簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 張皓
Chang, Hao
論文名稱: 視覺訊息與訊息框架對知覺價值與購買意願之研究
A Study on the Relationships among Visual Information, Message Framing, Perceived Value and Purchase Intention
指導教授: 孫瑜華
Sun, Yu-Hua
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 運動休閒與餐旅管理研究所
Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 89
中文關鍵詞: 成人學習成人學習動機烘焙課程廣告
英文關鍵詞: adult learner, adult learning motivation, baking course advertisement
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202203704
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:152下載:29
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 在經濟部統計處 (2015) 的統計資料則指出,2013 年餐旅就業人口共有 775,000 人,僅次於製造營造與批發零售業。而其中,由於北部在職婦女及上班族的比例比其他地區較高,因此北部的餐飲業者較多。許多成人也在面臨二度就業的問題時,傾向於挑選餐飲業為再次出發的起點,餐飲補習中的烘焙課程需求倍增。在選擇課程時,成人學習者會接收到各種不同形式、不同訴求的產品訊息,設計可吸引消費者、影響消費者決策的「正確訊息」便是現今受到極度重視的課題。本研究使用實驗設計之因子設計,操弄視覺訊息與訊息框架這兩個實驗變項,視覺訊息分為體驗圖片與成品圖片;訊息框架分為正向框架與負向框架,故本研究採 2×2 的實驗矩陣,亦即有 4 個實驗組,隨機分派受試對象至其中任一個實驗組別中進行操弄。本研究結果顯示:一、課程廣告中不同的視覺訊息與訊息框架設計顯著影響消費者的知覺價值與購買意願,視覺訊息中的烘焙成品照片與訊息框架中的負向訊息皆能有效提高知覺價值,進而影響購買意願;二、知覺價值於視覺訊息、訊息框架與購買意願中有完全中介的效果;三、成人學習動機無調節效果。本研究期能協助成人烘焙課程經營者了解成人學習者的期望與需求,掌握烘焙課程廣告的設計策略,吸引更多成人學習者參與課程,達到雙贏的局面。

    Advertisement effect has been an issue of great concern to marketers. Therefore, designing a message that can enhance consumers’ perceived value and purchase intention is an important task. Recent studies suggests that visaul information and message framing may influence consumers’ decision. However, this seems to be an issue rarely investigated in course advertisement studies. This between-subjects experiment tested the effects of visaul information and message framing in baking course advertisements and the mediating role of consumers’ perceived value. In total, 400 questionnaires are collected, of which 49 are invalid, and 351 are valid. The results showed that different visaul informations and framed messages would have influence consumers’ perceived value and purchase intention. The results indicated a baking product photo was more persuasive than a product in action photo while a negative frame was more persuasive than a positive one on consumers’ purchase intention. The relationship among visaul information, message framing and purchase intention is completely mediated by consumers’ perceived value. According to the results above, we suggest marketers use baking product photos and negative framing messages that not only enhance the effect of advertisements, but also increase consumers’ perceived value and purchase intention.

