世界衛生組織及美國小兒科學會都建議嬰兒出生前6個月以純母乳哺餵，但由於本土少有母乳攝取量之研究資料，以致不易估計國內嬰兒由母乳中所得到的營養素。目前本國嬰兒餵養方式、飲食營養攝取情形以及生長發育狀況調查欠缺長期本土資料，且多數研究對象出生體重多分布正常範圍內，無法看出嬰兒出生體重較高或較低者營養狀態及生長發育情形。本研究分兩部份，第一部分為探討國內6個月嬰兒母乳攝取量之秤重研究，並參考國外母乳量化之文獻，估計不同月齡嬰兒每日母乳攝取量；第二部份則利用母乳量化結果，評估嬰兒由母乳及副食品中獲得的營養素，並探討不同出生體重嬰兒飲食營養及生長發育情形及影響因素。

母乳量化研究是利用秤重試驗 (test weighing)，收集15名0-6個月新生兒之母乳攝取量，進一步分析估算不同月齡嬰兒每日母乳攝取量，母乳量化結果將提供基礎研究參考，評估嬰兒由母乳獲得的營養素並與國外量化數據比較；研究第二部份為結合「婦幼民91世代」(蘇秋帆 民93)及「婦幼民93世代」兩世代嬰兒資料，以問卷追蹤的方式收集嬰兒出生至6個月的飲食營養和生長狀況的資料，探討不同出生體重嬰兒飲食營養及生長發育情形及影響因素。結合兩世代分析人數共有264個嬰兒，每個月問卷完成率為93%~96%之間。研究工具包含嬰兒電子秤、哺餵母乳秤重紀錄表、嬰兒每月飲食健康問卷及追蹤過程登記表。資料的統計分析利用統計軟體SPSS12.0及STATA8.0版進行，分析方法包含：次數分配與百分比、平均值與標準差、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、廣義估計公式、淨相關、皮爾森積差相關、斯皮爾曼等級相關及多元回歸。
母乳量化結果顯示，0-6個月嬰兒每日平均哺餵母乳次數介於7.6-9.6次之間，平均每次母乳攝取量為52-112 g。使用線性迴歸(linear regression)方式估算嬰兒1-6個月每日母乳攝取量分別為530 g、580 g、620 g、670 g、720 g及760 g。世代研究結果發現，以母乳哺餵的比例在第2、3、4、5及6個月分別為 33.6%、29.9%、28.4%、25.6%及24.5%；混合哺餵的比例在第2、3、4、5及6個月分別為29.6%、24.7%、22.0%、19.6%及15.7%；哺餵嬰兒奶粉的比例在第2、3、4、5及6個月分別為36.8%、45.4%、49.6%、54.8%及59.8%。營養素攝取分析，出生體重較低的嬰兒營養狀況不佳，每公斤體重熱量、蛋白質攝取量皆低於DRIs(Dietary Reference Intakes)的建議值，尤其是SGA(small for gestational age)嬰兒；出生體重較高的嬰兒營養狀況更不理想，每公斤體重熱量、蛋白質攝取量低於DRIs的建議值許多；而出生體重適當的嬰兒之營養攝取狀況尚可，除了每公斤體重的熱量攝取稍低於DRIs建議值外，每公斤蛋白質的攝取大致符合DRIs建議值。生長分析方面，嬰兒6個月時的體重、身長和頭圍在性別上有顯著差異(p<0.05)，男嬰的體型顯著大於女嬰；而不同哺餵方式對嬰兒6個月時生長結果幾乎無差別。
多元迴歸分析的結果顯示，嬰兒性別、出生體重、母親身高、第6個月每公斤體重的熱量攝取，以及第6個月的維生素B12攝取量可以預測嬰兒6個月時體重，解釋量為46.6%，其中以維生素B12的預測力最高；嬰兒性別、出生身長、第6個月每公斤體重的熱量攝取，以及第6個月的生物素攝取量可以預測嬰兒6個月時身長，解釋量為38.8%，其中以出生身長的預測力最高；嬰兒性別、出生頭圍、第6個月每公斤體重的熱量攝取，以及第6個月的脂質的攝取量可以預測嬰兒6個月時頭圍，解釋量為23.9%，其中脂質的攝取量的預測力最高。由多元回歸結果可知，先天條件(性別、出生體型)對嬰兒6個月時生長狀態具相當影響力，而6個月大嬰兒飲食以奶類為主，維生素B12及脂質皆為奶類含量豐富營養素，對嬰兒生長具顯著影響性。

The primary food source of infants from birth to 6 months is milk, the WHO and The American Academy of Pediatrics recommend exclusive breastfeeding until age of 6 month. However, estimating the breast-fed infants nutrients intake is limited by lack of quantitative data in Taiwan. This study has two purposes, one is to assessment the breast milk intakes by test-weighing for birth to 6 months infants and refer published papers to calculate the daily breast milk consumption by difference month age. The other is to estimated nutrient intakes from breast milk, formula milk and supplemental food, and confer dietary intakes and growth status of different birth weight infants and the affected factors.

