist, L. A. (2001). Effect of localized muscle fatigue on vertical ground reaction forces and ankle joint motion during running. Human Movement Science, 20(3), 257-276.
DeSilva, J., Bonne‐Annee, R., Swanson, Z., Gill, C., Sobel, M., Uy, J., & Gill, S. (2015). Midtarsal break variation in modern humans: functional causes, skeletal correlates, and paleontological implications. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 156(4), 543-552.
Escamilla-Martınez, E., Martınez-Nova, A., Sanchez-Rodrıguez, R., & Fernandez-Seguın, L. M. (2013). The Effect of Moderate Running on Foot Posture Index and Plantar Pressure Distribution in Male Recreational Runners. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 103(2), 121.
Fong, D. T., Lue, K. B., Chung, M. M., Chu, V. W., & Yung, P. S. (2020). An individually moulded insole with 5-mm medial arch support reduces peak impact and loading at the heel after a one-hour treadmill run. Gait & Posture, 82, 90-95.
Fourchet, F., Kelly, L., Horobeanu, C., Loepelt, H., Taiar, R., & Millet, G. P. (2012). Comparison of plantar pressure distribution in adolescent runners at low vs. high running velocity. Gait & Posture, 35(4), 685-687.
García-Pérez, J. A., Pérez-Soriano, P., Llana, S., Martínez-Nova, A., & Sánchez-Zuriaga, D. (2013). Effect of overground vs treadmill running on plantar pressure: Influence of fatigue. Gait & Posture, 38(4), 929-933.
Gardin, F. A., Middlemas, D., Williams, J. L., Leigh, S., & Horn, R. R. (2013). Navicular Drop Before and After Fatigue of the Ankle Invertor Muscles. International journal of Athletic Therapy & Training, 18(6).
Gerrard, J. M., Bonanno, D. R., Whittaker, G. A., & Landorf, K. B. (2020). Effect of different orthotic materials on plantar pressures: a systematic review. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 13(1), 1-11.
Gwani, A. S., Asari, M. A., & Mohd Ismail, Z. I. (2017). How the three arches of the foot intercorrelate. Folia Morphol (Warsz), 76(4), 682-688.
Hamzavi, B., & Esmaeili, H. (2021). Effects of running-induced fatigue on plantar pressure distribution in runners with different strike types. Gait & Posture, 88, 132-137.
Headlee, D. L., Leonard, J. L., Hart, J. M., Ingersoll, C. D., & Hertel, J. (2008). Fatigue of the plantar intrinsic foot muscles increases navicular drop. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 18(3), 420-425.
Hicks, J. (1954). The mechanics of the foot: II. The plantar aponeurosis and the arch. Journal of Anatomy, 88(Pt 1), 25.
Hähni, M., Hirschmüller, A., & Baur, H. (2016). The effect of foot orthoses with forefoot cushioning or metatarsal pad on forefoot peak plantar pressure in running. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 9(1), 1-8.
Holowka, N. B., & Lieberman, D. E. (2018). Rethinking the evolution of the human foot: insights from experimental research. Journal of Experimental Biology, 221(17), jeb174425.
Hong, Y., Wang, L., Li, J. X., & Zhou, J. H. (2012). Comparison of plantar loads during treadmill and overground running. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(6), 554-560.
Hsi, W.-L., Kang, J.-H., & Lee, X.-X. (2005). Optimum position of metatarsal pad in metatarsalgia for pressure relief. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 84(7), 514-520.
Johnson, C. D., Tenforde, A. S., Outerleys, J., Reilly, J., & Davis, I. S. (2020). Impact-related ground reaction forces are more strongly associated with some running injuries than others. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(12), 3072-3080.
Kelly, L. A., Lichtwark, G., & Cresswell, A. G. (2015). Active regulation of longitudinal arch compression and recoil during walking and running. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 12(102), 20141076.
Ker, R., Bennett, M., Bibby, S., Kester, R., & Alexander, R. M. (1987). The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature, 325(6100), 147-149.
Kitaoka, H. B., Luo, Z. P., & An, K.-N. (1997). Analysis of longitudinal arch supports in stabilizing the arch of the foot. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research(341), 250-256.
