本研究旨在探討同志基督徒基督教與同志社區認同感、信仰世代、內在宗教性、基本心理需求與憂鬱的一個調節中介模型，瞭解基督教社區認同感、同志社區認同感與憂鬱的關係是否受到基本心理需求所中介，及基本心理需求對基督教社區認同感、同志社區認同感與憂鬱的中介關係是否受信仰世代、內在宗教性所調節。本研究以臺灣同志基督徒為研究對象，有效樣本共355人，年齡平均數與標準差分別為30.04和8.45，受試者中雙性戀者占比最多（28.2%），接續則為女同性戀（27.6%）、男同性戀（26.5%）、其他（4.2%）、酷兒／疑性戀（3.9%）、無性戀（3.1%）、泛性戀（3.1%）與跨性別異性戀（3.4%）。研究工具包含社區認同感指數（第二版）、霍格內在宗教性量表、流行病學研究中心憂鬱量表、基本心理需求量表和基本資料表。研究資料以描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關及結構方程模型進行統計分析。
主要研究結果如下：（1）歸屬和能力需求在基督教社區認同感與憂鬱之間有完全中介效果，歸屬需求在同志社區認同感與憂鬱之間有部分中介效果；（2）信仰世代為第一代的同志基督徒，歸屬需求在基督教社區認同感與憂鬱之間有完全中介效果；信仰世代為第二代或以上的基督徒，自主和能力需求在基督教社區認同感與憂鬱之間有完全中介效果，歸屬面向則在同志社區認同感與憂鬱之間有部分中介效果；（3）高內在宗教性者的歸屬需求在基督教社區認同感與憂鬱之間有完全中介效果，也在同志社區認同感與憂鬱之間有部分中介效果。
奠基以上研究結果，本研究提出未來研究建議，及就教會群體、同志群體與諮商心理師、輔導老師提出實務工作建議。

This study aims to explore a moderated mediation model involving LGBTQ Christians' sense of community in Christian and LGBTQ communities, faith generation, intrinsic religiosity, basic psychological needs, and depression. It examines whether the relationship between sense of community in Christian and LGBTQ communities and depression is mediated by basic psychological needs and whether the mediation effect is moderated by faith generation and intrinsic religiosity. The participants were LGBTQ Christians in Taiwan, with a total of 355 valid samples. The average age was 30.04 years (SD = 8.45). The largest subgroup identified as bisexual (28.2%), followed by lesbian (27.6%), gay (26.5%), other (4.2%), queer/questioning (3.9%), asexual (3.1%), pansexual (3.1%), and transgender heterosexual (3.4%). The research instruments included the Sense of Community Index (Second Edition), the Hoge Intrinsic Religiosity Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Basic Psychological Needs Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, one-way MANOVA, Pearson’s correlation, and structural equation modeling.
Main findings are as follows: (1) Belonging and competence needs fully mediated the relationship between sense of community in the Christian community and depression, and belonging needs partially mediated the relationship between sense of community in the LGBTQ community and depression. (2) For LGBTQ Christians who are first-generation believers, belonging needs fully mediated the relationship between sense of community in the Christian community and depression. For second-generation believers or beyond, autonomy and competence needs fully mediated the relationship between sense of community in the Christian community and depression, while the belonging needs partially mediated the relationship between sense of community in the LGBTQ community and depression. (3) Among individuals with high intrinsic religiosity, belonging needs fully mediated the relationship between sense of community in the Christian community and depression, and partially mediated the relationship between sense of community in the LGBTQ community and depression.
Based on these findings, the study offers recommendations for future research, as well as practical suggestions for church communities, LGBTQ groups, and counseling psychologists and school counselors.

女人迷（2018）：〈2018年度性別報告：同志權益與行動〉。性別力。https://womany.net/gia/2018/lgbtq
中華民國內政部（2013）：〈宗教教務概況〉。歷史內政部統計年報。https://ws.moi.gov.tw/001/Upload/400/relfile/0/4405/bbe97e0f-76af-43ab-8071-a542c0d01059/year.html
中華基督教福音協進會（2022）：〈2022年臺灣基督教教會普查報告〉。中華基督教福音協進會教勢報告。https://trends.ccea.org.tw/
行政院（2023）：《我國多元性別（LGBTI）者生活狀況調查》（計畫編號：AP010001）。原始數據，中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。https://gec.ey.gov.tw/Page/A741C28EBA3EBEA9/89136e15-a948-4f86-9184-b07824ea7daa
李昕叡（2023）：《美國同志基督徒棄教與心理健康之探究》（未出版碩士論文），國立臺灣大學。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202301479
李溫平、郭菲、陳祉妍（2019）：〈社會支持對青少年親社會行為的影響：鏈式中介模型〉。《中國臨床心理學雜志》，27（4），817–821。https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2019.04.037
美國在臺協會（2023年6月8日）：〈2022年國際宗教自由報告──臺灣部分〉。https://www.ait.org.tw/zhtw/zhtw-2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom-taiwan
唐正儀（2017）：《對同性戀者的內隱、外顯態度與支持婚姻平權之關聯：宗教信仰的調節效果》（未出版碩士論文），國立臺灣大學。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201704000
唐正儀、張仁和（2021）：〈宗教信仰對同性戀內隱與外顯態度在同性婚姻的影響：來自臺灣IAT資料庫之分析〉。《教育心理學報》，53，151–172。 https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.202109_53(1).0007
章英華（2016）：《臺灣社會變遷基本調查計畫2012第六期第三次：性別組》（計畫編號：C00223_2）。原始數據，中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心調查研究專題中心學術調查研究資料庫。https://doi.org/10.6141/TW-SRDA-C00223_2-1
郭盛偉（2017）：《同志在宗教信仰中的自我認同歷程：以基督教徒與佛教徒為例》（未出版碩士論文），國立臺灣大學。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201702389
黃傑、朱丹、周麗敏、劉望（2022）：〈核心自我評價的代際傳遞：父母支持和子女基本心理需要滿足的鏈式中介作用〉。《心理與行為研究》，20（4），515–521。https://doi.org/10.12139/j.1672-0628.2022.04.012
楊喬羽（2016）：《家庭接納對成年期同性戀及雙性戀者的健康之影響》（未出版碩士論文），國立臺灣大學。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201602767
楊蕙瑜（2024）：《從少數族群壓力看基督教性少數族群身分因應與健康》（未出版碩士論文），國立臺灣大學。https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202404097
劉品瑛（2022）：《教會反同／愛家運動中女同志基督徒的經驗探究》（未出版碩士論文），國立高雄師範大學。
蔡雨澤、方嘉琦（2024）：〈臺灣校園多元性別族群學生遭遇恐同經驗之探究〉。《本土諮商心理學學刊》，15（1），210–259。
鮑順聰（2006）：《老子生活態度量表的編製及其與憂鬱、平安之關係》（未出版碩士論文），國立臺灣師範大學。
Abfalter, D., Zaglia, M. E., & Mueller, J. (2012). Sense of virtual community: A follow up on its measurement. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 400–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.010
Addis, S., Davies, M., Greene, G., MacBride-Stewart, S., & Shepherd, M. (2009). The health, social care and housing needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older people: A review of the literature. Health & Social Care in the Community, 17(6), 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00866.x
Allport, G. W., & Ross, J. M. (1967). Personal religious orientation and prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5(4), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0021212
Anderssen, N., Sivertsen, B., Lønning, K. J., & Malterud, K. (2020). Life satisfaction and mental health among transgender students in Norway. BMC Public Health, 20(1), Article 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8228-5
Argyriou, A., Goldsmith, K. A., & Rimes, K. A. (2021). Mediators of the disparities in depression between sexual minority and heterosexual individuals: A systematic review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(3), 925–959.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01862-0