In the test weighting study, we recruited 15 breas-tfed infants (from birth to 6 months) since Feb 2005 to Aug 2007, then estimate volume of breast milk intake daily. In the cohort study contain two cohorts, we collect feeding data from infants by follow-up questionnaire from birth to 6 months, then we use the data to examine nutrient intakes, growth and development of 264 infants. The study tools contain the baby electronic scales, the Breast-Fed Test Weighting Record and the Monthly Diet and Health Questionnaire. We analyse our data by the software packages of SPSS 12.0 and STATA 8.0.

In the test weighting study, the average number of feedings per day are between 7.6 to 9.6 times and decreased with age. Volume of breast milk intakes per feeding are 52 to 112 g and increase with age. For exclusively breastfed infants from birth to 6 months of age, we estimate 530 g, 580 g, 620 g, 670 g, 720 g and 760 g of breast milk per day.

There were 33.6%, 29.9%, 28.4%, 25.6% and 24.5% of subjects exclusively fed by breast milk, as well as 36.8%, 45.4%, 49.6%, 54.8% and 59.8% of infants exclusively fed by formula at 2 to 6 months, respectively. The calorie and protein intakes per kilogram for low and high birth weight infants are lower than DRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes), but most nutrient intakes of adequate birth weight infants accomplish DRIs. Weight, length and head circumference of the infants in 6th month are differed significantly in gender. The growth of 6 month infants with different feeding patterns have no significant different.

By multiple regression analysis, infants’ gender, birth weight, mothers’ height, and VitB12 intake at 6th month, were positively correlated with infants’ weight at 6th month (p<0.05). The infants’ gender, birth length, and biotin intake at 6th month positively correlated with infants’ length at 6th month (p<0.05). The infants’ gender, birth head circumferences, and fat intake at 6th month positively correlated with infants’ head circumferences at 6th month (p<0.05).

ㄧ、中文部份
行政院衛生署 (民88)。台灣地區零到六歲兒童生長曲線。民95年12月01日，取自：http://www.doh.gov.tw/cht2006/index_populace.aspx
行政院衛生署(民92)。國人膳食營養素參考攝取量及其說明(修訂第六版)。
行政院衛生署(民92)。寶寶日記－嬰兒期營養參考手冊。
行政院衛生署(民94)。母乳哺育推動工作重點。國民健康局母乳哺育網站。民95年11月18日，
摘自:http//www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/breastfeeding/index03-2.htm
行政院衛生署國民健康局(民96)。母嬰親善醫院認證工作成果。
摘自http://www.bhp.doh.gov.tw/breastfeeding/index05-2.htm
邱皓政(民 95)。量化研究與統計分析。五南文化事業機構，台北市。
