現今臺灣少子化問題日趨嚴重，許多人養寵物取代孩子，中高齡者也常以寵物相伴，然而，從過去研究中卻發現關於中高齡者飼養寵物之幸福感有分歧的結果，部分研究指出中高齡者養寵物能身心健康，卻也有研究反駁此說法，因此本研究旨在探討中高齡者飼養不同寵物在寵物互動方式上與幸福感上的差異，並以外向性特質、神經質特質及焦慮依附程度調節中高齡者與寵物互動時間和幸福感的關係。本研究以全台灣飼養狗或貓的45歲以上中高齡者為研究對象，在預試階段抽樣85人（74份有效），旨在透過因素分析確認量表構念，其中女性佔74%，而正式問卷共招募292位受試者（232份有效），旨在進行假設之驗證，其中女性佔84%。本研究工具有研究者自編的寵物互動量表、Ryff(1989)所編製的幸福感量表、Saucer(1994)的簡短版五大人格特質量表以及Zilcha-Mano等人(2011)之寵物依附問卷，並透過網路google表單發放問卷。
本研究透過因素分析將中高齡者與寵物的互動分為互動型照顧、非互動型照顧、互動型陪伴與非互動型陪伴，其中互動型陪伴與非互動型陪伴在與幸福感的關聯上相似，故將兩種陪伴型態合併為「陪伴」。另外，本研究透過多變量變異數分析發現中高齡者飼養狗較飼養貓需要提供更多的互動型照顧，但中高齡者飼養狗或貓在幸福感上是沒有差異的。在調節效果方面，本研究以迴歸分析探討變項間的關聯與交互作用，外性向及神經質能部分調節中高齡者和寵物互動時間與幸福感的關聯：外向性高之中高齡者與寵物互動時間增加時，其幸福感提升程度較外向性低者來的大；神經質高之中高齡者與寵物互動時間增加時，其幸福感會下降，但神經質低之中高齡者則幸福感持平。焦慮依附程度能調節中高齡者和寵物互動時間與幸福感的關聯：隨著中高齡者與寵物互動時間增加，焦慮依附程度高之中高齡者的幸福感會降低，而焦慮依附程度低之中高齡者的幸福感會提升。

The problem of the declining birthrate in Taiwan is becoming increasingly serious nowadays. Many people keep pets instead of children, especially seniors. However, there were divergent results in previous studies regarding the well-being of seniors keeping pets. Some studies have pointed out that seniors can be physically and mentally healthy by keeping pets, but there are also studies that refute this claim. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the differences between seniors’ interaction with pets and their well-being, and the relationship between extraversion personality, neuroticism personality, and anxious attachment orientation to moderate the time seniors spend with their pets and their well-being. The subjects of the research were seniors over 45 years old who raised dogs or cats in Taiwan. The study sampled 85 people (74 valid; 74% women) during the pre-test, aiming to confirm the quantity through factor analysis. In the formal test, which aimed to verify the hypothesis, 292 subjects (232 valid) were recruited, of whom 84% were women. The research instruments included the self-edited Pet Interaction Scale, Ryff’s (1989) Psychological Well-being Scale, Saucer’s (1994) Big Five-Mini Markers, and Zilcha-Mano et al.’s (2011) Pet Attachment Scale. In this study, questionnaires were distributed through the Internet via Google form.
This study used factor analysis to divide the interaction between seniors and pets into interactive care, non-interactive care, interactive companionship, and non-interactive companionship. Among them, interactive companionship and non-interactive companionship were related to well-being with similar results, so the two types of companionship were merged into "companionship." In addition, this study found through multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) that seniors needed more interactive care when raising dogs than cats, but there was no difference in well-being for seniors raising dogs or cats. Regarding the moderating effect, this study used regression analysis to explore the correlation and interaction between variables. Extroversion and neuroticism partially moderated the relationship between the seniors’ interaction time with pets and well-being: as interaction time increased, the degree of well-being increased more than for those with low extroversion; when the interaction time between the seniors with high neuroticism increased, their well-being decreased, but seniors with low neuroticism had the same well-being. The degree of anxious attachment orientation can moderate the relationship between the seniors’ interaction time with pets and well-being: as the interaction time between seniors and pets increases, the well-being of seniors with a high degree of anxious attachment orientation will decrease, while when the degree of anxious attachment orientation is low, the well-being of seniors will increase.