    中文摘要 i 英文摘要 ii 謝誌 iii 目次 iv 表次 vi 圖次 viii 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的 3 第三節 研究流程 4 第四節 名詞釋義 7 第貳章 文獻回顧 9 第一節 視覺訊息與知覺價值及購買意願 9 第二節 訊息框架與知覺價值及購買意願 14 第三節 知覺價值及其中介影響 19 第四節 購買意願 25 第五節 成人學習動機及其調節效果 27 第參章 研究方法 32 第一節 研究架構 32 第二節 研究設計 33 第三節 資料分析方法 45 第肆章 研究結果 47 第一節 描述性統計分析 47 第二節 實驗操弄檢驗分析 50 第三節 信效度分析 52 第四節 皮爾森積差相關分析 57 第五節 假設驗證 60 第六節 研究假設檢定成果 70 第伍章 研究結果 71 第一節 討論與結論 71 第二節 研究限制 76 第三節 研究建議 76 參考文獻 79

    大紀元 (2009,2月18日)。有助就業課程,補習者暴增。大紀元。取自http://www.epochtimes.com/b5/9/2/18/n2433441.htm
    李斌 (2004)。我國成人學習動機研究綜述。成人教育,2004/09 (212),20-22。
    吳雪萍、張桂蓮 (2008)。成人學習動機探究。職教通訊:江蘇技術師範學院學報,23(3),38-41。
    汪志堅、楊運秀、李明倩 (2013)。拒菸廣告的恐懼訴求對年輕族群的說服效果:調控焦點與訊息框架之影響。臺灣公共衛生雜誌,32 (1),62-74。
    林廷宜、向文君 (2013)。公車路線圖再設計之前導分析。文化創意產業研究學報,3 (2),73-79。
    林品章 (1996)。商業設計:理論、基礎、實務。臺北市:藝術家出版。
    林陽助、陳郡怡 (2006)。贈品-主産品配適度對消費者的知覺價值購買意圖影響之研究。交大管理學報,26 (2),123-154。
    凌儀玲、劉宜芬 (2008)。廣告訊息之理解與說服效果:捷思式-系統式訊息處理觀點。管理學報,25 (5),487-503。
    教育部統計處 (2015)。一般社區大學校數、學員數與經費收支統計(87~103年度)。取自http://www.edu.tw/pages/detail.aspx?Node=4075&Page=20046&Index=5&WID=31d75a44-efff-4c44-a075-15a9eb7aecdf
    許士軍 (1987)。管理學。臺北市:東華書局。
    張美瑤、張景棠、李佩勳 (2011)。觀光休閒相關科系進修部學生學習動機,學習滿意度之相關研究-以高雄地區大學院校在職專班為例。運動健康與休閒學刊,(19),85-98。
    張興紅 (2006)。動機歸因理論在成人學習中的應用。社會心理科學,21(1),67-70。
    張書豪 (2010)。網站視覺與產品資訊設計對消費者情緒與反應之影響研究。創新與管理,7(2),91-110。
    張曉煜 (2010)。電力行業函授學員學習動機探析。中國電力教育,2010 (3),60-62。
    黃翎翔 (2015,3月3日)。手作熱潮,名師烘焙課場場爆滿。蘋果副刊。取自http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/supplement/20140303/35674601/
    陳啟明、邱政鋒 (2009)。成人參與高等回流教育學習動機之量表建構與現況之研究。國立虎尾科技大學學報,28 (3),93-110。
    勞動部 (2015)。餐飲業。取自http://www.mol.gov.tw/cht/index.php?code=list&ids=623
    經濟部統計處 (2015)。臺灣地區中小企業就業人數(2014/6/10)。取自https://www.moea.gov.tw/Mns/dos/content/ContentLink.aspx?menu_id=9114
    蔣志偉 (2015,9月22日)。搶兩百億商機!企業砸千萬開精緻麵包店。TVBS。取自http://news.tvbs.com.tw/life/618249。
    練乃華、留淑芳 (2003)。廣告圖片效果態度中介模式之研究。管理評論,22 (4),35-55。
    櫻田潤 (2014)。不懂設計,也能做出令人驚豔的資訊圖表。臺北市:聯經。
    Ashton, A. S., Scott, N., Solnet, D., & Breakey, N. (2010). Hotel restaurant dining: The relationship between perceived value and intention to purchase. Tourism & Hospitality Research, 10(3), 206-218. doi: 10.1057/thr.2010.5
    Bettman, J. R., & Sujan, M. (1987). Effects of Framing on Evaluation of Comparable and Noncomparable Alternatives by Expert and Novice Consumers. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(2), 141-154.
    Bolton, R. N., & Drew, J. H. (1991). A Multistage Model of Customers' Assessments of Service Quality and Value. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 375-384.