Averett, P., Robinson, A., Jenkins, C., & Yoon, I. (2014). “I want to know more about who we are”: New directions for research with older lesbians. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 57(2–4), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2013.860651
Baiocco, R., Scandurra, C., Rosati, F., Pistella, J., Ioverno, S., Bochicchio, V., Wang, H.-C., & Chang, T.-S. (2023). Minority stress, resilience, and health in Italian and Taiwanese LGB+ people: A cross-cultural comparison. Current Psychology, 42(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01387-2
Balsam, K. F., & Mohr, J. J. (2007). Adaptation to sexual orientation stigma: A comparison of bisexual and lesbian/gay adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(3), 306–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.54.3.306
Balsam, K. F., Molina, Y., Beadnell, B., Simoni, J., & Walters, K. (2011). Measuring multiple minority stress: The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17(2), 163–174. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023244
Barnes, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Religious affiliation, internalized homophobia, and mental health in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(4), 505–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01185.x
Barton, B. (2010). “Abomination”—life as a Bible Belt gay. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(4), 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918361003608558
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. Hoeber.
Bishop, P. D., Chertok, F., & Jason, L. A. (1997). Measuring sense of community: Beyond local boundaries. Journal of Primary Prevention, 18(2), 193–212. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024690424655
Boppana, S., & Gross, A. M. (2019). The impact of religiosity on the psychological well-being of LGBT Christians. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 23(4), 412–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2019.1645072
Bradford, J., Ryan, C., & Rothblum, E. D. (1994). National Lesbian Health Care Survey: Implications for mental health care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62(2), 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.62.2.228
Brewer, G., Robinson, S., Sumra, A., Tatsi, E., & Gire, N. (2015). The influence of religious coping and religious social support on health behaviour, health status and health attitudes in a British Christian sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 54(6), 2225–2234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9966-4
Brown, D. R., Gary, L. E., Greene, A. D., & Milburn, N. G. (1992). Patterns of social affiliation as predictors of depressive symptoms among urban blacks. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(3), 242–253.
Burgess, D., Lee, R., Tran, A., & Van Ryn, M. (2007). Effects of perceived discrimination on mental health and mental health services utilization among gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15574090802226626
Centers, K. T. (2019). An exploration of the relationships between sense of community, park benefits, and neighborhood park use [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Old Dominion University.
Chae, D. H., Krieger, N., Bennett, G. G., Lindsey, J. C., Stoddard, A. M., & Barbeau, E. M. (2010). Implications of discrimination based on sexuality, gender, and race/ethnicity for psychological distress among working-class sexual minorities: The United for Health Study, 2003–2004. International Journal of Health Services, 40(4), 589–608. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.40.4.b
Chang, C.-C., Lu, H.-Y., Chang, Y.-P., Tsai, C.-S., & Yen, C.-F. (2022). Perceived attitudes of family and peers toward same-sex marriage as a distal sexual minority stressor for gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 22(1), Article 2143. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14604-9
Chao, H.-K. (2006). Conversion to Protestantism among urban immigrants in Taiwan. Sociology of Religion, 67(2), 193–204.
Chavis, D. M., Hogge, J. H., McMillan, D. W., & Wandersman, A. (1986). Sense of community through Brunswik’s lens: A first look. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 24–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<24::AID-JCOP2290140104>3.0.CO;2-P
Chavis, D. M., Lee, K. S., & Acosta, J. D. (2008, June 4). The sense of community (SCI) revised: The reliability and validity of the SCI-2 [Paper presentation]. 2nd International Community Psychology Conference, Lisboa, Portugal.
Chen, I.-C. (2013). Loneliness of homosexual male students: Parental bonding attitude as a moderating factor. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 16(e71), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2013.55
Chen, J. C.-Y., Chiu, M. Y. L., Chang, C.-W., & Carson, J. (2023). The mediating role of flourishing on religious faith and psychological distress: A pilot survey. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 26(10), 1021–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2023.2297082
Chen, J.-S., Huang, Y.-T., Lin, C.-Y., Yen, C.-F., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021). Relationships of sexual orientation microaggression with anxiety and depression among lesbian, gay, and bisexual Taiwanese youth: Self-identity disturbance mediates but gender does not moderate the relationships. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), Article 12981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412981
Chen, N., & Chen, H.-C. (2021). Religion, marriage and happiness – Evidence from Taiwan. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 16(1), 259–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-019-09765-6
Chen, Y., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2018). Associations of religious upbringing with subsequent health and well-being from adolescence to young adulthood: An outcome-wide analysis. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187(11), 2355–2364. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwy142
Cheung, C. K., & Bagley, C. (1998). Validating an American scale in Hong Kong: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The Journal of Psychology, 132(2), 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599157
Chien, C. P., & Cheng, T. A. (1985). Depression in Taiwan: Epidemiological survey utilizing CES-D. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi=Psychiatria et Neurologia Japonica, 87(5), 335–338.
