執行功能（executive function）在人類的發展中扮演著至關重要的角色，尤其影響著人們未來的學業成就，並在生命的前五年中快速地發展。執行功能其中一個面向為認知彈性（cognitive flexibility），許多研究表示大多數 5 歲以前的幼兒無法在操作卡片向度改變分類作業（Dimensional Change Card Sorting task，簡稱 DCCS 作業）中成功轉換規則，此作業為測量認知彈性的經典作業。因此許多學者使用 DCCS 作業探究導致幼兒作業失敗的相關因素，而認知彈性是建立在抑制控制與工作記憶之上。本研究根據以競爭記憶系統為基礎的堅持理論（Theory of Perseveration based on Competing Memory Systems）為理論基礎 (Morton & Munakata, 2002)，探討工作記憶負荷量與前額葉腦區活化程度之間的關聯性。因此本研究採用Brace 等 (2006) 以競爭記憶系統為基礎的堅持理論所設計的DCCS作業，假設幼兒若是成功通過切換後階段，即是透過減低工作記憶負荷量的鷹架指導而達成的。研究者於台北市招募 44位 （男生22位，女生22位）36月齡至53月齡間（平均數=43.1, 標準差= 5.7）的正常發展幼兒進行研究。每一位參與實驗的幼兒皆需進行DCCS作業一（口語指導情境）及DCCS作業二（鷹架指導情境）；同時使用功能性近紅外光譜儀（Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy，簡稱fNIRS）檢測幼兒在進行兩種不同的 DCCS 作業時，前額葉腦區的含氧血濃度變化，並假設工作記憶負荷量與含氧血濃度變化呈現線性相關。
研究結果發現，在行為表現上，幼兒透過作業二能有效成功通過切換後階段，與Brace 等 (2006) 研究結果一致，然而大腦影像紀錄顯示幼兒進行作業一及作業二時腦部皆沒有顯著的活化與差異性。研究者認為幼兒可能藉著作業二鷹架的引導，重新建立分類規則，導致大腦不需應用認知彈性的能力就能夠順利通過切換後階段，因此額葉的活化程度就不顯著；至於作業一的口語指導，沒有給予幼兒任何與切換後階段有關的分類引導，因此在切換後階段幼兒的額葉沒有足夠的認知彈性能力，活化程度也就不顯著，同時也導致幼兒無法成功通過切換後階段。雖然大腦資料的統計結果尚存在不確定的推論，但對於Brace 等 (2006) 的研究假設：鷹架指導能減低幼兒工作記憶負荷量，具有一定的支持性。

Executive function plays a crucial role in human development, particularly influencing future academic achievement, and it rapidly develops in the first five years of life. One aspect of executive function is cognitive flexibility. Numerous studies indicate that most children under 5 years old fail to successfully switch rules in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting task (DCCS task), a classic measure of cognitive flexibility. Therefore, many scholars use the DCCS task to explore factors related to children's task failure. Cognitive flexibility is built upon inhibitory control and working memory. The current study is based on Morton and Munakata (2002) and investigates the relationship between working memory load and the degree of prefrontal cortex activation. The current study uses the DCCS task designed according to Brace et al. (2006) hypothesizes that children who successfully pass the post-switch phase do so through scaffolding guidance that reduces working memory load. To test this hypothesis, we recruited 44 typically developing children (22 boys, 22 girls), aged between 36 and 53 months (M = 43.1, SD = 5.7) in Taipei. All children participated in both conditions of the DCCS task, i.e., the control condition and the scaffolding condition. To measure children’s brain activation during the DCCS task, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to detect changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration in children’s prefrontal cortex. It was hypothesized that there would be a significant relationship between working memory load and changes in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration.
In terms of children’s behavioral performance, we found that they successfully passed the post-switch phase in the scaffolding condition, which is consistent with the findings of Brace et al. (2006). However, the children showed neither significant brain activations nor a significant difference in brain activation between the two conditions. We argue that young children were able to form a new sorting rule in the scaffolding condition with the help of the guidance given to them. Hence, their success in the post-switch phase did not tap on cognitive flexibility, leading to a non-significant frontal activation in the scaffolding condition. With regard to the control condition, since children were not given any relevant guidance, they were unable to switch from the previous rule to the new rule. Therefore, they failed in the post-switch phase, leading to non-significant frontal activations in this condition. Based on our behavioral findings, we conclude that the hypothesis of Brace et al. (2006) that scaffolding can reduce young children’s working memory load is supported to a certain extent.

壹、中文部分
王馨敏、李俊仁、張鑑如（2020）。二至五歲幼兒認知發展家長問卷之編製。測驗學刊， 62(4)，279-302。
王馨敏、吳淑娟、李俊仁、曾志朗、李如蕙（2020）。從認知科學觀點進行醫療體系推動非都會區幼兒早期親子共讀介入成效的長期追蹤評估研究〔未出版手稿〕。
貳、英文部分
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