林家慧 (民95)。臺北地區零至二歲嬰兒飲食營養與生長發展狀況之前瞻性研究。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭研究所碩士論文，臺北市。
范光宇、黃春雄、吳穗華、許子秋、沈鄭秋桔、黃梅(民73)。中華民國台灣地區零至陸歲兒童身高、體重、頭圍、胸圍測量研究報告。中華民國營養學會雜誌，9，1-18。
張襄琴，李孟穎，李秀惠，張瑩如(民 93)。產前嬰兒哺餵方式決策之相關因素探討。新台北護理期刊，6(1)，66-77。
陳正宇(民75)。餵奶方式與母親有無工作對6個月大嬰兒健康與照顧之比較研究。國防醫學院公共衛生研究所碩士論文，台北市。
陳昭惠，許洪坤(民 88)。中部地區醫學中心母乳哺餵現況調查及影響因素分析探討。台中榮民總醫院。
陳昭惠(民94)。母乳中的營養成分。中華民國寶貝花園母乳推廣協
會。摘自http://www.babysgarden.org/web.php?webid=149
陳銘真、梁鴻鑑、鄒國英(民96)。Small for age (SGA) 胎兒小於妊娠年齡。中華民國新生兒醫學會會刊，16(1)，1-9。
郭曉惠(民 95)。國人捐贈母乳中一般成份及礦物質含量之建立與研究。輔仁大學食品營養研究所碩士論文，台北縣。
曾明淑、吳愛芸、李秀紋(民75)。台灣偏遠地區嬰幼兒身高、體重及餵養現況之調查研究。中華民國營養學會雜誌，11，1-16。
曾明淑、林佳蓉、高美丁(民93)。台灣地區幼兒營養狀況與相關議題。曾明淑(主持人)，營養監測與政策發展。營養監測與政策發展國際研討會，中研院生物醫學科學研究所。
黃伯超(民 68)。食品營養講座。健康世界雜誌社。台北市。
黃翠華(民77)。不同嬰兒配方乳粉對嬰兒生長與代謝之影響。輔仁大學食品營養研究所碩士論文，台北縣。
黃寶宣、陳彰惠、王秀紅(民89)。選擇不同哺餵方式的孕婦其哺餵母乳態度及社會支持。護理研究，8(4)，383-392。
詹秀妹、陳群英(民 76)。影響產婦選擇哺餵方式相關因素之探討。護理研究，2(1)，85-94。
葛魯蘋(民73)。台北市古亭區母親哺餵行為之調查與其影響因素之探討。國防醫學院社會學醫學研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
鄧素文、何雪華、郭淑娟(民 83)。影響哺母乳產婦滿月時補位方式相關因素之探討。護理研究，2(2)，153-165。
鄧素文、蘇雅玲、張桂玲(民 84)。探討母嬰同是照顧對哺母乳產婦之困擾及滿月哺乳方式的影響。護理研究，3(2)，181-191。
蕭寧馨 (民 93)。食品營養概論。時新出版。台北市。
蘇建文、鍾志從(民74)。母親養育嬰兒方式之調查研究。教育心理學報，18，117-148。
蘇秋帆(民93)。零至一歲嬰兒飲食營養與生長發展狀況之前瞻性研究。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭研究所碩士論文，台北市。

二、英文部份

Ala-Houhala, M.(1985). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels during
breast-feeding with or without maternal or infantile supplementation of vitamin D. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 4(2), 220-6.
Akobeng, A. K., ＆ Heller, R.F. (2006). Assessing the population impact of low rates of breast feeding on asthma, coeliac disease and obesity: the use of a new statistical method. Arch Dis Child, 92(6), 483-5.
Barker, D. J., Winter, P. D., Osmond, C., Margetts, B., & Simmonds, S. J. (1989). Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet, 2, 577-580.
Barker, D. J., Hales, C. N., Fall, C. H., Osmond, C., Phipps, K., & Clark, P. M. (1993). Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth. Diabetologia, 36, 62-67.
Betrán, A. P., de Onís, M., Lauer, J. A., & Villar, J. (2001). Ecological study of effect of breast feeding on infant mortality in Latin America. BMJ, 323, 1-5.
Boersma, B., ＆ Wit, J. M. (1997). Catch-up growth. Endocrine Reviews, 18, 646-661.
Bogen, D. L., Hanusa, B. H., ＆ Whitaker, R. C.(2004). The effect ofbreast-feeding with and without formula use on the risk of obesity at 4years of age. Obes Res, 12(9), 1527-1535.