Chipuer, H. M., & Pretty, G. M. H. (1999). A review of the Sense of Community Index: Current uses, factor structure, reliability, and further development. Journal of Community Psychology, 27(6), 643–658. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)15206629(199911)27:6<643::AID-JCOP2>3.0.CO;2-B
Chou, W.-P., Lin, C.-H., Yang, Y.-H., Chen, S.-L., & Yen, C.-F. (2022). Effects of harassment on psychological inflexibility/experiential avoidance among Taiwanese emergent adult gay and bisexual men. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 121(7), 1302–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2021.09.014
Chuang, D.-M., Newman, P. A., Fang, L., & Lai, M.-C. (2021). Syndemic conditions, sexual risk behavior, and HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Taiwan. AIDS and Behavior, 25(11), 3503–3518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03269-x
Chuang, D.-M., Newman, P. A., Fang, L., & Lai, M.-C. (2022). Familism and HIV risk among men who have sex with men in Taiwan: The mediating roles of stressful life events and coping strategies. AIDS Education and Prevention, 34(1), Article 1-S2. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2022.34.1.1
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38(5), 300–314. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000). Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the US population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(5), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010238
Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.71.1.53
Conron, K. J., Goldberg, S. K., & O’Neill, K. K. (2020, October). Religiosity among LGBT adults in the US. UCLA School of Law Williams Institute. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/lgbt-religiosity-us/
Cope, M. R., Ward, C., Jackson, J. E., Muirbrook, K. A., & Andre, A. N. (2020). Taking another look at the Sense of Community Index: Six confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Community Psychology, 48(5), 1410–1423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22335
Correro, A. N., & Nielson, K. A. (2020). A review of minority stress as a risk factor for cognitive decline in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) elders. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 24(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2019.1644570
Craig, S. L., Austin, A., Rashidi, M., & Adams, M. (2017). Fighting for survival: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning students in religious colleges and universities. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 29(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2016.1260512
Cui, Y., Gjerde, M., & Marques, B. (2023). Encouraging sense of community in Aotearoa New Zealand: Exploring the role of community participation in public open space planning. Cities & Health, 8(4), 566–575. https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2023.2230619
Dahl, A., & Galliher, R. (2010). Sexual minority young adult religiosity, sexual orientation conflict, self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 14(4), 271–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2010.507413
Dahl, A., & Galliher, R. V. (2012). The interplay of sexual and religious identity development in LGBTQ adolescents and young adults: A qualitative inquiry. Identity, 12(3), 217–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2012.691255
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
Detrie, P. M., & Lease, S. H. (2007). The relation of social support, connectedness, and collective self-esteem to the psychological well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 53(4), 173–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360802103449
Devins, G. M., Orme, C. M., Costello, C. G., Binik, Y. M., Frizzell, B., Stam, H. J., & Pullin, W. M. (1988). Measuring depressive symptoms in illness populations: Psychometric properties of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Psychology & Health, 2(2), 139–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870448808400349
Ditchman, N., Chan, F., Haak, C., & Easton, A. B. (2017). Factors impacting sense of community among adults with brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 62(2), 130–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000139
Donahoo, S., & Caffey, R. A. (2010). A sense of home: The impact of church participation on African American college students. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 19(1), 79–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656211003630471
Doolittle, R. J., & Macdonald, D. (1978). Communication and a sense of community in a metropolitan neighborhood: A factor analytic examination. Communication Quarterly, 26(3), 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463377809369297
Du, J., & He, Y. (n.d.). Sense of Community Index 2 (SCI-2, Chinese version). Unpublished instrument, retrieved via personal communication.
Dyer, W. J., & Erickson, J. J. (2023). Mental health at religious and non-religious universities: Examining the role of student religiousness and sexual/gender minority identity. Journal of Affective Disorders, 342, 182–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.011
Ellison, C. G. (1991). Religious involvement and subjective well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 32(1), 80–99.
Ellison, C. G. (1995). Race, religious involvement and depressive symptomatology in a southeastern US community. Social Science & Medicine, 40(11), 1561–1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)00273-v
Ellison, C. G., Boardman, J. D., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Religious involvement, stress, and mental health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study. Social Forces, 80(1), 215–249. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0063
Ellison, C. G., & Lee, J. (2010). Spiritual struggles and psychological distress: Is there a dark side of religion? Social Indicators Research, 98(3), 501–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9553-3
Exline, J. J., Yali, A. M., & Sanderson, W. C. (2000). Guilt, discord, and alienation: The role of religious strain in depression and suicidality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(12), 1481–1496. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(200012)56:12<1481::AID-1>3.0.CO;2-A
Fairley, S., & Tyler, B. D. (2012). Bringing baseball to the big screen: Building sense of community outside of the ballpark. Journal of Sport Management, 26(3), 258–270. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.3.258
Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. L. (2010). Identity, minority stress and psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians. Psychology and Sexuality, 1(2), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2010.484592
Flaherty, J., Zwick, R. R., & Bouchey, H. A. (2014). Revisiting the Sense of Community Index: A confirmatory factor analysis and invariance test. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(8), 947–963. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21664
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Emlet, C. A., Kim, H.-J., Muraco, A., Erosheva, E. A., Goldsen, J., & Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2013). The physical and mental health of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual (LGB) older adults: The role of key health indicators and risk and protective factors. The Gerontologist, 53(4), 664–675. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns123
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H.-J., Shiu, C., Goldsen, J., & Emlet, C. A. (2015). Successful aging among LGBT older adults: Physical and mental health-related quality of life by age group. The Gerontologist, 55(1), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu081
French, S., Wood, L., Foster, S. A., Giles-Corti, B., Frank, L., & Learnihan, V. (2014). Sense of community and its association with the neighborhood built environment. Environment and Behavior, 46(6), 677–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512469098
Frost, D. M., & Meyer, I. H. (2012). Measuring community connectedness among diverse sexual minority populations. Journal of Sex Research, 49(1), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.565427
Gabriele-Black, K. A., & Goldberg, A. E. (2021). “I’ve heard there’s some sort of underground group”: LGBTQ activism on Evangelical Christian campuses. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 14(3), 316–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000163
Gagné, M. (2003). The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in prosocial behavior engagement. Motivation and Emotion, 27(3), 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025007614869