Koenraadt, K. L., Stolwijk, N. M., van den Wildenberg, D., Duysens, J., & Keijsers, N. L. (2012). Effect of a metatarsal pad on the forefoot during gait. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 102(1), 18-24.
Kondo, T., Muneta, T., & Fukui, T. (2017). Evaluation of the relationship between the static measurement of transverse arch flexibility of the forefoot and gait parameters in healthy subjects. J Phys Ther Sci, 29(3), 413-418.
Lee, P. Y., Landorf, K. B., Bonanno, D. R., & Menz, H. B. (2014). Comparison of the pressure-relieving properties of various types of forefoot pads in older people with forefoot pain. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 7(1), 1-8.
Losito, J. M. (2017). Basketball and volleyball. In Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine (pp. 381-387)
Lucas-Cuevas, A. G., Pérez-Soriano, P., Llana-Belloch, S., Macián-Romero, C., & Sánchez-Zuriaga, D. (2014). Effect of custom-made and prefabricated insoles on plantar loading parameters during running with and without fatigue. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(18), 1712-1721.
Luo, G., Stergiou, P., Worobets, J., Nigg, B., & Stefanyshyn, D. (2009). Improved footwear comfort reduces oxygen consumption during running. Footwear Science, 1(1), 25-29.
Mündermann, A., Nigg, B. M., Stefanyshyn, D. J., & Humble, R. N. (2002). Development of a reliable method to assess footwear comfort during running. Gait & Posture, 16(1), 38-45.
Menz, H. B. (2004). Two feet, or one person? Problems associated with statistical analysis of paired data in foot and ankle medicine. The Foot, 14, 2-5.
Mey, Q., Gu, Y., Sun, D., & Fernandez, J. (2018). How foot morphology changes influence shoe comfort and plantar pressure before and after long distance running? Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 20(2).
Mickle, K. J., Munro, B. J., Lord, S. R., Menz, H. B., & Steele, J. R. (2011). Gait, balance and plantar pressures in older people with toe deformities. Gait & Posture, 34(3), 347-351.
Machado, F. A., Kravchychyn, A. C. P., Peserico, C. S., da Silva, D. F., & Mezzaroba, P. V. (2013). Incremental test design, peak ‘aerobic’running speed and endurance performance in runners. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(6), 577-582.
Männikkö, K., & Sahlman, J. (2017). The effect of metatarsal padding on pain and functional ability in metatarsalgia. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery, 106(4), 332-337.
Morton, D. J. (1924). Evolution of the longitudinal arch of the human foot. JBJS, 6(1), 56-90.
Murley, G. S., Menz, H. B., & Landorf, K. B. (2009). A protocol for classifying normal- and flat-arched foot posture for research studies using clinical and radiographic measurements. J Foot Ankle Res, 2, 22.
Naderi, A., Degens, H., & Sakinepoor, A. (2019). Arch-support foot-orthoses normalize dynamic in-shoe foot pressure distribution in medial tibial stress syndrome. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(2), 247-257.
Nagano, K., Okuyama, R., Taniguchi, N., & Yoshida, T. (2018). Gender difference in factors affecting the medial longitudinal arch height of the foot in healthy young adults. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(5), 675-679.
Nagel, A., Fernholz, F., Kibele, C., & Rosenbaum, D. (2008). Long distance running increases plantar pressures beneath the metatarsal heads: a barefoot walking investigation of 200 marathon runners. Gait & Posture, 27(1), 152-155.
Nakai, K., Zeidan, H., Suzuki, Y., Kajiwara, Y., Shimoura, K., Tatsumi, M., . . . Aoyama, T. (2019). Relationship between forefoot structure, including the transverse arch, and forefoot pain in patients with hallux valgus. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 31(2), 202-205.
Nakayama, Y., Tashiro, Y., Suzuki, Y., Kajiwara, Y., Zeidan, H., Kawagoe, M., . . . Tatsumi, M. (2018). Relationship between transverse arch height and foot muscles evaluated by ultrasound imaging device. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(4), 630-635.