Borschel, M. W., Kirksey, A., & Hannemann, R. E. (1986). Evaluation of test-weighing for the assessment of milk volume intake of formula-fed infants and itsapplication to breast-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr, 43, 367-373.
Briefel, R. R., Reidy, K., Karwe, V., Jankowski, L., Hendricks, K. (2004). Toddlers' transition to table foods: Impact on nutrient intakes and food patterns. J Am Diet Assoc, 104, S38-44.
Brown, K. H., Akhtar, N. A., Robertson, A. D., & Ahmed, M. G. (1986). Lactational capacity of marginally nourished mothers: relationships between maternal nutritional status and quantity and proximate composition of milk. Pediatrics, 78(5), 909-19.
Butte, N. F., Wong, W. W., Patterson, B. W., & Garza Klein, P. D. (1988).
Human-milk intake measured by administration of deuterium oxide to the mother : a comparison with the test-weighing technique. Am J Clin Nutr, 47, 815-821.
Butte, N. F., Wong, W. W., Klein, P. D., & Garza, C. (1991). Measurement of milk intake: tracer-to infant deuterium dilution method. Br J Nutr, 65, 3-14.
Butte, N. F., Lopez-Alarcon, M. G., & Garza, C. (2002) Nutrient Adequacy of Exclusive Breastfeeding for the Term Infant during the First Six Months of Life. Geneva: World Health Organization , 17-29.
Center of disease control and prevention, (CDC). Breastfeeding practices? Results from the 2005 National Immunization Survey.
Retrieved April 18, 2006, from http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/NIS_data/data_2004.htm
Chan GM. (1982). Human milk calcium and phosphate levels of mothers
delivering term and preterm infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 1201-1205.
Devaney, B., Ziegler, P., Pac, S., Karwe, V., & Barr, SI. (2004). Nutrient intakes of infants and toddlers. J Am Diet Assoc, 104, s14-21.
Dewey, K. G., Heinig, M. J,. Nommsen, L.A., Peerson, J. M., & Lönnerdal, B. (1992). Growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants from 0 to 18 months: the DARLING Study. Pediatrics, 89, 1035-1041.
Dewey, K. G., Peerson, J. M., Brown, K. N., Krebs, N. F., Michaelson, K. F., Peersson, L. A., Salmenpera, L., Whitehead, R. G., &Yeung, D. L. (1995). Growth of breast-fed infants deviates from current refernce data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European data sets. Pediatrics, 96, 495-503.
Dewey, K. G. (1998). Growth characteristics of breast-fed compared to formula-fed infants. Biology of the neonate, 74, 94-105.
Donangelo, C. M., Trugo, N. M., Koury, J. C., Barreto Silva, M. I., Freitas, L. A., Feldheim, W., & Barth, C. (1989). Iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 nutritional status and milk composition of low-income Brazilian mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr, 43(4), 253-66.
Donath, S. M., & Amir, L. H. (2005). Breastfeeding and the introduction of solids in Australian infants: data from the 2001 National Health Survey. Aust N Z J Public Health, 29, 171-175.
Emmett, P. M., & Rogers, S, M. (1997). Properties of human milk and
their relationship with maternal nutrition. Early Hum Dev, 49, S7-28.
Emmett, P., North, K., Noble, S., & The ALSPAC Study Team. (2000). Types of drinks consumed by infants at 4 and 8 months of age: a descriptive study. Public Health Nut, 3, 211-217.
Eriksson, J. G., Forsén, T., Tuomilehto, J., Winter, P. D., Osmond, C., & Barker, D. J. P. (1999). Catch-up growth in childhood and death from coronary heart disease: longitudinal study. BMJ, 318, 427-431.
Fewtrell, M. S., Morley, R., Abbott, R. A., Singhal, A., Stephenson, T., MacFadyen, U. M., Clements, H., & Lucas, A. (2001). Catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age term infants: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 516-523.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization. (2002). Human vitamin and mineral requirement. Report of a joint FAO/WHO expert consultation. Rome: FAO.