Gandy, M. E., Natale, A. P., & Levy, D. L. (2021). “We shared a heartbeat”: Protective functions of faith communities in the lives of LGBTQ+ people. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 8(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000225
Glynn, T. J. (1981). Psychological sense of community: Measurement and application. Human Relations, 34(9), 789–818. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678103400904
Goldbach, J. T., & Gibbs, J. J. (2017). A developmentally informed adaptation of minority stress for sexual minority adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 55, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.007
Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-revised and single-item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28(3), 348–354. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386745
Grossman, A. H., & Kerner, M. S. (1998). Self-esteem and supportiveness as predictors of emotional distress in gay male and lesbian youth. Journal of Homosexuality, 35(2), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v35n02_02
Gu, J., & Wang, J.-L. (2024). Basic psychological needs satisfaction profiles and well-being among Chinese adolescents and Chinese university students: The role of growth mindset. Current Psychology, 43(13), 11998–12006. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05321-6
Hackney, C. H., & Sanders, G. S. (2003). Religiosity and mental health: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160
Hamblin, R., & Gross, A. M. (2013). Role of religious attendance and identity conflict in psychological well-being. Journal of Religion and Health, 52(3), 817–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9514-4
Han, J., Jiang, Y., Mentzer, N., & Kelley, T. (2022). The role of sense of community and motivation in the collaborative learning: An examination of the first-year design course. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 32(3), 1837–1852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-021-09658-6
Hancock, K. A. (2000). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual lives: Basic issues in psychotherapy training and practice. In B. Greene, & G. Croom (Eds.), Education, research, and practice in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered psychology: A resource manual (pp. 91–130). Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233697.n5
Hardy, S. A., Nelson, J. M., Moore, J. P., & King, P. E. (2019). Processes of religious and spiritual influence in adolescence: A systematic review of 30 years of research. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(2), 254–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12486
Hassanli, N., Walters, T., & Williamson, J. (2021). ‘You feel you’re not alone’: How multicultural festivals foster social sustainability through multiple psychological sense of community. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(11–12), 1792–1809. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1797756
Hendricks, M. L., & Testa, R. J. (2012). A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the Minority Stress Model. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 43(5), 460–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029597
Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014672
Hill, P. C., & Hood, R. W. (1999). Measures of religiosity. Religious Education Press.
Hlalele, D., & Mosia, M. (2020). Teachers’ sense of community in rural learning ecologies. Alternation, 27(2), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.29086/2519-5476/2020/v27n2a6
Hoge, R. (1972). A validated Intrinsic Religious Motivation Scale. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11(4), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384677
Hombrados-Mendieta, I., Millán-Franco, M., Gómez-Jacinto, L., Gonzalez-Castro, F., Martos-Méndez, M. J., & García-Cid, A. (2019). Positive influences of social support on sense of community, life satisfaction and the health of immigrants in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02555
Hou, C.-N., & Lu, H.-Y. (2013). Online networks as a venue for social support: A qualitative study of married bisexual men in Taiwan. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1280–1296. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2013.806170
Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2023). Minority stress and mental health: A review of the literature. Journal of Homosexuality, 70(5), 806–830. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2021.2004794
Huang, M.-F., Chang, Y.-P., Lu, W.-H., & Yen, C.-F. (2022). Problematic smartphone use and its associations with sexual minority stressors, gender nonconformity, and mental health problems among young adult lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), Article 5780. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095780
Huang, Y.-T., Luo, H., Ko, N.-Y., & Yen, C.-F. (2020). Perceived attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues and mental health among Taiwanese LGB adults: The mediating role of self-acceptance. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(5), 1671–1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01686-y
Huerta, C. de la, & Fox, M. (1999). Coming out spiritually: The next step (1st ed.). TarcherPerigee.
Hunt, R. A., & King, M. (1971). The intrinsic-extrinsic concept: A review and evaluation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 10(4), 339–356. https://doi.org/10.2307/1384780
Idler, E. L. (1987). Religious involvement and the health of the elderly: Some hypotheses and an initial test. Social Forces, 66(1), 226–238. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578909
Ilardi, B. C., Leone, D., Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). Employee and supervisor ratings of motivation: Main effects and discrepancies associated with job satisfaction and adjustment in a factory setting. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(21), 1789–1805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1993.tb01066.x
Institute of Medicine (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. The National Academies Press.
Ju, C., Mo, N., Zhang, W., Li, Z., & Wu, M. (2024). The relationship between perceived mindful parenting and positive youth development: The mediating effects of self-compassion and basic psychological needs satisfaction. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 43(24), 21282–21295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05947-0
Kaniuka, A., Pugh, K. C., Jordan, M., Brooks, B., Dodd, J., Mann, A. K., Williams, S. L., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019). Stigma and suicide risk among the LGBTQ population: Are anxiety and depression to blame and can connectedness to the LGBTQ community help? Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 23(2), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2018.1560385
Kao, L. E., Peteet, J. R., & Cook, C. C. H. (2020). Spirituality and mental health. Journal for the Study of Spirituality, 10(1), 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1726048
Kertzner, R. M., Meyer, I. H., Frost, D. M., & Stirratt, M. J. (2009). Social and psychological well-being in lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals: The effects of race, gender, age, and sexual identity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79(4), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016848
Kirkpatric, L. A. (1989). A psychometric analysis of the Allport-Ross and Feagin measures of intrinsic-extrinsic religious orientation. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 1, 1–31.
Kirkpatrick, L. (1992). An attachment-theory approach psychology of religion. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2(1), 3–28. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr0201_2
Ko, N.-Y., Koe, S., Lee, H.-C., Yen, C.-F., Ko, W.-C., & Hsu, S.-T. (2012). Online sex-seeking, substance use, and risky behaviors in Taiwan: Results from the 2010 Asia Internet MSM Sex Survey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5), 1273–1282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-9908-8
Koenig, H. G., Al-Zaben, F., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2020). Religion and psychiatry: Recent developments in research. BJPsych Advances, 26(5), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.81
Koenig, H. G., & Büssing, A. (2010). The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): A five-item measure for use in epidemological studies. Religions, 1(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel1010078
Koenig, H. G., George, L. K., & Peterson, B. L. (1998). Religiosity and remission of depression in medically ill older patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(4), 536–542. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.4.536
Koenig, H. G., King, D., & Carson, V. B. (2012). Handbook of religion and health. Oxford University Press.
