本研究旨在探討智慧型手機成癮、知覺壓力與自我調節之關係。先探討國內外相關研究、架構與發展流程，再驗證智慧型手機成癮、知覺壓力與自我調節之關係。
繼之，以問卷調查方法蒐集資料，發出1480份份問卷，有效問卷1321份，有效回收率89%。並以次數分配、百分比、平均數、標準差、獨立樣本t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關與結構方程模型等方法進行分析。
經由統計分析結果，獲致主要結論如下：
一、科技大學商業與管理學門學生對智慧型手機成癮、自我調節、知覺
壓力內涵，同意程度良好。
二、智慧型手機成癮因使用智慧型手機年資、每天使用智慧型手機的時
間之不同而有所差異。
三、知覺壓力因不同學校所在地、不同年級、智慧型手機上網連線、最
常使用的智慧型手機應用程式(App) 之不同而有所差異。
四、自我調節因性別、不同年級、使用智慧型手機年資、每天使用智慧
型手機的時間、最常使用的智慧型手機應用程式(App)等之不同而有
所差異。
五、智慧型手機成癮、自我調節、知覺壓力三個變項間呈現低度相關。
六、智慧型手機成癮、自我調節、知覺壓力衡量模型之驗證分析結果尚
稱合理。
七、智慧型手機成癮、自我調節、知覺壓力呈現正向與負向結構關係。

The study aims to discuss the relationship among smartphone addition, perceived stress and self-regulation.It first discusses the domestic and international relevant researches, structures and the development courses, and then verifies the relationship among smartphone addition, perceived stress and self-regulation.
The data was collected by questionnaire survey. With 1,480 copies distributed, we collected 131 effective questionnaires at 89% of effective response rate. We analyzed it with statistical methods; for example, frequency distribution, percentage, average, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, one way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analysis, and structural equation model (SEM), etc.
According to the result, the main conclusions are as follow:
1.For the students in the fields of business and administration for university of science and technology, they quite agree with concept of the smartphone addition, perceived stress and self-regulation.
2.The smart addiction differs with the fact that when people started to use smartphones and how much time they spend on it every day.
3.The perceived stress differs with different school locations, different grades, different ways they get on the Internet (4g,Wi-Fi,etc) and what Apps they use most frequently.
4.Self-regulation differs with different genders, grades, how many years they have used smartphones, how much time they spend on it every day and what Apps they use most frequently.
5.The three variations between smartphone addition, perceived stress and self-regulation are modestly corelated.
6.The analytical result of smartphone addition, perceived stress and self-regulation are reasonable and practical.
7.The analytical result of smartphone addition, perceived stress and self-regulation represents positive and negative structural relations.

中文部份
王文科、王智弘(2014)。教育研究法。臺北：五南。
呂傑華、門菊英、呂昕禹、黎政諺（2013）。Just Call Me, Be Happy! ─花蓮高中職學生手機使用行為。傳播與管理研究，13（1），33-72。
吳明隆（2013）。SPSS統計應用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計。\臺北：知城。
柯俊銘（2009）。你有⋯⋯手機成癮症？上網日期2016 年9 月5 日，取自https://www.google.com.tw/#q=柯俊銘手機成癮
邱逸翔、盧俊宏（2013）。Cohen知覺壓力量表在運動情境內外的應用和研究發展。中華體育季刊，27(3)，221-229。
邱皓政（2011）。量化研究與統計分析。臺北：五南。
教育部（2014）。中華民國技術及職業教育簡介。臺北：教育部技術及職業教育司
教育部統計處（2017）。大專校院技職體系學生數。上網日期2017 年2 月27 日，取自 https://stats.moe.gov.tw/qframe.aspx?qno=MgAwADQA0
教育部（2009）。職業學校群科課程綱要暨設備基準－商業與管理群。上網日期2016 年9 月25 日，取自 file:///C:/Users/naiyu/Downloads/_13_商業與管理學門-職校課程綱要.pdf
莫懷恩（2011）。冷凍空調維修服務業微型創業管理之創業環境、動態能力與創業績效關係研究 (博士論文)。 取自http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/12666767501372338689
黃芳銘（2003）。結構方程模式理論與應用。台北：五南書局。
黃芳銘、張簡元崇（2003）。結構方程模式整體適配指標在台灣教育研究應用之評析-1991到2002年期刊論文之回顧。嘉義大學學報，75， 101-128 。
張立人（2013）。上網不上癮。臺北：心靈工坊
張正杰、施美雲（2015）。高中職學生手機使用行為與手機成癮傾向之究。教育傳播與科技研究，110，41-62。
張偉豪（2011）。論文寫作SEM不求人。高雄市： 鼎茂。
陳彰儀（1989）。工作與休閒-從工業心理學的觀點探討休閒現況與理論。台北：淑馨。
陳靜怡、曾治乾、葉國樑、黃禎貞、李映秋（2014）。嘉義縣市大學生智慧型手機成癮及其相關因素研究。健康促進暨衛生教育雜誌，37，47- 69。
鄭桂玫、徐茂洲（2012）。結構方程模型的統計檢定力計算及樣本數決定 在《大專體育學刊》之運用。大專體育，123，25-34。
鄭中平（2015）。結構方程式模型徑路係數的檢定力分析。人力資源管理 學報，15(3)，75-96。
羅惠筠、陳秀珍（譯）（1992 ）。現代心理學（原作者：Charles G. Morris ）。台北:亞美。

英文部份
Aldwin, C. M. (1994). Stress, coping, and development. New York: Guilford Press.
