簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 范軒睿
Fan, Hsuan-Ray
論文名稱: 不同性別與組別的高中生於圖像理解與眼球運動的差異
Difference of Image Comprehension and Eye Movements between Genders and Study Majors of Senior High School Students
指導教授: 伊彬
I, Bin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 設計學系
Department of Design
論文出版年: 2012
畢業學年度: 100
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 147
中文關鍵詞: 青少年性別文理組圖像理解眼球運動
英文關鍵詞: adolescence, gender, study major, image comprehension, eye movement
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:163下載:8
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 就性別與組別的圖像視覺能力差異而言,目前已知男性相較於女性,其視覺空間能力表現較為優秀(Healy,2004/2009,134)。理組在掌握線條、色彩、形狀等的能力較文組優秀(吳武典等,2009)。故本研究針對高中生青少年,探討性別(男性與女性)與組別(文組與理組)對於不同圖像的理解差異。以102位台北市某高中高三學生(17-18歲)為實驗參與者,以挑選過的無字圖像為刺激物,將刺激物分為空間、歷史、文化、生活等4個類別,透過參與者從電腦螢幕觀看圖像,研究者口述訊問,並同時記錄參¬¬與者眼球運動的方式,紀錄參與者的圖像解讀與眼球運動資料。研究結果為:1. 高中生參與者深層符號解讀能力不足:參與者整體無法理解圖像深層涵義。2. 高中生參與者細節觀察能力不足:參與者整體忽略圖像細節。3. 專業背景影響圖像理解:理組參與者空間翻轉能力較好、文組參與者歷史圖像及文化圖像理解力較好。4. 空間概念難易度影響圖像理解:較難的圖像,文理組參與者能力達顯著差異,較容易的圖像則無。5. 推論視覺偏好影響圖像理解:符合男性參與者的視覺與創作偏好的圖像,男性參與者表現較優異。6. 錯誤的圖像理解有一定模式:分別為看見刺激物卻理解錯誤、看見刺激物卻無法記憶、看見刺激物卻無符號整合能力、看見刺激物卻無符號思考能力、對刺激物背景知識的不足或不知道、沒有看見刺激物特定部分。7. 推論符號複雜程度影響男性參與者眼動數值:符號複雜程度過於簡化或過於複雜的圖像,男性參與者須要較多的注視時間。8. 推論圖像理解程度影響眼動數值: 理解程度較低,會有較多的注視次數、掃視次數。9. 圖像構圖影響眼動數值。

    On the difference of image understanding between genders and study majors, previous research indicated that spatial visualization abilities of male is better than female (Healy, 2004/2009,134), science major students better than literature major students (Wu et al., 2009). In order to understand the difference of image understanding between genders and study majors of senior high school students, the present study investigate the correlation between subjects and image understanding in different areas, image understanding and eye movements。The sample consisted of 102 third grade senior high school students(17-18 years old) attending a public school in Taipei. The present study identified and defined 10 images into 4 areas: spatial, history, culture, and life. Images were showed through computer screen to subjects, while eye movements were recorded, subjects had to verbally respond to questions about images at the same time。Results are:1. Only few can understand the depth symbol meaning of images. 2. Only few can recognize the detail of images. 3. Study backgrounds influence image understanding abilities. 4. Difficulty of spatial image influence image understanding. 5. Visual preferences influence image understanding abilities. 6. There are certain patterns of image misunderstanding。7. Complexity of image symbol meaning influence eye movements of male subjects. 8. Image understanding influence eye movements. 9. Image composition influence eye movements.