Koenig, H., Parkerson Jr, G. R., & Meador, K. G. (1997). Religion index for psychiatric research. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 885–886. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.6.885b
Krause, N., Shaw, B., & Liang, J. (2011). Social relationships in religious institutions and healthy lifestyles. Health Education & Behavior, 38(1), 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198110370281
Krause, N., & Wulff, K. M. (2005). Church-based social ties, a sense of belonging in a congregation, and physical health status. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 15(1), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327582ijpr1501_6
Kuang, M. F., Mathy, R. M., Carol, H. M., & Nojima, K. (2004). The effects of sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender role on the mental health of women in Taiwan’s T-Po lesbian community. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 15(4), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v15n04_02
Kurdek, L. A. (1988). Perceived social support in gays and lesbians in cohabitating relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 504–509.
Kwok, K., & Kwok, D. K. (2018). Community support services for LGBQ students in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In K. J., Kennedy, & J. C. K., Lee (Eds.), Routledge international handbook of schools and schooling in Asia (1st ed.) (pp. 880–888). Routledge.
Lassiter, J. M. (2015). Reconciling sexual orientation and Christianity: Black same-gender loving men’s experiences. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18(5), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2015.1056121
Lease, S. H., Horne, S. G., & Noffsinger-Frazier, N. (2005). Affirming faith experiences and psychological health for Caucasian lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 378–388. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.52.3.378
Lee, J.-I., Chang, Y.-P., Tsai, C.-S., & Yen, C.-F. (2022). Internalized sexual stigma among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in Taiwan: Its related factors and association with mental health problems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), Article 2427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042427
Lefevor, G. T., Davis, E. B., Paiz, J. Y., & Smack, A. C. (2021). The relationship between religiousness and health among sexual minorities: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 147(7), 647–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000321
Legg, E., Wells, M. S., & Barile, J. P. (2015). Factors related to sense of community in youth sport parents. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 33(2), 73–86.
Levin, J. S., Chatters, L. M., & Taylor, R. J. (1995). Religious effects on health status and life satisfaction among Black Americans. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50(3), S154–S163. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/50b.3.s154
Lew, B., Huen, J., Yuan, L., Stack, S., Maniam, T., Yip, P., Zhang, J., & Jia, C. (2018). Religious orientation and its relationship to suicidality: A study in one of the least religious countries. Religions, 9(1), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9010015
Li, D.-J., Chen, S.-L., Chang, Y.-P., & Yen, C.-F. (2020). Factors affecting painkillers, sedatives/hypnotics, nicotine, and unhealthy alcohol use among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(3), Article 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030851
Li, M. (2018). Sense of community in mixed-income housing project in China-Learning from a case study in Beijing [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University.
Li, S., Stampfer, M. J., Williams, D. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2016). Association of religious service attendance with mortality among women. JAMA Internal Medicine, 176(6), 777–785. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1615
Liang, Z., & Huang, Y.-T. (2022). “Strong together”: Minority stress, internalized homophobia, relationship satisfaction, and depressive symptoms among Taiwanese young gay men. The Journal of Sex Research, 59(5), 621–631. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1947954
Lin, H.-C., Chang, C.-C., Chang, Y.-P., Chen, Y.-L., & Yen, C.-F. (2022). Associations among perceived sexual stigma from family and peers, internalized homonegativity, loneliness, depression, and anxiety among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10), Article 6225. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106225
Lin, Y.-J., Chang, Y.-P., & Yen, C.-F. (2023). Predicting the influences of depression and sexual stigma on motivation to get vaccinated against COVID-19 in lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults: A 4-year follow-up study. Vaccines, 11(9), Article 1430. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091430
Liu, E. Y., & Koenig, H. G. (2013). Measuring intrinsic religiosity: Scales for use in mental health studies in China – A research report. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 16(2), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2012.672404
Liu, H.-H., Wu, C.-L., Chiang, Y.-C., Tsai, K.-H., Chu, T.-L., & Hsiao, Y.-C. (2024). Religion and spiritual health in patients with and without depression receiving hemodialysis: A cross-sectional correlational study. The Journal of Nursing Research, 32(1), Article e309. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000592
Liu, R. T., & Mustanski, B. (2012). Suicidal ideation and self-harm in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2011.10.023
Liu, T., Wu, L., Yang, Y., & Jia, Y. (2020). Exploratory analysis of the relationship between happiness and religious participation within China. Religions, 11(8), Article 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11080410
Liu, X., Jiang, D., Chen, X., Tan, A., Hou, Y., He, M., Lu, Y., & Mao, Z. (2018). Mental health status and associated contributing factors among gay men in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), Article 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061065
Long, D. A., & Perkins, D. D. (2003). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Sense of Community Index and development of a brief SCI. Journal of Community Psychology, 31(3), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10046
Lu, J., & Gao, Q. (2017). Faith and happiness in China: Roles of religious identity, beliefs, and practice. Social Indicators Research, 132(1), 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1372-8
Lytle, M. C., Blosnich, J. R., De Luca, S. M., & Brownson, C. (2018). Association of religiosity with sexual minority suicide ideation and attempt. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54(5), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.019
Lytle, M. C., De Luca, S. M., Blosnich, J. R., & Brownson, C. (2015). Associations of racial/ethnic identities and religious affiliation with suicidal ideation among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning individuals. Journal of Affective Disorders, 178, 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.039
Lyu, J., & Kim, J. (2020). Antecedents of social media–induced retail commerce activities: Impact of brand–consumer relationships and psychological sense of community. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 20(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2020.1769513
Lyu, X., Wang, H., Ma, A., Wang, X., & Zhao, L. (2019). The relationship between the sense of virtual community and knowledge‐sharing: The mediating role of trust. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 1(3), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.157
Mahaffy, K. A. (1996). Cognitive dissonance and its resolution: A study of lesbian Christians. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35(4), 392–402. https://doi.org/10.2307/1386414
Mahoney, A. (2010). Religion in families, 1999–2009: A relational spirituality framework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(4), 805–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00732.x
Mak, W. W. S., Cheung, R. Y. M., & Law, L. S. C. (2009). Sense of community in Hong Kong: Relations with community‐level characteristics and residents’ well‐being. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44(1–2), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9242-z
Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., Thoma, B. C., Murray, P. J., D’Augelli, A. R., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.02.005
McClannon, T. W., Cheney, A. W., Bolt, L. L., & Terry, K. P. (2018). Predicting sense of presence and sense of community in immersive online learning environments. Online Learning, 22(4), 141–159. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v22i4.1510
McConnell, E. A., Birkett, M. A., & Mustanski, B. (2015). Typologies of social support and associations with mental health outcomes among LGBT youth. LGBT Health, 2(1), 55–61. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0051
McMillan, D. W. (1996). Sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(4), 315–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199610)24:4<315::AID-JCOP2>3.0.CO;2-T
McMillan, D. W. (2011). Sense of community, a theory not a value: A response to Nowell and Boyd. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(5), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20439
McMillan, D. W., & Chavis, D. M. (1986). Sense of community: A definition and theory. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(198601)14:1<6::AID-JCOP2290140103>3.0.CO;2-I
McNally, R., Wnterowd, C., & Farra, A. (2021). Psychological sense of community, perceived social support, and grief experiences among bereaved college students. College Student Journal, 55(1), 67–79.
Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
Mongelli, F., Perrone, D., Balducci, J., Sacchetti, A., Ferrari, S., Mattei, G., & Galeazzi, G. M. (2019). Minority stress and mental health among LGBT populations: An update on the evidence. Minerva Psichiatrica, 60(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0391-1772.18.01995-7
Mustanski, B., & Liu, R. T. (2013). A longitudinal study of predictors of suicide attempts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(3), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-012-0013-9
Nadal, K. L. (2013). That’s so gay! Microaggressions and the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14093-000
Nasar, J. L., & Julian, D. A. (1995). The psychological sense of community in the neighborhood. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(2), 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369508975631
Newcomb, M. E., Heinz, A. J., & Mustanski, B. (2012). Examining risk and protective factors for alcohol use in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: A longitudinal multilevel analysis. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(5), 783–793. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2012.73.783
Ng, E. C. W., & Fisher, A. T. (2016). Protestant spirituality and well-being of people in Hong Kong: The mediating role of sense of community. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 11, 1253–1267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-015-9435-6
Ngamaba, K. H., & Soni, D. (2018). Are happiness and life satisfaction different across religious groups? Exploring determinants of happiness and life satisfaction. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(6), 2118–2139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0481-2
Nooney, J., & Woodrum, E. (2002). Religious coping and church‐based social support as predictors of mental health outcomes: Testing a conceptual model. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 41(2), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.00122
Obst, P. L., & White, K. M. (2004). Revisiting the Sense of Community Index: A confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(6), 691–705. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20027
Obst, P., & Tham, N. (2009). Helping the soul: The relationship between connectivity and well‐being within a church community. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(3), 342–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20299
Office for National Statistics (2024, January 15). Sexual orientation by religion (RM188). https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/RM188/editions/2021/versions/4#get-data
Oman, D. (Ed.). (2018). Why religion and spirituality matter for public health: Evidence, implications, and resources (Vol. 2). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73966-3
Oman, D., & Syme, S. L. (2018). Weighing the evidence: What is revealed by 100+ meta-analyses and systematic reviews of religion/spirituality and health? In D. Oman (Ed.), Why religion and spirituality matter for public health (Vol. 2, pp. 261–281). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73966-3_15
Peng, C., Yuan, Y., Burr, J. A., Mutchler, J. E., Song, Q., & Lapane, K. L. (2024). Social contact, social participation, and emotional well-being among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of giving and receiving social support. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 98(3), 373–394. https://doi.org/10.1177/00914150231202396
Perkins, D. D., Florin, P., Rich, R. C., Wandersman, A., & Chavis, D. M. (1990). Participation and the social and physical environment of residential blocks: Crime and community context. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 83–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922690
Pescosolido, B. A., & Georgianna, S. (1989). Durkheim, suicide, and religion: Toward a network theory of suicide. American Sociological Review, 54(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095660
Peter, T., Edkins, T., Watson, R., Adjei, J., Homma, Y., & Saewyc, E. (2017). Trends in suicidality among sexual minority and heterosexual students in a Canadian population-based cohort study. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 4(1), 115–123. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000211
Pflum, S. R., Testa, R. J., Balsam, K. F., Goldblum, P. B., & Bongar, B. (2015). Social support, trans community connectedness, and mental health symptoms among transgender and gender nonconforming adults. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000122
Phipps, C., Cooper, N., Shores, K., Williams, R., & Mize, N. (2015). Examining the relationship between intramural sports participation and sense of community among college students. Recreational Sports Journal, 39(2), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1123/rsj.2015-0041
Pitman, A., Marston, L., Lewis, G., Semlyen, J., McManus, S., & King, M. (2022). The mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults compared with heterosexual adults: Results of two nationally representative English household probability samples. Psychological Medicine, 52(15), 3402–3411. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721000052
Pranger, M. J. (2020). The relationship between sense of community and self-efficacy among senior citizen students [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Liberty University.
Pretty, G. M. H. (1990). Relating psychological sense of community to social climate characteristics. Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199001)18:1<60::AID-JCOP2290180109>3.0.CO;2-J
Pretty, G. M. H., Andrewes, L., & Collett, C. (1994). Exploring adolescents’ sense of community and its relationship to loneliness. Journal of Community Psychology, 22(4), 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199410)22:4<346::AID-JCOP2290220407>3.0.CO;2-J
Pretty, G. M. H., Conroy, C., Dugay, J., Fowler, K., & Williams, D. (1996). Sense of community and its relevance to adolescents of all ages. Journal of Community Psychology, 24(4), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6629(199610)24:4<365::AID-JCOP6>3.0.CO;2-T
Pretty, G. M. H., & McCarthy, M. (1991). Exploring psychological sense of community among women and men of the corporation. Journal of Community Psychology, 19(4), 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6629(199110)19:4<351::AID-JCOP2290190407>3.0.CO;2-X
Proescholdbell, R. J., Roosa, M. W., & Nemeroff, C. J. (2006). Component measures of psychological sense of community among gay men. Journal of Community Psychology, 34(1), 9–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20080
Radkowsky, M., & Siegel, L. J. (1997). The gay adolescent: Stressors, adaptations, and psychosocial interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 17(2), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(97)00007-x
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Radloff, L. S. (1991). The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(2), 149–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537606
Rankin, S. H., Galbraith, M. E., & Johnson, S. (1993). Reliability and validity data for a Chinese translation of the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression. Psychological Reports, 73(3, Pt 2), 1291–1298. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.3f.1291
Rankin, S., Weber, G. N., Blumenfeld, W. J., & Frazer, S. (2010). 2010 state of higher education for lesbian, gay, bisexual & transgender people. Campus Pride.
Riger, S., & Lavrakas, P. J. (1981). Community ties: Patterns of attachment and social interaction in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896360
Ritter, K., & Terndrup, A. I. (2002). Handbook of affirmative psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. Guilford Press.
Ritter, K. Y., & O’Neill, C. W. (1989). Moving through loss: The spiritual journey of gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1989.tb02484.x
Rodriguez, E. M. (2009). At the intersection of church and gay: A review of the psychological research on gay and lesbian Christians. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(1), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903445806
Rodriguez, E. M., Etengoff, C., & Vaughan, M. D. (2017). A quantitative examination of identity integration in gay, lesbian, and bisexual people of faith. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(1), 77–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1395259
Rodriguez, E. M., & Ouellette, S. C. (2000). Gay and lesbian Christians: Homosexual and religious identity integration in the members and participants of a gay‐positive church. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 39(3), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00028
Russell, S. T., Ryan, C., Toomey, R. B., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: Implications for young adult health and adjustment. Journal of School Health, 81(5), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00583.x
Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23(4), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x
Sakip, S. R. M., Johari, N., Abdullah, A., & Salleh, M. N. M. (2013). Assessing sense of community dimension in residential areas in the Malaysian context. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105, 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.068
Sarason, S. B. (1974). The psychological sense of community: Prospects for a community psychology. Jossey-Bass.
Sarriera, J. C., Strelhow, M. R. W., Bedin, L. M., Moura Junior, J. F., Rodrigues, A. L., & Calza, T. Z. (2015). Adaptation of the Sense of Community Index for Brazilian children. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 25, 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272560201506
Schnittker, J. (2001). When is faith enough? The effects of religious involvement on depression. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(3), 393–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00065
Schuck, K. D., & Liddle, B. J. (2001). Religious conflicts experienced by lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 5(2), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1300/J236v05n02_07
Sheih, C. S., & Chan, S.-Y. (2023). The effectiveness of bibliotherapy with the Bible — the emotional healing efficacy of biography and story of character in the Bible for Christian undergraduate and graduate student. Journal of Educational Media & Library Sciences, 60(2), 149–187. https://doi.org/10.6120/JoEMLS.202307_60(2).0040.RS.AM
Shen, Y., Xie, Y., & Wu, J. (2024). Negative school gossip and prosocial behavior among high school students: Mediated by basic psychological needs satisfaction and moderated by self-compassion. Current Psychology, 43(17), 15813–15825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05536-7
Sherry, A., Adelman, A., Whilde, M. R., & Quick, D. (2010). Competing selves: Negotiating the intersection of spiritual and sexual identities. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(2), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017471
Shiah, Y.-J., Chang, F., Chiang, S.-K., & Tam, W.-C. C. (2016). Religion and subjective well-being: Western and eastern religious groups achieved subjective well-being in different ways. Journal of Religion and Health, 55(4), 1263–1269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9905-4
Shiu, C., Teyra, C., Liu, W., & Chan, Y.-Y. (2024). Careful hope in the 2022 Taiwanese LGBTQ + Community Survey: From social changes to clinical social work services. Clinical Social Work Journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-024-00949-8
Shumaker, S. A., & Brownell, A. (1984). Toward a theory of social support: Closing conceptual gaps. Journal of Social Issues, 40(4), 11–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01105.x
Smith-MacDonald, L., Norris, J. M., Raffin-Bouchal, S., & Sinclair, S. (2017). Spirituality and mental well-being in combat veterans: A systematic review. Military Medicine, 182(11–12), e1920–e1940. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-17-00099
Stenling, A., Henning, G., Bjälkebring, P., Tafvelin, S., Kivi, M., Johansson, B., & Lindwall, M. (2021). Basic psychological need satisfaction across the retirement transition: Changes and longitudinal associations with depressive symptoms. Motivation and Emotion, 45(1), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-020-09854-2
Stevens, E. B., Jason, L. A., & Ferrari, J. R. (2011). Measurement performance of the Sense of Community Index in substance abuse recovery communal housing. Australian Community Psychologist (Online), 23(2), 135–147.