Freeman, V., van’t Hof, M., & Haschke, F. (2000). Patterns of milk and food intake in infants from birth to age 36 months: The Euro-Growth Study. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 31, S76-85.
Funk, M. A., Hamlin, L., Picciano, M. F., Prentice, A., & Milner, J. A.
(1990). Milk selenium of rural African women: influence of maternal nutrition, parity, and length of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr, 51(2), 220-4.
Harris, R, J. (2004). Nutrition in the 21st century: what is going wrong. Arch Dis Child, 89, 154-158.
Health Canada. (2004). Exclusive breastfeeding duration: 2004 Health Canada Recommendation. Retrieved December 1, 2006, http://www.healthcanada.ca/nutrition
Hediger, M. L., Overpeck, M. D., Ruan, W. J., & Troendle, J. F. (2000). Early infant feeding and growth status of US-born infants and children aged 4-71 mo: analyses from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr, 72, 159-167.
Heinig, M. J., Nommsen, L. A., Peerson, J. M., Lonnerdal, B., & Dewey, K. G. (1993). Energy and protein intakes of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life and their association with growth velocity: the DARLING Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 58, 152-161.
Houston, M. J., Howie, P. W., & McNeilly, A. S. (1983). Factors affecting the duration of breast feeding: 1. measurement of breast milk intake in the first week of life. Early Hum Dev; 8(1), 49-54.
Howie, P. W., Forsyth, J. S., Ogston, S. A., Claek, A., ＆ Florey, C. D. (1990). Protective effect of breast feeding against infection. BMJ, 300(6716), 11-16.
Hsieh, T. T., Hsu, J. J., Chen, C. J., Chiu, T. H., Liou, J. D., Hsieh, C. C.,
Lo, L. M., Kuo, D. M., & Soong, Y. K. (1991). Analysis of birth weight and age in Taiwan. J Formosan Med Assoc；90(4), 382-387.
Hsieh, W. S., Wu, H. C., Jeng, S. F., Liao, H. F., Su, Y. N., Lin, S. J.,
Hsieh, C. J., & Chen, P. C. (2006). Nationwide singleton birth weight percentiles by gestational age in Taiwan, 1998-2002. Acta Paediatr Tw, 47, 25-33.
Jelliffe, D. B., & Jelliffe, E. F. (1978). The volume and composition of
human milk in poorly nourished communities. A review. Am J Clin Nutr, 31(3), 492-515.
Kent, J. C., Mitoulas, L. R., Cregan, M. D., Ramsay, D. T., Doherty, D. A., & Hartmann, P. E. (2006). Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day. Pediareics, 117, e387-95.
Koletzko, B. (2006). Long-term consequences of early feeding on later obesity risk. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program, 58, 1-18.
Krebs, N. F., Hambidge, K. M., Jacobs, M. A., & Rasbach, J. O. (1985).
The effects of a dietary zinc supplement during lactation on longitudinal changes in maternal zinc status and milk zinc concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr, 41(3), 560-70.
Kull, I., Wickman., M., Lilja, G., Nordvall, SL., & Pershagen, G. (2002). Breast feeding and allergic diseases in infants-a prospective birth cohort study. Arch Dis Child, 87, 478-481.
Li, R., Zhao, Z., Mokdad, A., Barker, L., & Grummer-Strawn, L. (2003). Prevalence of breastfeeding in the United States: the 2001 National Immunization Survey. PEDIATRICS, 111(5), 1198-1201.
Li, L., Manor, O., & Power, C. (2004). Early environment and child-to-adult growth trajectories in the 1958 British birth cohort. Am J Clin Nutr, 80, 185-192.
Lucas, A., Ewing, G., Roberts, S.B., &Coward, W. A. (1987). Measurement of milk intake by deuterium dilution. Arch Dis Child, 62(8), 796-800.
Lucas, A., Fewtrell, M. S., & Cole, T. J. (1999). Fetal origins of adult disease-the hypothesis revisited. BMJ, 39, 245-249
Makin, H. L., Seamark, D. A., & Trafford, D. J. (1983). Vitamin D and its metabolites in human breast milk. Arch Dis Child, 58, 750-753.
Mamabolo, R. L., Alberts, M., Mbenyane, G. X., Steyn, N. P., Nthangeni, N. G., Delemarre-Van De Waal, H. A., & Levitt NS. (2004). Feeding practices and growth of infants from birth to 12 months in the central region of the Limpopo Province of South Africa. Nutrition, 20(3), 327-333.
Marshall, T. A., Eichenberger Gilmore, J. M., Broffitt, B., Levy, S. M., Stumbo, P. J. (2003). Relative validation of a beverage frequency questionnaire in children ages 6 months through 5 years using 3-day food and beverage diaries. J Am Diet Assoc, 103, 714-720.
Matheny, R. J., & Picciano, M. F. (1985). Assessment of abbreviated techniques for determination of milk volume intake of the human milk-fed infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 4, 808-812.
Mathur, S., Mathur, G. P., Gupta, U., Singh, Y. D., Kushwaha, K. P., Verma, A., ＆ Rathi, A. K. (1994). Growth patterns in breastfed babies during first six months of life. Indian Pediatr, 31, 275-278.
McClelland, D.B., McGrath, J., & Samson, R.R. (1978). Antimicrobial factors in human milk. Studies of concentration and transfer to the infant during the early stages of lactation. Acta Paediatr Scand, 271, S1-20.
Moore, M. E., Moran, J.R., & Greene, H. L. (1984). Zinc supplementation in lactating women: evidence for mammary control of zinc secretion. J Pediatr, 105(4), 600-602.
Moore, S. E., Prentice, A. M., Coward, W. A., Wright, A., Frongillo, E. A., Fulford, A. J., Mander, A. P., Persson, L. A., Arifeen, S. E., & Kabir, I. (2007). Use of stable-isotope techniques to validate infant feeding practices reported by Bangladeshi women receiving breastfeeding counseling. Am J Clin Nutr, 85, 1075-1082.
Morin, K. H. (2004). Current thoughts on healthy term infant nutrition: the first twelve months. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs, 29(5), 312-317.
Moser-Veillon, P.B., & Reynolds, R. D. (1990). A longitudinal study of pyridoxine and zinc supplementation of lactating women. Am J Clin Nutr, 52(1), 135-41.
Neville, M. C., & Keller, R. (1984). Accuracy of single- and two-feed test weighing in assessing 24 h breast milk production. Early Hum Dev, 9, 275-281.
Neville, M. C., Keller, R., Seacat, J., Lutes, V., Neifert, M., Casey, C., Allen, J., & Archer, P. (1988). Studies in human lactation: milk volumes in lactating women during the onset of lactation and full lactation. Am J Clin Nutr, 48, 1375-1386.
Nicklas, T. A., Farris, R. P., Major, C., Frank, G. C., Webber, L. S., Cresanta, J. L., & Berenson, G. S. (1987). Dietary intakes. Pediatrics, 80, 797-806.
Noble, S., Emmett, P., & ALSPAC Study Team. (2001). Food and nutrient intake in a cohort of 8-month-old infants in the south-west of England in 1993. Eur J Clin Nutr, 55, 698-707.
Oddy, W. H., Sly, P. D., de Klerk, N. H., Landau, L. I., Kendall, G. E., Holt, P. G., ＆ Stanley, F. J. (2003). Breast feeding and respiratory morbidity in infancy: a birth cohort study. Arch Dis Child, 88(3), 224-228.
Oddy, W. H., Scott, J. A., Graham, K. I., & Binns, C. W. (2006). Breastfeeding influences on growth and health at one year of age. Breastfeed Rev, 14, 15-23.
Ong, K. K., Ahmed, M. L., Emmett, P. M., Preece, M. A., & Dunger, D. B. (2000). Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 20, 967-971.
Ong, K. K., Preece, M. A., Emmett, P. M., Ahmed, M. L., Dunger, D. B., & ALSPAS Study Team. (2002). Size at birth and early childhood growth in relation to maternal smoking, parity and infant breast-feeding: longitudinal birth cohort study and analysis. Pediatr Res, 52, 863-867.