Neal, B. S., Griffiths, I. B., Dowling, G. J., Murley, G. S., Munteanu, S. E., Smith, M. M. F., . . . Barton, C. J. (2014). Foot posture as a risk factor for lower limb overuse injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, 7(1), 1-13.
Nguyen, K., Yu, N., Bandi, M. M., Venkadesan, M., & Mandre, S. (2017). Curvature-induced stiffening of a fish fin. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 14(130), 20170247.
Nigg, B. M., Stefanyshyn, D., Cole, G., Stergiou, P., & Miller, J. (2003). The effect of material characteristics of shoe soles on muscle activation and energy aspects during running. Journal of Biomechanics, 36(4), 569-575.
Nordsiden, L., Van Lunen, B. L., Walker, M. L., Cortes, N., Pasquale, M., & Onate, J. A. (2010). The effect of 3 foot pads on plantar pressure of pes planus foot type. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 19(1), 71-85.
Okamura, K., Kanai, S., Oki, S., Tanaka, S., Hirata, N., Sakamura, Y., . . . Otsuka, A. (2017). Does the weakening of intrinsic foot muscles cause the decrease of medial longitudinal arch height? Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 29(6), 1001-1005.
Postema, K., Burm, P. E. T., v. d. Zande, M. E., & Limbeek, J. v. (1998). Primary metatarsalgia: The influence of a custom moulded insole and a rockerbar on plantar pressure. Prosthetics and orthotics international, 22(1), 35-44.
Ramanathan, A. K., Kiran, P., Arnold, G. P., Wang, W., & Abboud, R. J. (2010). Repeatability of the Pedar-X® in-shoe pressure measuring system. Foot and Ankle Surgery, 16(2), 70-73.
Saadah, H., Furqonita, D., & Tulaar, A. (2015). The effect of medial arch support over the plantar pressure and triceps surae muscle strength after prolonged standing. Medical Journal of Indonesia, 24(3), 146-149.
Saveko, A., Amirova, L., Ermakov, I., Smirnov, Y., Tomilovskaya, E., & Kozlovskaya, I. (2021). Effect of 5-day dry immersion on the human foot morphology evaluated by computer plantography and soft tissues stiffness measuring. Sci Rep, 11(1), 6232.
Scott, B. K., & Houmard, J. A. (1994). Peak running velocity is highly related to distance running performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(08), 504-507.
Shih, Y., Ho, C.-S., & Shiang, T.-Y. (2014). Measuring kinematic changes of the foot using a gyro sensor during intense running. Journal of sports sciences, 32(6), 550-556.
Sánchez-Rodríguez, R., Martínez-Nova, A., Escamilla-Martínez, E., & Pedrera-Zamorano, J. D. (2012). Can the Foot Posture Index or their individual criteria predict dynamic plantar pressures? Gait & Posture, 36(3), 591-595.
Stearne, S. M., McDonald, K. A., Alderson, J. A., North, I., Oxnard, C. E., & Rubenson, J. (2016). The foot’s arch and the energetics of human locomotion. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 1-10.
Tochigi, Y. (2003). Effect of Arch Supports on Ankle—Subtalar Complex Instability: A Biomechanical Experimental Study. Foot & Ankle International, 24(8), 634-639.
Venkadesan, M., Yawar, A., Eng, C. M., Dias, M. A., Singh, D. K., Tommasini, S. M., . . . Mandre, S. (2020). Stiffness of the human foot and evolution of the transverse arch. Nature, 579(7797), 97-100.
Weist, R., Eils, E., & Rosenbaum, D. (2004). The influence of muscle fatigue on electromyogram and plantar pressure patterns as an explanation for the incidence of metatarsal stress fractures. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32(8), 1893-1898.
Willems, T. M., De Ridder, R., & Roosen, P. (2012). The effect of a long-distance run on plantar pressure distribution during running. Gait & Posture, 35(3), 405-409.
Zhang, X., Li, B., Hu, K., Wan, Q., Ding, Y., & Vanwanseele, B. (2017). Adding an arch support to a heel lift improves stability and comfort during gait. Gait & Posture, 58, 94-97.