    Boonme, K., Hanus, B., Prybutok, V. R., Peak, D. A., & Ryan, C. (2014). Visual information influences consumer fast-food choices. Nutrition & Food Science, 44(4), 279-293. doi: 10.1108/NFS-03-2013-0036
    Brady, M. K., & Robertson, C. J. (1999). An exploratory study of service value in the USA and Ecuador. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 10(5), 469-486. doi: doi:10.1108/09564239910289003
    Burgess, P. (1971). Reasons for adult participation in group educational activities. Adult Education Quarterly, 22(1), 3-29.
    Caligiore, D., Mustile, M., Cipriani, D., Redgrave, P., Triesch, J., De Marsico, M., & Baldassarre, G. (2015). Intrinsic Motivations Drive Learning of Eye Movements: An Experiment with Human Adults. PLoS ONE, 10(3), 1-15. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118705
    Chang, C.-C. (2008). Ad framing effects for consumption products: An affect priming process. Psychology & Marketing, 25(1), 24-46.
    Chang, H.-H., & Chen, S.-W. (2008). The impact of online store environment cues on purchase intention: Trust and perceived risk as a mediator. Online Information Review, 32(6), 818-841.
    Charungkaittikul, S., & Henschke, J. A. (2014). Strategies for Developing a Sustainable Learning Society: An Analysis of Lifelong Learning in Thailand. International Review of Education, 60(4), 499-522.
    Chen, Y.-S., & Chang, C.-H. (2012). Enhance green purchase intentionsThe roles of green perceived value, green perceived risk, and green trust. Management Decision, 50(3), 502-520. doi: 10.1108/00251741211216250
    Cravens, D. W., Holland, C. W., Lamb, C. W. J., & Moncrieff, W. C. (1988). Marketing’s Role in Product and Service Quality. Industrial Marketing Management, 17, 285-304.
    Cronin, J. J., Brady, M. K., Brand, R. R., Jr, R. H., & Shemwell, D. J. (1997). A cross‐sectional test of the effect and conceptualization of service value. Journal of Services Marketing, 11(6), 375-391. doi: doi:10.1108/08876049710187482
    Cronin Jr, J. J., Brady, M. K., & Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the Effects of Quality, Value, and Customer Satisfaction on Consumer Behavioral Intentions in Service Environments. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 193.
    Dodds, W. B., & Monroe, K. B. (1985). The Effect of Brand and Price Information on Subjective Product Evalutions. Advances in Consumer Research, 12(1), 85-90.
    Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. (1991). Effects of Price, Brand, and Store Information on Buyers' Product Evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 307-319.
    Edell, J. A., & Staelin, R. (1983). The Information Processing of Pictures in Print Advertisements. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(1), 45-61.
    Edwards, A., Elwyn, G., Covey, J., Matthews, E., & Pill, R. (2001). Presenting Risk Information A Review of the Effects of Framing and other Manipulations on Patient Outcomes. Journal of Health Communication, 6(1), 61-82. doi: 10.1080/10810730150501413
    Eggert, A., & Ulaga, W. (2002). Customer perceived value: a substitute for satisfaction in business markets? Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 17(2/3), 107-118. doi: doi:10.1108/08858620210419754
    Eid, R. (2015). Integrating Muslim Customer Perceived Value, Satisfaction, Loyalty and Retention in the Tourism Industry: An empirical study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 249-260. doi: 10.1002/jtr.1982
    Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1981). Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology, 32(1), 53-88.
    Finn, A. (1988). Print Ad Recognition Readership Scores: An Information Processing Perspective. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(2), 168-177.
    Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.