Rivera, J. A., Gonzalez-Cossio, T., Flores, M., Romero, M., Rivera, M., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Rosado, J. L., & Brown, K. H. (2001). Multiple micronutrient supplementation increases the growth of Mexican infants. Am J Clin Nutr, 74, 657-663.
Rocquelin, G., Tapsoba, S., Dop, M.C., Mbemba, F., Traissac, P., & Martin-Prével, Y. (1998). Lipid content and essential fatty acid (EFA) composition of mature Congolese breast milk are influenced by mothers' nutritional status: impact on infants' EFA supply. Eur J Clin Nutr, 52(3), 164-171.
Sachs, M., Dykes, F., & Carter, B. (2006). Weight monitoring of breastfed babies in the United Kingdom--interpreting, explaining and intervening. Matern Child Nutr. 2(1), 3-18.
Sala-Vila, A., Castellote, A. I., Rodriguez-Palmero, M., Campoy, C., & López-Sabater M. C. (2005). Lipid composition in human breast milk from Granada (Spain): changes during lactation. Nutrition, 21(4), 467-73.
Scanlon, K. S., Alexander, M. P., Serdula, M. K., Davis, M. K., & Bowman, B. A. (2002). Assessment of infant feeding: the validity of measuring milk intake. Nutr Res, 60, 235-251.
Schack-Nielsen, L., ＆ Michaelsen, K. F. (2006). Breast feeding and
future health. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 9, 289-96.
Sievers, E., Oldigs, H. D., Santer, R., & Schaub, J. (2002). Feeding patterns in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Ann Nutr Metab, 46, 243-248.
Simondon, K. B., Simondon, F., Costes, R., Delaunay, V., & Diallo. (2001). Breast-feeding is associated with improved growth in length, but not weight, in rural Senegalese toddlers. Am J Clin Nutr, 73, 959-967.
Sopko, G., Jacobs. DR Jr, & Taylor, H. L. (1984). Dietary measures of physical activity. Am J Epidemiol, 120, 900-911.
Specker, B. L., Black, A., Allen, L., & Morrow F. (1990). Vitamin B-12: low milk concentrations are related to low serum concentrations in vegetarian women and to methylmalonic aciduria in their infants. Am J Clin Nutr, 52(6), 1073-6.
Thompson, J. N., Erdody, P., & Smith, D. C. (1975). Selenium content of food consumed by Canadians. J Nutr, 105, 274-277.
US Department of Health and Human Services. (2000). Healthy People 2010 2nd ed. With understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. 2nd ed. Washington, DC, US Department of Health and Human Services.
Vaughan, L. A., Weber, C. W., & Kemberling, S. R.(1979). Longitudinal changes in the mineral content of human milk. Am J Clin Nutr, 32, 2301-2306.
von Kries, R., Koletzko, B., Sauerwald, T., von Mutius, E., Barnert, D., Grunert, V., ＆ von Voss, H. (1999). Breast feeding and obesity: cross sectional study. BMJ, 319(7203), 147-150.
Woolridge, M. W., Jackson, D. A., Imong, S. M., Yootabootr, Y., & Amatayakul, K. (1987). Indirect test weighing: a non-intrusive technique for estimating night-time breast milk intake. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr, 41,347-361.
Wright, A. L., Holberg, C. J., Taussig, L. M., & Martinez, F. D. (2001). Factors influencing the relation of infant feeding to asthma and recurrent wheeze in childhood. Thorax, 56, 192-197.
World Health Organization and UNICEF. (2003). Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
World Health Organization. (2006). The WHO Child Growth Standards. Retrieved December 1, 2006,
from http://www.who.int/childgrowth/standards/en/
Yamawaki, N., Yamada, M., Kan-no, T., Kojima, T., Kaneko, T., & Yonekubo, A. (2005). Macronutrient, and trace element composition of breast milk from Japanese women. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 19(2-3), 171-81.
Zlotkin, S. (2003). Clinical nutrition: 8. The role of nutrition in the prevention of iron deficiency anemia in infants, children and adolescents. CMAJ, 168(1), 59-63.