American College Health Association. (2007). National college health assessment spring 2007 reference group data report. Journal of American College Health, 56, 469–479.
American College Health Association. (2012). Acha-ncha. Retrieved from http://www.achancha. org/reports_ACHA-NCHAII.html
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). In 4th (Ed.), Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV). Washington, DC.
Anderson, D. R., & Collin, P. A. (1996). Stressful life events and television viewing. Communication Research, 23, 243–260.
Anderson, J. C. & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: a review and recommended two-step approach. Psychol Bull, 103(3), 411–423.
Anderson, R. M. (1987). Gap-minimizing prices and quadratic core convergence. Journal of Mathematical Economics, 16, 1-15.
APA. (2008). Stress in America Washington, DC: American psychological association. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2008/10/stress-in-america.pdf
Archer, J., & Lamnin, A. (1985). An investigation of personal and academic stressors on college campuses. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26(3), 210-215.
Arnett, J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teen through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
Aspelmeier, J. E., & Kerns, K. A. (2003). Love and school: Attachment/exploration dynamics in college. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 20(1), 5-30.
Barkley, R. A. (2004). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and self-regulation:Taking an evolutionary perspective on executive functioning. New York: NY: The Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
Barkley, R. A. (2001). The executive functions and self-regulation: An evolutionary neuropsychological perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 11, 1-29.
Barkley, R. A. (2006). Attention-deflcit/hyperactivity disorder: A handbook of for diagnosis and treatment (3r ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Bentler, P. M. & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modeling. Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 78–117.
Bernier, A., Larose, S., Boivon, M., & Soucy, N. (2004). Attachment state of mind: 29 implications for adjustment to college. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 783-806.
Beranuy, M., Oberst, U., Carbonell, X., & Chamarro, A. (2009). Problematic internet and mobile phone use and clinical symptoms in college students：The role of emotional intelligence. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(5), 1182-1187.
Bianchi, A., & Phillips, J. (2005). Psychological predictors of problem mobile phone use. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 8, 39-51.
Biondi, M., Moynihan, J. A., Stevens, S. Y., Lysle, D. T., Kusnecov, A. W., Sved, A., & Baum, A. (2001). Part V: Stress and immunity. San Diego: CA: Academic Press.
Boomsma, A., & Hoogland, J. J. (2001). The robustness of LISREL modeling revisited. In R. Cudeck, S. du Toit & D. Sörbom (Eds.). Structural equation modeling: Present and future. A Festschrift in honor of Karl Jöreskog, 139–168. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
Bowlby, J. (1989). The role of attachment in personality development and psychopathology. Madison: CT: International Universities Press, Inc.
Braveman, P. A., Egerter, S. A., & Mockenhaupt, R. E. (2011). Broadening the focus: The need to address the social determinants of health. american ,40, S4-S18. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, S4-S18.
Brown, J. M. (1998). In W. R. Miller, & N. Heather (Eds.) (Ed.), Self-regulation and the addictive behaviors. (2nd ed.). New York: NY: Plenum Press.
Brummett, B. H., Babyak, M. A., Mark, D. B., Clapp-Channing, N. E., Siegler, I. C., & Barefoot, J. C. (2004). Prospective study of perceived stress in cardiac patients. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(1), 22-30.