    Gamliel, E. (2010). Message framing of products causes a preference shift in consumers' choices. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 9(4), 303-315. doi: 10.1002/cb.319
    Gamliel, E., & Kreiner, H. (2013). Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? The Interaction of Visual Display and Attribute Representation in Attenuating Framing Bias. Judgment and Decision Making, 8(4), 482-491. doi: http://journal.sjdm.org
    Gonzalez, C., Dana, J., Koshino, H., & Just, M. (2005). The Framing Effect and Risky Decisions: Examining Cognitive Functions with fMRI. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26(1), 1-20. doi: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01674870
    Gounaris, S. P., Tzempelikos, N. P., & Chatzipanagiotou, K. (2007). The Relationships of Customer-Perceived Value, Satisfaction, Loyalty and Behavioral Intentions. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 6(1), 63-87. doi: 10.1300/J366v06n01_05
    Hamid, A. R. (2014). A Study on the Relationship between Consumer Attitude, Perceived Value and Green Products. Iranian Journal of Management Sciences: a Quarterly, 7(2), 315-328.
    Hetherington, M. J., & MacDougall, D. B. (1991). Visual and instrumental attribute models of fruit juices and milk. Food Quality and Preference, 3(3), 165-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-3293(91)90053-H
    Hill, D. (2003). Tell me no lies: Using science to connect with consumers. Journal of Interactive Marketing (John Wiley & Sons), 17(4), 61-72. doi: 10.1002/dir.10068
    Hoch, S. J., & Ha, Y.-W. (1986). Consumer Learning: Advertising and the Ambiguity of Product Experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(2), 221-233.
    Holbrook, M. B. (1999). Introduction to consumer value. In M. B. Holbrook (Eds.), Consumer value: A framework for analysis and research (pp. 1-28). New York, NY: Routledge.
    Holbrook, M. B., & Moore, W. L. (1981). Feature Interactions in Consumer Judgments of Verbal Versus Pictorial Presentations. Journal of Consumer Research, 8(1), 103-113.
    Houle, C. O. (1961). The inquiring mind. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
    Houston, M. J., Childers, T. L., & Heckler, S. E. (1987). Picture-Word Consistency and Elaborative Processing of Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(4), 359-369.
    Imram, N. (1999). The role of visual cues in consumer perception and acceptance of a food product. Nutrition & Food Science, 99(5), 224-230. doi: 10.1108/00346659910277650
    International Association of Educating Cities (2016). Member Cities. Retrieved from http://www.edcities.org/en/list-of-member-cities/
    Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-291. doi: 10.2307/1914185
    Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2000). Choices, values, and frames. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Kao, D. T., Chuang, S.-C., Wang, S.-M., & Zhang, L. (2013). Message Framing in Social Networking Sites. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 16(10), 753-760. doi: 10.1089/cyber.2011.0605
    Kardes, F. R., Posavac, S. S., & Cronley, M. L. (2004). Consumer Inference: A Review of Processes, Bases, and Judgment Contexts. Journal of Consumer Psychology (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 14(3), 230-256.
    Kazuya, S., Naomi, I., & Hiroko, S. (2004). Handling evaluated by visual information to consider web-consumers. International Journal of Clothing Science & Technology, 16(1/2), 153-162.
    Kempf, D. S., & Smith, R. E. (1998). Consumer Processing of Product Trial and the Influence of Prior Advertising: A Structural Modeling Approach. Journal of Marketing Research, 35(3), 325-338.
    Kim, K., & Park, J. S. (2010). Message framing and the effectiveness of DTC advertising: The moderating role of subjective product knowledge. Journal of Medical Marketing, 10(2), 165-176. doi: 10.1057/jmm.2010.4
    Kim, M., Kim, J.-H., & Lennon, S. J. (2006). Online service attributes available on apparel retail web sites: an E-S-QUAL approach. Managing Service Quality, 16(1), 51-77.
    Kim, M., & Lennon, S. (2008). The effects of visual and verbal information on attitudes and purchase intentions in internet shopping. Psychology & Marketing, 25(2), 146-178.
    Kim, S.-B., & Kim, D.-Y. (2014). The Effects of Message Framing and Source Credibility on Green Messages in Hotels. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 55(1), 64-75. doi: 10.1177/1938965513503400
    Kroeber-Riel, W. (1984). Effects of Emotional Pictorial Elements in Ads Analyzed By Means of Eye Movement Monitoring. Advances in Consumer Research, 11(1), 591-596.