    謝誌 I 摘要 III Abstract V 目錄 VII 表錄 XI 圖錄 XII 第一章、緒論 1 1.1研究背景與動機 1 1.2 研究目的 2 1.3研究範圍 3 1.4研究架構與流程 3 1.5名詞釋義 5 第二章、文獻探討 7 2.1高中生認知發展 7 2.1.1高中生青少年 7 2.1.2青少年的認知發展論述 10 2.1.3腦部與青少年認知發展 14 2.1.4小結 16 2.2高中生視覺認知 17 2.2.1青少年與視覺文化 17 2.2.2視覺認知的處理機制 19 2.2.3性別與視覺認知差異 21 2.2.4文理組與視覺認知差異 24 2.2.5小結 26 2.3眼球運動模式 27 2.3.1眼球運動的基本概述 27 2.3.2 眼球運動的數值意義 29 2.3.3 眼球運動與性別差異 30 2.3.4 眼球運動與年齡差異 31 2.3.5 小結 33 2.4 文獻小結 34 第三章、研究方法 37 3.1先遣實驗 37 3.1.2第一次先遣實驗 38 3.1.3第二次先遣實驗 40 3.1.4第三次先遣實驗 40 3.2顧問專家背景 41 3.3研究對象 41 3.4 視覺刺激物 42 3.4.1刺激物分類 42 3.4.2刺激物篩選基準 42 3.4.3刺激物來源 43 3.4.4刺激物的設計 46 3.5評分設計及刺激物編碼 47 3.6研究變項與定義 49 3.7實驗設備 50 3.8實驗空間 51 3.9實驗日期 53 3.10指導語 53 3.11實驗流程 54 第四章、研究結果 57 4.1圖像理解程度 57 4.1.1圖像理解程度分析 57 4.1.2歷史類圖像解讀理由 64 4.1.3文化類圖像解讀理由 69 4.1.4生活類圖像解讀理由 78 4.1.5小結 83 4.2眼動資料分析 85 4.2.1平均注視時間 85 4.2.2平均掃視幅度 88 4.2.3注視次數 90 4.2.4掃視次數 93 4.2.5平均瞳孔大小 96 4.2.6眼動軌跡 98 4.2.7小結 114 第五章、研究討論 117 5.1參與者無法理解圖像深層涵義與細節資訊 117 5.2空間1(空間翻轉)圖像理解理組表現較優異 118 5.3歷史類及文化4(糖果屋)圖像理解文組表現較優異 119 5.4歷史2(明成祖)、文化2(911)圖像理解男性表現較優異 120 5.5眼動資料與圖像理解 121 第六章、結論與建議 125 6.1結論 125 6.2建議 128 參考文獻 129 附錄 實驗用參與者圖像理解記錄 141

    英文文獻
    Arnett, J. J. (2001). Adolescence and emerging adulthood: A cultural approach. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
    Assel, M. A., Landry, S. H., Swank, P., Smith, K. E., & Steelman, L. M. (2003). Precursors to mathematical skills: Examining the roles of visual–spatial skills, executive processes, and parenting factors. Applied developmental Science, 7(1), 27-38.
    Atwater, E. (1992). Adolescence (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
    Begona, G. (2007). Digital games in education: The design of games-based learning environments. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 40(1), 23-38.
    Bono, F., Oliveri, R. L., Zappia, M., Aguglia, U., Puccio, G., & Quattrone, A. (1996). Computerized analysis of eye movements as a function of age. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 22(3), 261-269.
    Bornstein, M. H., Mash, C., & Arterberry, M. E. (2011). Perception of object–context relations: Eye movement analyses in infants and adults. Developmental Psychology, 47(2), 364-375.
    Bradley, M. M., Miccoli, L., Escrig, M. A., & Lang, P. J. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 602-607.
    Bruce, V., Green, P. R., & Georgeson, M. A. (2004). Visual perception: Physiology, psychology, and ecology. New York: Psychology.
    Causse, M., Sénard, J. M., Démonet, J. F., & Pastor, J. (2010). Monitoring cognitive and emotional processes through pupil and cardiac response during dynamic versus logical task. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback, 35(2), 115-123.
    Cazzatoa, V., Basso, D., Cutini, S., & Bisiacchi, P. (2010). Gender differences in visuospatial planning: An eye movements study. Behavioural Brain Research, 206(2), 177-183.
    Cupchik, G. C., & Gebotys, R. J. (1990). Interest and pleasure as dimensions of aesthetic response. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 8(1), 1-14.
    Duchowski, A. T. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice (2nd ed). London: Springer.
    Engbert, R. (2006). Microsaccades: A microcosm for research on oculomotor control, attention, and visual perception. In S. Martinez-Conde, S. L. Macknik, L. M. Martinez, J. M. Alonso, & P. U. Tse (Eds), Visual perception part I, fundamentals of vision: Low and mid-level processes in perception (pp. 177- 192). Oxford: Elsevier.
    Fahle, M. M., & Wegner, A. J. (2000). Age dependence of sensory and motor components in saccades. Neuro-Ophthalmology, 24(3), 427-440.
    Garderen, D. V. (2006). Spatial visualization, visualImagery, and mathematical
    problem solving of students with varying abilities. Journal of Learning Disablities, 39(6), 496-506.
    Giedd, J. N., Clasen, L. S., Lenroot, R., Greenstein, D., Wallace, G. L., Ordaz, S., Molloy, E. A., Blumenthal, J. D., Tossell, J. W., Stayer, C., Samango-Sprouse, C. A., Shen, D., Davatzikos, C., Merke, D., & Chrousos, G. P. (2006). Puberty-related influences on brain development. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 254-255, 154-162.
    Goldwater, B. C. (1972). Psychological significance of pupillary movements. Psychological Bulletin, 77(5), 340-355.
    Gordon, I. E. (2004). Theories of visual perception (3rd ed.). New York: Psychology.
    Gottlob, L. (2006). Aging and comparative search for feature differences. Aging, Neuropsychology & Cognition, 13(3/4), 435-457.
    Gumbiner, J. (2003). Adolescent assessment. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
    Hegarty, M., & Kozhevnikov, M. (1999). Types of visual-spatial representations and mathematical problem solving. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91(4), 684-689.
    Hess, E. H. (1965). Attitude and pupil size. Scientific American, 212, 46-54.
    Hoffman, D. D. (1998). Visual intelligence: How we create what we see. New York: W. W. Norton.
    Hu, Y., Wood, J., Smith, V., & Westbrook N. (2004). Friendships through IM:
    Examining the relationship between instant messaging and intimacy. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 10(1). Retrieved 21/July/2011,from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol10/issue1/hu.html
    Ingersoll, G. M. (1982). Adolescents. Toronto: D. C. Health.
    Inhoff, A. W., & Radach, R. (1998). Definition and computation of oculomotor measures in the study of cognitive process. In Underwood, G. (Eds), Eye Guidance in Reading and Scene Perception (pp. 29-53). Oxford: Elsevier.
    Isa, T., & Hall, W. C. (2009). Exploring the superior colliculus in Vitro, Journal of Neurophysiology, 102(5), 2581-2593.
    Kaneko, R., Kuba, Y., Sakata, Y., & Kuchinomachi, Y. (2004). Aging and shifts of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Experimental Aging Research, 30(2), 149-162.
    Kemper, S., & Liu, C. (2007). Eye movements of young and older adults during reading. Psychology and Aging, 22(1), 84-93.
    Kimura, D. (2007). Sex differences in the brain. In U. Goswami (Ed). Cognitive development (pp. 478-494). New York: Routledge.
    Klein, P. S., Adi-Japha, E., & Hakak-Benizri, S. (2010). Mathematical thinking of kindergarten boys and girls: Similar achievement, different contributing processes. Educational Studies in Mathematics, 73, 233-246.
    Land, M. F. (2007). Fixation strategies during active behaviour: A brief history. In R. P. G. V. Gompel, M. H. Fischer, W. S. Murray, & R. L. Hill (Eds), Eye movements: A window on mind and brain (pp. 75-95). Oxford: Elsevier.
    Leigh, R. J., & Zee, D. S. (2006). The neurology of eye movements (4th ed). New York: Oxford.
    Lykins, A. D., Meana, M., & Strauss, G. P. (2008). Sex differences in visual attention to erotic and non-erotic stimuli. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(2), 219-228.
    Marino, R. A., Rodgers, C. K., Levy, R., & Munoz, D. P. (2008). Spatial relationships of visuomotor transformations in the superior colliculus map. Journal of Neurophysiology, 100(5), 2564-2576.
    Martinez-Conde S., Macknik, S. L., & Hubel D. H. (2004). The role of fixational eye movements in visual perception. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5(3), 229-240.
    Mazman, S. G., & Altun, A. (2010). Individual differences in different level mental rotation tasks: An eye movement study. IADIS International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age CELDA 2010, 95-102.
    Meece, J. L. (2002). Child & adolescent development for educators (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
    Mirzoeff, N. (1999). An introduction to visual culture. London: Routledge.
    Miyahira, A., Morita, K., Yamaguchi, H., Morita, Y., & Maeda, H. (2000). Gender differences and reproducibility in exploratory eye movements of normal subjects. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 54(1), 31-36.
    Miyahira, A., Morita, K., Yamaguchi, H., Nonaka, K., & Maeda, H. (2000). Gender differences of exploratory eye movements: A life span study. Life sciences, 68(5), 569-577.
    Mueller, S. C., Jackson, C. P. T., & Skelton, R. W. (2008). Sex differences in a virtual water maze: An eye tracking and pupillometry study. Behavioural Brain Research, 193(2), 209–215.
    Munoz, D. P., & Brian, C. C. (2011). Saccade, search and orient: The neural control of saccadic eye movements. European Journal of Neuroscience, 33(11), 1945-1947.
    Munoz, D. P., Broughton, J. R., Goldring, J. E., & Armstrong, I. T. (1998). Age-related performance of human subjects on saccadic eye movement tasks. Experimental Brain Research, 121(4), 391-400.
    Nelson, C. A. (2004). Brain development during puberty and adolescence. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 105-109.
    Oxford Dictionaries. (2012) Comprehension. Retrieved 01/July/2012, from http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/comprehension?region=us&q=comprehension
    Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422.
    Rayner, K. Reichle, E. D., Stroud, M. J., Williams, C. C., & Pollatsek, A. (2006). The effect of word frequency, word predictability, and font difficulty on the eye movements of young and older readers. Psychology and Aging, 21(3), 448-465.
    Rice, F. P. & Dolgin, K. G. (2008). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture (12th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
    Richardson, D. C., & Spivey, A. J. (2004). Eye tracking: Characteristics and methods. In G. E. Wnek, & G. L. Bowlin (Eds), Encyclopedia of biomaterials and biomedical engineering volume 1 (pp. 568-572). New York: Marcel Dekker.
    Ross, R. G., Radant, A. D., Young, D. A., & Hommer, D. W. (1994). Saccadic eye movements in normal children from 8 to 15 years of age: A developmental study of visuospatial attention. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 24(4), 413-431.
    Rucci, M., Lovin, R., Poletti, M., & Santini, F. (2007). Miniature eye movements enhance fine spatial detail. Nature, 447(7146), 852-855.
    Santrock, J. W. (2008). Adolescence. New York: McGraw Hill.
    Sebald, H. (1992). Adolescence: A social psychological analysis (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
    Shen, K., Valero, J., Day, G. S., & Paré, M. (2011). Investigating the role of the superior colliculus in active vision with the visual search paradigm. European Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 2003-2016.
    Smith, M.(2008). Visual culture studies: Interviews with key thinkers. London: Sage.
    Sprinthall, N. A., & Collins W. A. (1995). Adolescent psychology: A developmental view (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
    Stavridou, F., & Kakana, D. (2008). Graphic abilities in relation to mathematical and scientific ability in adolescents. Educational Research, 50(1), 75-93.
    Steinman, R. M. (2004). Gaze Control under Natural Conditions. In L. M. Chalupa, & J. S. Werner (Eds), The visual neurosciences volume 2 (pp. 1339-1356). Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    Stoltz, D. S. & Stoltz, M. L. (1994). Norman rockwell and the saturday evening post. New York: MJF Books.
    Sturken, M., & Cartwright, L.(2001). Practices of looking: An introduction to visual culture. New York: Oxford.
    Suaste, E., García, N., Rodríguez, D., & Zúñiga, A. (2004). Dynamic visual acuity associated with eye movements and pupillary responses. AIP Conference Proceedings, 724(1), 268-272.
    Swanson, D. P., Edwards, M. C., & Spencer, M. B. (2010). Adolescence: Development during a global era. Burlington: Academic.
    Vitu, F., McConkie, G. W., & Zola, D. (1998) About Regressive Saccades in Reading and Their Relatino to Word Identification. In G. Underwood (Ed), Eye guidance in reading and scene perception (pp. 101-124). Oxford: Elsevier.
    Ware, C. (2004). Information visualization perception for design. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.
    Watkins, S. C. (2009). The young and the digital : What the migration to social-network sites, games, and anytime, anywhere media means for our future. Boston: Beacon.
    Webb, R. M., Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C. P. (2007). Spatial ability: A neglected dimension in talent searches for intellectually precocious youth. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(2), 397-420.
    Williams, C. C., Zacks, R. T., & Henderson, J. M. (2009). Age differences in what is viewed and remembered in complex conjunction search. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62(5), 946-966.
    World Health Organization. (2012). What do we mean by “sex” and “gender” ? Retrieved 01/July/2012, from http://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/

    翻譯文獻
    Byrnes, J. P. (2004)。心智.大腦與學習 [Minds, brains, and learning: Understanding the psychological and educational relevance of neuroscientific research〕。(游婷雅譯)。台北:洪葉。(原著出版於2001年)
    Carter, R.(2002)。大腦的秘密檔案 [Mapping the mind〕(洪蘭譯)。台北:遠流。(原著出版於1998年)
    Gregory, L. G. (2006)。視覺心理學 [Eye and brain〕(瞿錦春、張芬芬譯)。台北:五南。(原著出版於1997年)
    Healey, J. M.(2009)。孩子日益成長的智能-從出生到青春期的大腦發展和學習 [Your child's growing mind: Brain development and learning from birth to adolescence〕(邱曉敏譯)。台北:心理。(原著出版於2004年)
    Hurlock, E.(1983)。青少年心理學 [Juvenile psychology〕(胡海國譯)。台北:桂冠。(原著出版於1968年)
    Jensen, E.(2003)。大腦知識與教學 [Teaching with the brain in mind〕(梁雲霞譯)。台北:遠流。(原著出版於1998年)
    Labinowicz, E.(1987)。思維‧學習與教學-皮亞杰學說入門 [The piaget primer: Thinking, learning, teaching〕(杭生譯)。台北:五洲。(原著出版於1979年)
    Lerner, R. M.(2006)。青少年心理學:青少年的發展、多樣性、脈絡與應用 [Adolescene: Development, diversity, context, and application〕(黃德祥主譯)。台北:心理。(原著出版於2002年)
    Matsumoto, A.(1999)。亞當的腦,夏娃的腦 [Adamu no nou, ibu no nou〕(廖瑞雯譯)。台北:晨星。(原著出版於1997年)
    McKim, R. H.(2002)。視覺思考的經驗 [Experiences in visual thinking〕(蔡子瑋譯)。台北:五南。(原著出版於1980年)
    Moir, A., & Jessel, D.(2006)。腦內乾坤 [Brain sex: The real difference between men & women〕(洪蘭譯)。台北:遠流。(原著出版於1989)
    Sax, L.(2006)。養男育女調不同,大腦不同,學習型態不同,情緒表達方式不同,教養方法當然應該不同 [Why gender matters〕(洪蘭譯)。台北:遠流。(原著出版於2005年)
    Sigelman, C. K., & Shafter, D. R.(2001)。發展心理學 [Developmental psychology〕(游恆山譯)。台北:五南(原著出版於1995年)
    Squire, L. R. & Kandel, E. R. (2001)。透視記憶 [Memory: from mind to molecules〕(洪蘭譯)。台北:遠流。(原著出版於1999年)
    Walsh, D.(2005)。為什麼青少年都衝動? [Why do they act that way?〕(李淑珺譯)。台北:張老師。(原著出版於2004年)
    Zeki, S.(2001)。腦內藝術館-探索大腦的審美功能 [Inner vision : An exploration of art and the brain〕(潘恩典譯)。台北:商周。(原著出版於1999年)

    中文文獻
    千華編委會(1987)。性向測驗(含智力測驗)。台北:千華。
    王孟惠(2005)。台灣高中生圖畫書插畫風格偏好之趨勢。未出版碩士論文,國立台灣科技大學設計研究所,台北。
    王甦、汪安聖(2004)。認知心理學。台北:五南。
    王滿堂(2004)。視覺與知覺生理學。台北:藝軒。
    中華民國行政院主計處(2010)。青少年狀況調查報告(15至29歲民間人口)。台北:行政院主計處。
    申繼亮(1995)。認知發展研究的進展。於林崇德(主編),當代兒童青少年心理學的進展(187-265)。台北:五南。
    伊彬(2006)。插畫與電視廣告之實徵美學。台北:Airiti Press。
    伊彬、林演慶、張婉琪(2006)。流行文化圖像與台灣青少年的審美與偏好-互為因果的糾結。傳播研究簡訊,45,10-13。
    伊彬、林演慶(2006)。視覺影像處理之眼球運動相關研究探討。設計學報,11(4),59-78。
    李惠加(1997)。青少年發展。台北:心理。
    吳武典、簡茂發、洪冬桂、舒琮慧、郭怡立、鄒小蘭(2009)。高中學生的工作價值觀、職業興趣、多元智能與學業成就之相關研究。考試學刊,7,13-58。
    吳翠珍(2009)。2009年全國兒童媒體使用行為調查報告。台北:富邦文教基金會。
    技專校院入學測驗中心(2008)。九十七學年度技術校院四年制與專科學校二年制統一入學測驗試題。查詢於08/October/2011,在技專校院入學測驗中心:http://www.tcte.edu.tw/down_exam.php
    林珊如(2010)。數位時代的閱讀:青少年網路閱讀的爭議與未來。圖書資訊學刊,8(2),29-53。
    法務部(2005)。少年事件處理法。查詢於15/July/2011,在法務部全國法規資料庫:http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=C0010011
    法務部(2010)。高級中學法。查詢於1/July/2012,在法務部全國法規資料庫:http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=H0060001
    法務部(2011)。國民教育法。查詢於15/July/2011,在法務部全國法規資料庫: http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=H0070001
    鄧京華(1995)。高中生心理學概述。於林崇德(主編),高中生心理學(1-30)。台北:五南。
    財團法人台灣網路資訊中心(2011)。2011年台灣寬頻網路使用調查報告。台北:財團法人台灣網路資訊中心。
    教育部(2008)。普通高級中學課程綱要。查詢於3/Mar/2011,在教育部中等教育司網站:http://www.edu.tw/high-school/content.aspx?site_content_sn= 8403
    教育部中部辦公室-生涯輔導資訊網(2012)。生涯Q&A。查詢於1/July/2012,在教育部中部辦公室-生涯輔導資訊網: http://career.cpshs.hcc.edu.tw/front/bin/ptlist.phtml?Category=69
    陳李綢(1999)。認知發展與輔導(二版)。台北:心理。
    陳明俊(2011)。國中小學學生圖像理解與眼球運動之差異-以圖畫書發現小錫兵為例。未出版碩士論文,國立台灣師範大學設計研究所,台北。
    陳東園(2004)。媒體素養教育對青少年社會化的影響。空大學訊,333,84-90。
    陳啟鈞(2002)。跳視眼球運動之模擬。未出版碩士論文,國立成功大學醫學工程研究所,台南。
    陳學志、彭淑玲、曾千芝、邱皓政(2008)。藉由眼動追蹤儀器探討平均掃視幅度大小與創造力之關係。教育心理學報,39,127-149。
    陳學志、賴惠德、邱發忠(2010)。眼球追蹤技術在學習與教育上的應用。教育科學研究期刊,55(4),39-68。
    張琬琪(2007)。青少年與成人對於電視廣告之審美判斷。未出版碩士論文,國立台灣科技大學設計研究所,台北。
    富邦文教基金會委託政大媒體素養研究室(2008)。2008全國青少年媒體使用行為研究調查報告。查詢於25/July/2011,在財團法人卓越新聞獎基金會: http://www.feja.org.tw/modules/news003/article.php?storyid=113
    黃天、楊芊、邱妍祥(2009)。青少年發展與輔導(二版)。台北:考用。
    黃德祥(1995)。青少年發展與輔導。台北:五南。
    劉玉玲(2002)。青少年心理學。台北:揚智文化。
    劉安彥、陳英豪(1994)。青少年心理學。台北:三民書局。
    劉紀蕙(2002)。文化研究的視覺系統。中外文學,30(12),12-23。
    趙惠玲(2005)。台灣地區兒童與青少年視覺影像反應研究。藝術教育研究,9,33-70。
    鄭昭明(2005)。認知心理學-理論與實踐(二版)。台北:桂冠。
    鄭麗玉(1994)。認知心理學-理論與應用。台北:五南。
    盧延光(1990)。百帝圖(二版)。台北:皇冠。
    藝術與建築索引典網路版(2010)。圖像條目。查詢於1/July/2012,在藝術與建築索引典網路版http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/caat/caat_rptcaatc.php

    下載圖示
    QR CODE