Buckworth, J., & Dishman, R. K. (2002). exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associateds, Publishers.
Caplan, S. E. (2003). Preference for online social interaction: A theory of problematic internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication Research, 30, 625.
Caplan, S. E. (2005). A social skill account of problematic internet use. Journal of Communication, 55, 721–736.
Carver, C. S. (2004). Self-regulation of action and affect. New York: NY: The Guilford Press.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2000). On the structure of behavioral self-regulation. San Diego: CA: Academic Press.
Chen, C., Zhang, K. Z., & Zhao, S. J. (2015). Examining the effects of perceived enjoyment and habit on smartphone addiction: The role of user type. in ETechnologies Springer International Publishing.
Chen, S. H., Weng, L. J., Su, Y. J., Wu, H. M., & Yang, P. F. (2003). Development of chinese internet addiction scale and its psychometric study. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 45, 279-294.
Chen, Y. (2006). Social phenomena of mobile phone use: An exploratory study in taiwanese college students. Journal of Cyber Culture and Information Society, 11, 219-244.
Chen, Y. F., & Katz, J. E. (2009). Extending family to school life: College students’ use of the mobile phone. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 67(2), 179-191.
Chiu, S. I. (2014). The relationship between life stress and smartphone addiction on taiwanese university students: A mediation model of learning self-efficacy and social self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 49-57.
Choliz, M. (2012). Mobile-phone addiction in adolescence: The test of mobile phone dependence (TMD). Progress in Health Science, 2(1), 33-44.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396.
Coleman, D. (1993). Leisure based social support, leisure dispositions and health. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(4), 25-350-361.
Coleman, D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1993). Leisure and health: The role of social support and self determination. Journal of Leisure Research, 25, 111-128.
Cordon. S. L. & Gibson, P. R. (2009). The role of mindfulness-based stress reduction on perceived stress: Preliminary evidence for the moderating role of attachment style. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 23(3), 258-269.
Corno, L. (1993). The best-laid plans modern conceptions of volition and educational research. Educational Researcher, 22(2), 14-22.
Currie, J. (2004). Motherhood, stress and the exercise experience: Freedom or constraint? Leisure Studies, 23(3), 225-242.
Curtis, A. J. (2000). Health psychology. Boston: Routledge.
Dawe, S., & Loxton, N. J. (2004). The role of impulsivity in the development of substance use and eating disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 343-351.
Day, A. L., & Livingstone, H. A. (2003). Gender differences in perceptions of stressors and utilization of social support among university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 35(2), 73-83.
Demetriou, A. (2000). Organization and cevelopment of self-understanding and self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Demirci, K., Orhan, H., Demirdas, A., Akpınar, A., & Sert, H. (2014). Validity and reliability of the turkish version of the smartphone addiction scale in a younger population. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 24(3), 226-234.
Diehl, M., Semegon, A. B., & Schwarzer, R. (2006). Assessing attention control in goal pursuit: A component of dispositional self-regulation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86(3), 306-317.
Dixon, S. K., & Kurpius, S. (2008). Depression and college stress among university undergraduates: Do mattering and self-esteem make a difference? Journal of College 32 Student Development, 49(5), 412-424.
Dyrbye, L. N., & Shanafelt, T. (2007). Increasing medical school matriculation for minority students: Comment. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 297(3).
Eleni Andreou, Evangelos C. Alexopoulos, Christos Lionis, Liza Varvogli, Charalambos Gnardellis, George P. Chrousos and Christina Darviri. (2011). Perceived stress scale: Reliability and validity study in greece. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 8, 3287-3298.
EMarketer. (2016). Smartphone users worldwide will total 1.75 billion in 2014. Retrieved from http://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone- Users-Worldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536
Feldman, R. S. (1999). Understanding psychology. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(3), 571-579.
Friedlander, L. J., Reid, G. J., Shupak, N., & Cribbie, R. (2007). Social support, self-esteem, and stress as predictors of adjustment to university among first-year undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development, 48(3), 259-274.
Ghorbani, N., Krauss, S. W., Watson, P. J., & LeBreton, D. (2008). Relationship of perceive stress with depress: Complete mediation by perceived control and anxiety in iran and the united states. International Journal of Psychology, 43(6), 958-968.