    Kumar, A. (2000). Interference Effects of Contextual Cues in Advertisements on Memory for Ad Content. Journal of Consumer Psychology (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), 9(3), 155-166.
    Lee, S., & Oh, H. (2014). Effective Communication Strategies for Hotel Guests’ Green Behavior. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 55(1), 52-63. doi: 10.1177/1938965513504029
    Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All Frames Are Not Created Equal: A Typology and Critical Analysis of Framing Effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149-188. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2804
    Lin, T. M. Y., Lu, K. Y., & Wu, J. J. (2012). The effects of visual information in eWOM communication. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 6(1), 7-26. doi: doi:10.1108/17505931211241341
    Loroz, P. S. (2007). The interaction of message frames and reference points in prosocial persuasive appeals. Psychology & Marketing, 24(11), 1001-1023.
    Lurie, N. H., & Mason, C. H. (2007). Visual Representation: Implications for Decision Making. Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 160-177. doi: 10.1509/jmkg.71.1.160
    Lutz, K. A., & Lutz, R. J. (1977). Effects of Interactive Imagery on Learning: Application to Advertising. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(4), 493-498.
    Mandel, N., & Johnson, E. J. (2002). When Web Pages Influence Choice: Effects of Visual Primes on Experts and Novices. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(2), 235-245.
    McKay-Nesbitt, J., Manchanda, R. V., Smith, M. C., & Huhmann, B. A. (2011). Effects of age, need for cognition, and affective intensity on advertising effectiveness. Journal of Business Research, 64(1), 12-17. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.09.013
    Miniard, P. W., Bhatla, S., Lord, K. R., Dickson, P. R., & Unnava, H. R. (1991). Picture-based Persuasion Processes and the Moderating Role of Involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 18(1), 92-107.
    Mitchell, A. A. (1986). The Effect of Verbal and Visual Components of Advertisements on Brand Attitudes and Attitude Toward the Advertisement. Journal of Consumer Research, 13(1), 12-24.
    Mitchell, A. A., & Olson, J. C. (1981). Are Product Attribute Beliefs the Only Mediator of Advertising Effects on Brand Attitude? Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 318-332.
    Monroe, K. B. (1990). Pricing: Making profitable decisions. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
    Morar, D. D. (2013). An overview of the consumer value literature - perceived value, desired value. Proceedings of the International Conference Marketing - from Information to Decision, 6, 169-186.
    Morstain, B. R., & Smart, J. C. (1974). Reasons for Participation in Adult Education Courses: a Multivariate Analysis of Group Differences. Adult Education Quarterly, 24(2), 83-98. doi: 10.1177/074171367402400201
    Morwitz, V. G., & Schmittlein, D. (1992). Using Segmentation to Improve Sales Forecasts Based on Purchase Intent: Which "Intenders" Actually Buy? Journal of Marketing Research, 29(4), 391-405.
    O'Keefe, D. J., & Jensen, J. D. (2008). Do Loss-Framed Persuasive Messages Engender Greater Message Processing Than Do Gain-Framed Messages? A Meta-Analytic Review. Communication Studies, 59(1), 51-67. doi: 10.1080/10510970701849388
    Paivio, A. (1990). Mental representations. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
    Parasuraman, A., & Grewal, D. (2000). The Impact of Technology on the Quality-Value-Loyalty Chain: A Research Agenda. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(1), 168.
    Patterson, P. G., & Spreng, R. A. (1997). Modelling the relationship between perceived value, satisfaction and repurchase intentions in a business‐to‐business, services context: an empirical examination. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 8(5), 414-434. doi: doi:10.1108/09564239710189835
    Petrick, J. F. (2003). Measuring cruise passengers' perceived value. Tourism Analysis, 7(3-4), 251-258.