一川道（2016年8月9日）。養寵物的27點好處【新聞群組】。取自https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/pet/gyvo2e.html
王玉珍、李宜玫、吳清麟(2019)。青少年優勢力量表之發展研究。教育心理學報，50(3)，503-528。http://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.201903_50(3).0006
王嘉寧、翁儷禎(2002)。 探索性因素分析國內應用之評估: 1993 至 1999。中華心理學刊，44，239-251。http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw//handle/246246/137244
內政部戶政司 (2021，5月)。人口統計資料，現住人口數按性別及單一年齡分。https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346
行政院農委會（2019）。108年度全國家犬貓數量調查結果統計表。https://animal.coa.gov.tw/Frontend/Know/Detail/LT00000559?parentID=Tab0000004
陳嘉陽（2000年12月）。國家教育研究院辭書──內部一致性【線上論壇】。取自 http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1302712/?index=1
勞動部勞力發展署（2021，6月7日）。分眾資源，中高齡者（45以上）。https://www.wda.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=92CEBFAFA0A528C6
鄧景宜、曾旭民、李怡禎、游朝舜 (2011)。"International English Big-Five Mini-Markers" 之繁體中文版量表發展。管理學報，28(6)，579-615。http://doi.org/10.6504/JOM.2011.28.06.04
蕭文龍（主編）（2009）。多變量分析最佳入門實用書(第二版)。臺北市：碁峰。
Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. New York: Sage.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Psychology Press.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(2), 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
Bao, K. J., & Schreer, G. (2016). Pets and happiness: Examining the association between pet ownership and wellbeing. Anthrozoös, 29(2), 283-296. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2016.1152721
Barker, S. B., & Barker, R. T. (1988). The human-canine bond: Closer than family ties. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 10, 46–56.
Barker, S. B., Knisely, J. S., McCain, N. L., Schubert, C. M., & Pandurangi, A. K. (2010). Exploratory study of stress-buffering response patterns from interaction with a therapy dog. Anthrozoös, 23(1), 79-91. http://doi.org/10.2752/175303710X12627079939341
Bartlett, M. S. (1950). Tests of significance in factor analysis. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 3(2), 77-85.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Baun, M. M., & McCABE, B. W. (2006). The role animals play in enhancing quality of life for the elderly. In Handbook on animal-assisted therapy (pp. 237-251): Elsevier. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012369484-3/50014-1
Bowlby, J. (1969).Attraction and loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attraction and loss: Seperation: Anxiety and anger(Vol. 2). New York: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1980). Attraction and loss: Attachment and loss (Vol. 3). New York: Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (p. 46–76). The Guilford Press.
Brooks, H., Rogers, A., Kapadia, D., Pilgrim, J., Reeves, D., & Vassilev, I.(2013). Creature comforts: Personal communities, pets and the work of managing a long-term condition. Chronic Illness, 9(2), 87–102. http://doi.org/10.1177/1742395312452620
Brooks, H., Rushton, K., Walker, S., Lovell, K., & Rogers, A. (2016). Ontological security and connectivity provided by pets: A study in the self-management of the everyday lives of people diagnosed with a long-term mental health condition. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 409. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1111-3
Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2009). Socioemotional selectivity theory. Encyclopedia of Human Relationships, 1578-1581. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781412958479.n519
Chiang, H. H., Chien, L. H., Lin, J. S., Yeh, Y. H., & Lee, T. S. H. (2013). Modeling psychological well‐being and family relationships among retired older people in Taiwan. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 22(1), 93-101. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00840.x
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1984). Personality as a Lifelong Determinant of Well-Being. In C. Malatesta, & C. Izard (Eds.), Affective Process in Adult Development and Aging (pp. 141-157). Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.
Curb, L. A., Abramson, C. I., Grice, J. W., & Kennison, S. M. (2013). The relationship between personality match and pet satisfaction among dog owners. Anthrozoös, 26(3), 395–404. http://doi.org/10.2752/175303713X13697429463673
Cutt, H. E., Giles-Corti, B., Wood, L. J., Knuiman, M. W., & Burke, V. (2008). Barriers and motivators for owners walking their dog: Results from qualitative research. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 19(2), 118. http://doi.org/10.1071/HE08118
Dall P. M., Ellis S. L., Ellis B. M., Grant M., Colyer A., Gee N. R., et al. (2017). The influence of dog ownership on objective measures of free-living physical activity and sedentary behaviour in community-dwelling older adults: A longitudinal case-controlled study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-9. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4422-5
Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. 2000. The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. http://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_02
Dembicki, D., & Anderson, J. (1996). Pet Ownership May Be a Factor in Improved Health of the Elderly. Journal of Nutrition For the Elderly, 15(3), 15-31. http://doi.org/10.1300/J052v15n03_02
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American psychologist, 55(1), 34. http://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
Enmarker, I., Hellzen, O., Ekker, K., & Berg, A.-G. (2012). Health in older cat and dog owners: The Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT)-3 study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 40(8), 718–724. http://doi.org/10.1177/1403494812465031
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Growth and crises of the " healthy personality".