Giacobbi, P. R., Tuccitto, D. E., & Frye, N. (2007). Exercise, affect, and university students' appraisals of academic events prior to the final examination period. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(2), 261-274.
Greenberg, J. S. (1981). A study of stressors in the college student population. Health Education, 12, 8–12.
Griffiths, M. (1998). Internet addiction: Does it really exist? in J. gackenbach (ed), psychology and the internet. New York: Academic Press.
Guo, Y., Wang, S., Johnson, V., & Diaz, M. (2011). College students' stress under current economic downturn. College Student Journal, 45(3), 536-543.
Hadlington, L. J. (2015). Cognitive failures in daily life: Exploring the link with internet addiction and problematic mobile phone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 75-81.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R.R., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice-Hall International Inc.
Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 64–105.
Heins, M., Fahey, S. N., & Leiden, L. I. (1984). Perceived stress in medical, law, and graduate students. Journal of Medical Education, 59(3), 169 -179.
Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009). Salivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(2), 163-171.
Heron, D., & Shapira, N. (2004). Time to log off: New diagnostic criteria for problematic internet use. Current Psychiatry Online, 2(4).
Hingorani, K. K., Woodard, D., & Askari-Danesh, N. (2012). Exploring how smartphones supports students' lives. Issues in Information Systems., 13(2), 33-4.
Hong, Chiu, S., & Huang, H. (2012). A model of the relationship between psychological characteristics, mobile phone addiction and use of mobile phones by taiwanese university female students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2152-2159.
Hudd, S., Dumlao, J., Erdmann-Sager, D., Murray, D., Phan, E., Soukas, N., & Yokozuka, N. (2000). Stress at college: Effects on health habits, health status and self-esteem. College Student Journal, 34(2), 217-227.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). (2016). Mobile phones and youth: A look at the US student market. Retrieved from http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/ni/futuremobile/ Youth.pdf.
Iwasaki,Y.,& Mannell, R. C. (2000). Hierarchical dimensions of leisure stress-coping. Leisure Sciences, 22(3), 163 -181.
Iwasaki Y., Mannell, R. C., Smale, B. J. A. and Butchher, J. (2002). A short-term longitudinal analysis of leisure coping used by employees of police and emergency response service workers..Journal of Leisure Research, 34(3), 311-339.
Jamal, A., Sedie, R., Haleem, K. A., & Hafiz, N. (2012). Patterns of use of ‘smart phones’ among female medical students and self-reported effects. Jamal, A., Sedie, R., Haleem, K. A., & Hafiz, N., 7(1), 45-49.
Jeong, S. H., Kim, H., Yum, J. Y., & Hwang, Y. (2016). What type of content are smartphone users addicted to? SNS vs. games. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 10-17.
Jie, T., Yizhen, Y., Yukai, D., Ying, M., Dongying, Z., & Jiaji, W. (2014). Addictive behaviors prevalence of internet addiction and its association with stressful life events and psychological symptoms among adolescent internet users. Addictive Behaviors, 39(3), 744–747.
Jonghun, L. (2013). Smartphone overuse growing and harmful to adolescents. (release no.13-40). San Francisco, CA: American Psychiatric Association.
Junco, R., & Cotten, S. R. (2012). No A 4 U: The relationship between multitasking and academic performance. Computers & Education, 59(2), 505-514.
Karoly, P. (1993). Mechanisms of self-regulation: A systems view. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 23-52.
Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E., Creswell, P. D., & Witt, W. P. (2012). Does the perception that stress affects health matter? the association with health and mortality. Health Psychology, 31(5), 677-684.
Kibona, L., & Mgaya, G. (2015). Smartphones’ effects on academic performance of higher learning students. Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology, 2(4), 777-784.
Kim, K., Triana, M. C., Chung, K., & Oh, N. (2015). When do employees cyberloaf? an interactionist perspective examining personality, justice, and empowerment. Human Resource Management.
Kim, S. J., & Byrne, S. (2011). Conceptualizing personal web usage in work contexts: a preliminary framework. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2271-2283.
Kim, S., & Kim, R. (2002). A study of internet addiction: Status, causes, and remedies. Journal of Korean Home Economics Association English Edition, 3, 1-19.
King, A. L. S., Valenca, A. M., Silva, A. C. O., Baczynski, T., Carvalho, M. R., & Nardi, A. E. (2013). Nomophobia: Dependency on virtual environments or social phobia? Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 140-144.
Klyoko, K., & Hitoml, S. (2005). Impact of the mobile phone on junior high-school students' friendships in the tokyo metropolitan area. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 8, 215-231.
Ko, M., Yang, S., Lee, J., Heizmann, C., Jeong, J., Lee, U., et al. (2015). NUGU: A group-based intervention app for improving self-regulation of limiting smartphone use. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 1235-1245.
Kopetz, C. E., Lejuez, C. W., Wiers, R. W., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2013). Motivation and self-regulation in addiction a call for convergence. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(1), 3-24.
Krycak, R. C., Murdock, N. L., & Marszalek, J. M. (2012). Differentiation of self, stress, and emotional support as predictors of psychological distress. Contemporary Family Therapy, 34(4), 495-515.
Kuhl, J. (1992). A theory of self-regulation: Action versus state orientation, self discrimination and some applications. Applied Psychology, 41(2), 97-129.
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H. & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction: Development and validation of a short version for adolescents(SAS-SV). PloS One, 8(12), e83558.
Kwon, M., Lee, J.Y., Won, W.Y., Park, J.W., Min, J.A., Hahn, C., & Kim, D.J. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). Plos One, 8(2), e56936.
Lantz, P. M., House, J. S., Mero, R. P., & Williams, D. R. (2005). Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: Results from the americans’ changing lives study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(3), 274-288.
Lapointe, L., Boudreau-Pinsonneault, C. & Vaghefi, I. (2013). Is smartphone usage truly smart? A qualitative investigation of IT addictive behaviors.
Paper Presented at 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii, USA.
LaRose, R., & Eastin, M. (2004). A social cognitive theory of internet uses and gratifications: Toward a new model of media attendance. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52, 358-377.
LaRose, R., Lin, C. A., & Eastin, M. S. (2003). Unregulated internet usage: Addiction, habit, or deficient self-regulation? Media Psychology, 5(3), 225-253.
Laura Pavia, Paola Cavani, Maria Di Blasi, Cecilia Giordano. (2016). Smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI): Psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 170-178.
Lavoie, J., & Pychyl, T. A. (2001). Cyber-slacking and the procrastination superhighway: A web-based survey of online procrastination, attitudes, and emotion. Social Science Computer Review, 19, 431–444.
Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw- Hill.
Lazarus, R. S. (1977). Psychological stress and coping in adaptation and illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S. (Lazarus, R. S. & Folkman, S.). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: NY: Springer.
Lazarus, R. S., & DeLongis, A. (1983). Psychological stress and coping in aging. American Psychologist, 38(3), 245-254.
Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: NY: Springer.
Lee, J., Cho, B., Kim, Y., & Noh, J. (2015). Smartphone addiction in university students and its implication for learning. in emerging issues in smart learning. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
Lee, Y. K., Chang, C. T., Lin, Y., & Cheng, Z. H. (2014). The dark side of smartphone usage: Psychological traits, compulsive behavior and technostress. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 373-383.
Lepore, S. J., Miles, H. J., & Levy, J. S. (1997). Relation of chronic and episodic stressors to psychological distress, reactivity, and health problems. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4(1), 39-59.
Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343-350.
Leung, L. (2007). Stressful life events, motives for internet use, and social support among digital kids. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 10(2), 204–214.
Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B. J., & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the smartphone addiction inventory (SPAI). PLoS One, 9, e98312.
Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R., Kuo, T. B. (2015). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (app). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145.
Lin, M.P., KO, H.C., & Wu, Y.W. (2011). Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors associated with internet addiction in a nationally representative sample of college students in taiwan. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(12), 741-746.
Lowe, R., & Bennett, P. (2003). Exploring coping reactions to work-stress: Application of an appraisal theory. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 393-400.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.
Marks, D. F., Murray, M. D., Evans, B., Willig, C., Woodall, C., & Sykes, C. M. (2005). Health psychology: Theory, research, and practice.
. London: SAGE
Mardia, K. V. (1985). Mardia`s test of multinormality. In S. Kotz, & N. L. Johnson, (eds. In chief). Encyclopedia of statistical sciences, 5, 217- 221.
Maslach, C. & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Mason, J. W. (1975). Emotions as reflected in patterns of endocrine integration. in L. levi (ed). emotions: Their parameters and measurements (pp. 143-181). New York: NY: Raven Press.
Matthew, G., Schwean, V. L., Campbell, S. E., Saklofske, D. H., Mohamed, A. A. R. (2000). Personality, self-regulation, and adaptation: A cognitive-social framework. CA: Academic Press: San Diego.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analysis. Psychological Methods, 7, 64-82.
Meneghan, E. (1982). Measuring coping effectiveness: A panel analysis of marital problems and coping efforts. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 23, 220-234.
Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106(1), 3–19.
Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1998). The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. New York: NY: Guilford Press.
Mikulincer, M., Florian, V., & Weller, A. (1993). Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the gulf war in israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 817-826.
Misra, R., & Castillo, L. G. (2004). Academic stress among college students: Comparison of american and international students. International Journal of Stress Management, 11, 132–148.
Mok, J. Y., Choi, S. W., Kim, D. J., Choi, J. S., Lee, J., Ahn, H., & Song, W. Y. (2014). Latent class analysis on internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 10, 817-828.
Moran, P. (2007). Attachment style, ethnicity and help-seeking attitudes among adolescent pupils. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 35(2), 205-218.
Myers, J. E. & Suzanne, D. W. (2007). Aging well in an upscale retirement community: The relationships among perceived stress. mattering and weilness. ADUUTSPA Journal, 6(2), 96-110.
Ng, D. M., & Jeffery, R. W.（2003）. Relationships between perceived stress and health behaviors in a sample of working adults. Health Psychology, 22, 638–642.
Olufadi, Y. (2015). A configurational approach to the investigation of the multiple paths to success of students through mobile phone use behaviors. Computers & Education, 86, 84-104.
Park, B. W., & Lee, K. C. (2011). The effect of users’ characteristics and experiential factors on the compulsive usage of the smartphone. in ubiquitous computing and multimedia applications. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.
Park, C., & Park, Y. R. (2014). The conceptual model on smartphone addiction among early childhood. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2(4), 147-150.
Park, N., & Lee, H. (2012). Social implications of smartphone use: Korean college students’ smartphone use and psychological well-being. cyberpsychology. Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(9), 491-497.
Perlow, L. A. (2012). Sleeping with your smartphone: How to break the 24/7 habit and change the way you work. Harvard Business Review Press.
Rhodes, J. E., & Jason, L. (1990). A social stress model of substance abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 395–401.
Pi, S. Y. (2013). Self-diagnostic system for smartphone addiction using multiclass SVM. Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society, 24(1), 13-22.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning component of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(1), 33-40.
Pierceall, E. A., &, & Keim, M. C. (2007). Stress and coping strategies among community college students. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 31, 703-712.
Robbins, S. P. (2000). Organizational behavior. Upper Saddle, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Roberti, J. W., Harrington, L. N., & Storch, E. A. (2006). Further psychometric support for the 10-item version of the perceived stress scale. Journal of College Counseling, 9(13).
Roberts, J. A. P., Yaya, L. H., & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: Cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254-265.
Rothbart, M. K., Ellis, L. K., & Posner, M. I. (2004). Temperament and self-regulation. New York: NY: The Guilford Press.
Salehan, M., & Negahban, A. (2013). Social networking on smartphones: When mobile phones become addictive. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2632-2639.
Schwarzer R, Diehl M, Schmitz GS. (1999). Self-regulation scale. 1999 [cited 2012; available from. Retrieved from http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/selfreg_e.htm
Schwab, D. P. (1980). Construct validity in organizational behavior. In: Staw, B. M., & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.). Research in organizational behavior, 2, 3–43.
Seaward, B. L. (2012). Managing stress: Principles and strategies for health and well-being (7th ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Barlett Learning.
Segerstrom S. C., & Miller G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 601-630.
Shapira, N. A., Goldsmith, T. D., Keck, P. E., Khosla, U. M., & McElroy, S. L. (2000). Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2000(57), 267–272.
Shaw, B. A., Krause, N., Liang, J., & Bennett, J. (2007). Tracking changes in social relations throughout late life. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 62(2), S90–S99.
Skinner, N., & Brewer, N. (2002). The dynamics of threat and challenge appraisals prior to stressful achievement events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 678- 692.
Snodgrass, J. G., Lacy, M. G., Dengah, H. J. F., Eisenhauer, S., Batchelder, G., & Cookson, R. J. (2014). A vacation from your mind: Problematic online gaming is a stress response. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 248–260.