Stewart, K., & Townley, G. (2020). How far have we come? An integrative review of the current literature on sense of community and well‐being. American Journal of Community Psychology, 66(1–2), 166–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12456
Strawbridge, W. J., Cohen, R. D., Shema, S. J., & Kaplan, G. A. (1997). Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years. American Journal of Public Health, 87(6), 957–961. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.87.6.957
Su, D., Irwin, J. A., Fisher, C., Ramos, A., Kelley, M., Mendoza, D. A. R., & Coleman, J. D. (2016). Mental health disparities within the LGBT population: A comparison between transgender and nontransgender individuals. Transgender Health, 1(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0001
Subhi, N., & Geelan, D. (2012). When Christianity and homosexuality collide: Understanding the potential intrapersonal conflict. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1382–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.724638
Szymanski, D. M., Chung, Y. B., & Balsam, K. F. (2001). Psychosocial correlates of internalized homophobia in lesbians. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2001.12069020
Talley, A. E., Kocum, L., Schlegel, R. J., Molix, L., & Bettencourt, B. A. (2012). Social roles, basic need satisfaction, and psychological health: The central role of competence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 155–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211432762
Tan, P. P. (2005). The importance of spirituality among gay and lesbian individuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 49(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v49n02_08
Tao, H.-L. (2008). What makes devout Christians happier? Evidence from Taiwan. Applied Economics, 40(7), 905–919. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600749839
Thomas, M. E., & Holmes, B. J. (1992). Determinants of satisfaction for Blacks and Whites. The Sociological Quarterly, 33(3), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1992.tb00385.x
Thumma, S. (1991). Negotiating a religious identity: The case of the gay evangelical. Sociological Analysis, 52(4), 333–347. https://doi.org/10.2307/3710850
Timbers, V. L., Gandy, M. E., Paciak, R., & Hopwood, R. A. (2023). Faithful foundations: Positive experiences of transgender and gender expansive individuals in faith communities. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 26(5), 470–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2023.2245351
Tsai, C.-S., Huang, Y.-T., & Yen, C.-F. (2021). Experience of sexual orientation microaggression among young adult lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in Taiwan: Its related factors and association with mental health problems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), Article 11744. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211744
Van Bergen, D., Smit, A., & Feddes, A. R. (2023). Stigma, depression, suicidal thoughts and coping of sexual minority youth raised in conservative versus mainstream denominations of Christianity: A mixed method study. Sexuality & Culture, 27(3), 972–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-10050-2
Vespone, B. M. (2016). Integrating identities: Facilitating a support group for LGBTQ students on a Christian college campus. Christian Higher Education, 15(4), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2016.1186250
Vieno, A., Santinello, M., Pastore, M., & Perkins, D. D. (2007). Social support, sense of community in school, and self‐efficacy as resources during early adolescence: An integrative model. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39(1–2), 177–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9095-2
Vieten, C., Oxhandler, H. K., Pearce, M., Fry, N., Tanega, C., & Pargament, K. (2023). Mental health professionals’ perspectives on the relevance of religion and spirituality to mental health care. BMC Psychology, 11(1), Article 439. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01466-y
Vincke, J., & Bolton, R. (1994). Social support, depression, and self-acceptance among gay men. Human Relations, 47(9), 1049–1062. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679404700902
Wang, P.-W., Ko, N.-Y., Hsiao, R. C., Chen, M.-H., Lin, H.-C., & Yen, C.-F. (2019). Suicidality among gay and bisexual men in Taiwan: Its relationships with sexuality and gender role characteristics, homophobic bullying victimization, and social support. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(2), 466–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12451
Wang, Y.-C., Chang, S.-R., & Miao, N.-F. (2022). Suicide attempts among Taiwanese lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults during the 2018 Taiwan referendum on same‐sex issues. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 54(3), 388–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12744
Wang, Y.-C., Miao, N.-F., & Chang, S.-R. (2021). Internalized homophobia, self‐esteem, social support and depressive symptoms among sexual and gender minority women in Taiwan: An online survey. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 28(4), 601–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12705
Wang, Y.-C., Miao, N.-F., & Wang, F. T. Y. (2024). Long‐term care planning and the influencing factors among sexual minority older women: A qualitative study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 80(2), 526–537. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15817
Wang, Y.-C., Miao, N.-F., You, M.-H., Wang, F. T., & Hsu, C.-Y. (2024). Care needs, challenges, and experiences of sexual and gender minority cancer survivors in Taiwan: Findings from a qualitative study. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 40(4), Article 151694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2024.151694
Watson, R. J., Grossman, A. H., & Russell, S. T. (2019). Sources of social support and mental health among LGB youth. Youth & Society, 51(1), 30–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000080
Weber, S. R., & Pargament, K. I. (2014). The role of religion and spirituality in mental health. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 27(5), 358–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X16660110
Wei, D., & Liu, E. Y. (2013). Religious involvement and depression: Evidence for curvilinear and stress‐moderating effects among young women in rural China. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 52(2), 349–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12031
Weiss, J. T. (2004). GL vs. BT: The archaeology of biphobia and transphobia within the U.S. gay and lesbian community. Journal of Bisexuality, 3(3–4), 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1300/J159v03n03_02
Whitlock, J. (2007). The role of adults, public space, and power in adolescent community connectedness. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(4), 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20161
Wighting, M., Nisbet, D., & Spaulding, L. S. (2009). Relationships between sense of community and academic achievement: A comparison among high school students. The International Journal of the Humanities, 7(3), 63–72.
Williams, D. R., Larson, D. B., Buckler, R. E., Heckmann, R. C., & Pyle, C. M. (1991). Religion and psychological distress in a community sample. Social Science & Medicine, 32(11), 1257–1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90040-j
Wolff, J. R., Kay, T. S., Himes, H. L., & Alquijay, J. (2017). Transgender and gender-nonconforming student experiences in Christian higher education: A qualitative exploration. Christian Higher Education, 16(5), 319–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2017.1310065
Wong, I. M. L. (2018). Psychological wellbeing of Chinese sexual minority Christians in Hong Kong: Influence of individual and community resilience factors [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Alliant International University.
Wood, M. E. (1999). How we got this way: The sciences of homosexuality and the Christian right. Journal of Homosexuality, 38(3), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v38n03_02
Woodell, B., Kazyak, E., & Compton, D. (2015). Reconciling LGB and Christian identities in the Rural South. Social Sciences, 4(3), 859–878. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci4030859
World Health Organization (2004). Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice. https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42940/9241591595.pdf
Wu, C.-Y., & Lee, M.-B. (2021). Suicidality, self‐efficacy and mental health help‐seeking in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adults in Taiwan: A cross‐sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(15–16), 2270–2278. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15680
Yakushko, O. (2005). Influence of social support, existential well-being, and stress over sexual orientation on self esteem of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 27(1), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-005-2259-6
Yang, F. M., & Levkoff, S. E. (2005). Ageism and minority populations: Strengths in the face of challenge. Generations, 29(3), 42–48.
Yeh, P.-M. (2023). The journey from drug addiction to drug withdrawal: A Christian gospel rehabilitation program in Taiwan. Journal of Nursing Research, 31(4), Article e282. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000561
You, S., & Lim, S. A. (2019). Religious orientation and subjective well-being: The mediating role of meaning in life. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 47(1), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091647118795180
Zhang, J., & Norvilitis, J. M. (2002). Measuring Chinese psychological well-being with western developed instruments. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79(3), 492–511. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA7903_06
Zimmer, Z., Chiu, C.-T., Saito, Y., Lin, Y.-H., Ofstedal, M. B., & Jagger, C. (2020). Does religious activity distinguish the mortality experiences of older Taiwanese? An analysis using eighteen years of follow-up data. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(1), 289–308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-019-00778-x