    Ravald, A., & Grönroos, C. (1996). The value concept and relationship marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 30(2), 19-30.
    Rothman, A. J., Bartels, R. D., Wlaschin, J., & Salovey, P. (2006). The Strategic Use of Gain- and Loss-Framed Messages to Promote Healthy Behavior: How Theory Can Inform Practice. Journal of Communication, 56, S202-S220. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00290.x
    Rothman, A. J., Salovey, P., Antone, C., Keough, K., & Martin, C. D. (1993). The Influence of Message Framing on Intentions to Perform Health Behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 29(5), 408-433. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1993.1019
    Schiffman, L. G., & Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    Schmitt, B., & Zarantonello, L. (2013). Consumer Experience and Experiential Marketing: A Critical Review. In N. K. Malhotra (Eds.), Review of Marketing Research (pp. 25-61). Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S1548-6435(2013) 0000010006
    Sheth, J., Newman, B., & Gross, B. (1991). Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values. Journal of Business Research, 22(2), 159-170.
    Smith, G. E. (1996). Framing in advertising and the moderating impact of consumer education. Journal of Advertising Research, 36(5), 49-64.
    Snoj, B., Korda, A. P., & Mumel, D. (2004). The relationships among perceived quality, perceived risk and perceived product value. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 13(3), 156-167. doi: 10.1108/10610420410538050
    Sweeney, J. C., & Soutar, G. N. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 203-220.
    Sweeney, J. C., Soutar, G. N., & Johnson, L. W. (1999). The Role of Perceived Risk in the Quality-Value Relationship: A Study in a Retail Environment. Journal of Retailing, 75(1), 77-105.
    Swinyard, W. R. (1993). The Effects of Mood, Involvement, and Quality of Store Experience on Shopping Intentions. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(2), 271-280.
    Tam, J. L. M. (2004). Customer Satisfaction, Service Quality and Perceived Value: An Integrative Model. Journal of Marketing Management, 20(7/8), 897-917.
    Then, N. K., & DeLong, M. R. (1999). Apparel shopping on the Web. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 91(3), 65-68.
    Tu, J.-C., Kao, T.-F., & Tu, Y.-C. (2013). Influences of framing effect and green message on advertising effect. Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal, 41(7), 1083-1098. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2013.41.7.1083
    Ulaga, W., & Chacour, S. (2001). Measuring Customer-Perceived Value in Business Markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 30(6), 525-540.
    Unnava, H. R., & Burnkrant, R. E. (1991). An Imagery-Processing View of the Role of Pictures in Print Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research (JMR), 28(2), 226-231.
    Wang, Y.-H., & Tsai, C.-F. (2014). The Relationship between Brand Image and Purchase Intention: Evidence from Award Winning Mutual Funds. International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 8(2), 27-40. doi: http://www.theibfr.com/ijbfrsample.htm
    Woodruff, R. B., & Gardial, S. (1996). Know your customer: New approaches to understanding customer value and satisfaction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publications.
    Wu, C.-S., & Cheng, F.-F. (2011). The joint effect of framing and anchoring on internet buyers’ decision-making. Electronic Commerce Research & Applications, 10(3), 358-368. doi: 10.1016/j.elerap.2011.01.002
    Xue, Z., Zeng, X., Koehl, L., & Chen, Y. (2014). Extracting fabric hand information from visual representations of flared skirts. Textile Research Journal, 84(3), 246-266. doi: 10.1177/0040517513485622
    Yan, C., Dillard, J. P., & Shen, F. (2010). The Effects of Mood, Message Framing, and Behavioral Advocacy on Persuasion. Journal of Communication, 60(2), 344-363. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01485.x
    Yang, Y., Liu, X., Jing, F., & Li, J. (2014). How does perceived value affect travelers' satisfaction and loyalty? Social Behavior & Personality: an international journal, 42(10), 1733-1744. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2014.42.10.1733
    Zeithaml, V. A. (1988). Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2-22.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE