本研究使用Kryptolebias marmoratus探討動物如何整合先前多次的輸贏經驗來調整下次再遇到競爭對手時的打鬥策略。在自然界中，動物彼此間常會競爭有限的資源，個體往往藉由打鬥的勝負來決定資源的擁有權，而其過去的打鬥經驗會影響牠們未來的打鬥行為和結果。前人研究指出：有過輸的經驗之個體，打鬥時會較被動且在遭遇對手挑釁後會傾向逃跑（敗者效應，loser effect）；相反地，有過贏的經驗之個體，打鬥時會較具攻擊性並傾向主動攻擊（勝者效應，winner effect）。這些效應被認為是個體利用過去的輸贏經驗來調整對自身打鬥能力和打鬥風險的評估。敗者與勝者效應表現在許多物種的打鬥行為上，但是我們對於多次打鬥經驗的效應如何被整合卻並不清楚。這個議題在行為生態學上極具意義，因為動物在自然界中會遭遇許多競爭對手，進而獲得多次的打鬥經驗。所以我給予個體一到三次輸或贏的打鬥經驗，以檢驗此三次的經驗是否會對後來的打鬥行為產生累積效應。本研究結果發現，K. marmoratus近期擁有不同的打鬥經驗的確會影響個體未來的打鬥行為和結果。有過贏的經驗之個體其先展示的機率、先攻擊的機率、發生激烈打鬥的機率以及獲勝的機率皆高於有過輸的經驗之個體，並且打鬥的持續時間也會比較長。此外，K. marmoratus有明顯的敗者與勝者效應，兩種經驗效應的作用相反，對打鬥行為的影響程度也不同。當個體獲得多次的打鬥經驗，卻不會對後來的打鬥行為產生加成效應。輸贏經驗之累積皆不會改變個體的打鬥行為和結果，僅維持相當於有過一次輸贏經驗的情形。

關鍵字：打鬥行為、打鬥能力、打鬥經驗、經驗整合、敗者效應、勝者效應、Kryptolebias marmoratus

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