Solomon, G. F., Amkraut, A. A., & Kasper, P. (1974). Immunity, emotions and stress: With special reference to the mechanisms of stress effects on the immune system. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 23, 209-217.
Stone, A. M., & Merlo, L. J. (2011). Attitudes of college students toward mental illness stigma and the misuse of psychiatric medications. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72, 134-139.
Szpakow, A., Stryzhak, A., & Prokopowicz, W. (2011). Evaluation of threat of mobile phone e addiction among belarusian university students. Progress in Health Sciences, 1(2), 96-101.
Takao, M., Takahashi, S., & Kitamura, M. (2009). Addictive personality and problematic mobile phone use. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(5), 501-507.
Taylor, S. E. (1999). Health psychology McGraw-Hill.
Thomee, S., Harenstam, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults a prospective cohort study. BMC public health, 11(1), 66e76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-66.11(1), 66-76.
Toda, M., Monden, K., Kubo, K., & Morimoto, K. (2006). Mobile phone dependence and health-related lifestyle of university student. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(10), 1277-1284.
Treharne, G. J., Lyons, A. C., Booth, D. A., & Kitas, G. D. (2007). Psychological well-being across 1 year with rheumatoid arthritis: Coping resources as buffers of perceived stress. British Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 323-345.
Trouillet, R., Gana, K., Lourel, M., & Fort, I. (2009). Predictive value of age for coping: The role of self-efficacy, social support, satisfaction and perceived stress. Aging & Mental Health, 13(3), 357-366.
Udelman, D. L. (1982). Stress and immunity. psychotherapy and psychosomatics.37(3), 176- 184.
Uhde, T. W., Tancer, M. E., Gelernter, C. S., & Vittone, B. J. (1994). Normal urinary free cortisol and postdexamethasone cortisol in social phobia: Comparison to normal volunteers. Journal of Affective Disorder, 30(3), 155-161.
van Deursen, A. J., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age, and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420.
van Duinen, M. A., Schruers, K. J., Maes, M., & Griez, E. L. (2007). CO2 challenge induced HPA axis activation in panic. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 10(6), 797-804.
Vohs, K. D., & Baumeister, R. F. (2004). Understanding self-regulation: An introduction. New York: NY: The Guilford Press.
Wajcman, J., Bittman, M., Jones, P., Johnstone, L., & Brown, J. (2007). The impact of the mobile phone on work/life balance. Australian Research Council, Preliminary Report Research School of Social Sciences, P1-P27.
Weiten, W. (1998). Psychology: Themes and variations. Pacific Grove: Brook Cole.
Whang, L., Lee, S., & Chang, G. (2003). Internet over-users’ psychological profiles: A behavior sampling analysis on internet addiction. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 6, 143–150.
Wijndaele, K., Matton, L., Duvigneaud, N., Lefevre, J., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Duquet, W., Philippaerts, R. M. (2007). Association between leisure time physical activity and stress, social support and coping: A cluster-analytical approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8, 425-440.
Wills, T. A., Pokhrel, P., Morehouse, E., & Fenster, B. (2011). Behavioral and emotional regulation and adolescent substance use problems: A test of
moderation effects in a dual-process model. , Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors.
Widaman, K. F. (1985). Hierarchically nested covariance structure models for multitrait-multimethod data. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 1-26.
Yildirim, C., Sumuer, E., Adnan, M., & Yildirim, S. (2015). A growing fear prevalence of nomophobia among turkish college students. Information Development, 1-10.
Young, K. S. (1996). Internet addiction: The emergence of new clinical disorder. In Paper Presented at the 104th Annual Meeting of Psychological Association.
Young, K. S., & Rogers, R. C. (1998). The relationship between depression and internet addiction. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 1, 25-28.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1995). Self-regulation involves more than metacognition: A social cognitive perspective. Educational Psychologist, 30, 217-221.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. San Diego: CA: Academic Press.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Risemberg, R. (1997). In In G. D. Phye (Ed.), (Ed.),
Self-regulatory dimensions of academic learning and motivation. handbook of academic learning: Construction of knowledge. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Zorrilla, E. P., Luborsky, L., McKay, J. R., Rosenthal R., Houldin A., Tax, A., Schimidt, K. (2001). The relationship of depression and stressors to immunological assays: A metaanalytic review. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 15(3), 199-226.