Franklin, Adrian. 1999. Animals and Modern Cultures: A Sociology of Human‐Animal Relations in Modernity. London, UK: Sage Publications. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217764.n8
Gale, N., & Sultan, H. (2013). Telehealth as ‘peace of mind’: Embodiment, emotions and the home as the primary health space for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Health & place, 21, 140-147. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.01.006
Garrity, T. F., Stallones, L., Marx, M. B., & Johnson, T. P. (1989). Pet ownership and attachment as supportive factors in the health of the elderly. Anthrozoos, 3, 35-44. http://doi.org/10.2752/089279390787057829
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 11.0 update. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Learning, 24(6), 49-50. http://doi.org/10.1037/h0095822
González Gutiérrez, J. L., Jiménez, B. M., Hernández, E. G., & Puente, C. P. (2005). Personality and subjective well-being: Big five correlates and demographic variables. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(7), 1561-1569. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.015
Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Gorsuch, R. L. (1997). Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 532-560. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6803_5
Gray, P. B., Volsche, S. L., Garcia, J. R., & Fisher, H. E. (2015). The roles of pet dogs and cats in human courtship and dating. Anthrozoös, 28(4), 673-683. http://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2015.1064216
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1992). Multivariate data analysis (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Harris, T. J., Owen, C. G., Victor, C. R., Adams, R., & Cook, D. G. (2009). What factors are associated with physical activity in older people, assessed objectively by accelerometry? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 442–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.048033
Hayden-Evans, M., Milbourn, B., & Netto, J. (2018). ‘Pets provide meaning and purpose’: A qualitative study of pet ownership from the perspectives of people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Advances in Mental Health, 16(2), 152–162. http://doi.org/10.1080/18387357.2018.1485508
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511
Hergovich, A., Mauerer, I., & Riemer, V. (2011). Exotic animal companions and the personality of their owners. Anthrozoös, 24(3), 317-327. http://doi.org/10.2752/175303711X13045914865349
Hinkert, C. (2013). The influence of dogs and cats on the mental health and emotional wellbeing of their owners in the Netherlands.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLoS medicine, 7(7), e1000316. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
Homan, K. J. (2016). Self-compassion and psychological wellbeing in adults. Journal of Adult Development, 23(2), 111–119. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-016-9227-8
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Saengtienchai, C., Kespichayawattana, J., & Aungsuroch, Y. (2001). Psychological well-being Asian style: The perspective of Thai elders. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 16(3), 283-302. http://doi.org/10.1093/geront/44.5.596
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
Kalisch, B. J., Landstrom, G. L., & Hinshaw, A. S. (2009). Missed nursing care: a concept analysis. Journal of advanced nursing, 65(7), 1509-1517. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05027.x
Kanamori, M., Suzuki, M., & Tanaka, M. (2002). Maintenance and improvement of quality of life among elderly patients using a pet-type robot. Nihon Ronen Igakkai zasshi. Japanese journal of geriatrics, 39(2), 214-218. http://doi.org/10.3143/geriatrics.39.214
Karreman, A., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2012). Attachment and well-being: The mediating role of emotion regulation and resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 821-826. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.014
Karsh, E. B., & Turner, D. C. (1988). The human-cat relationship. The domestic cat: the biology of its behaviour, 159-177.
Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social psychology quarterly, 121-140. http://doi.org/10.2307/2787065
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207-222. http://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
Lakatta, E. (1993). Cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms in advanced age. Physiological Review, 73, 413-467. http://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1993.73.2.413
Levinson, B. M., & Mallon, G. P. (1997). Pet-oriented Child Psychotherapy. Charles C. Thomas Publisher.
Li, J., Wang, Y., & Xiao, F. (2019). East Asian international students and psychological well-being: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health , 4, 301-313. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00075-4
Liao, Y., Huang, P.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Hsueh, M.-C., & Chang, S.-H. (2018). Dog ownership, dog walking, and leisure-time walking among Taiwanese metropolitan and nonmetropolitan older adults. BMC Geriatrics, 18(1), 85-91. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-018-0772-9
Lien, C. H., Wu, J. J., Chien, S. H., & Lee, C. Y. (2017). Anxious attachment, relational embeddedness, trust, co-production, and performance: An empirical study in online business-to-business relationships. Telematics and Informatics, 34(8), 1514-1523. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2017.06.016
Little, J., 2015. Do pets have an impact on our mental health?. Available at: https://www.sane.org/the-sane-blog/wellbeing/friends-with-benefits-and-fur-do-petsreally-have-an-impact-on-our-mental-health. Accessed September 6, 2018.
López Ulloa, B. F., Møller, V., & Sousa-Poza, A. (2013). How does subjective well-being evolve with age? A literature review. Journal of Population Ageing, 6(3), 227-246. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-013-9085-0
Lucas, R. E. (2007). Adaptation and the set-point model of subjective well-being: Does happiness change after major life events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(2), 75-79. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00479.x
Mahalski, P. A., Jones, R., & Maxwell, G. M. (1988). The value of cat ownership to elderly women living alone. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 27(4), 249-260. http://doi.org/10.2190/N40Y-68JW-38TD-AT9R
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1991). Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The full five-factor model and well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(2), 227-232. http://doi.org/10.1177/014616729101700217
Miklósi, Á., Pongrácz, P., Lakatos, G., Topál, J., & Csányi, V. (2005). A comparative study of the use of visual communicative signals in interactions between dogs (Canis familiaris) and humans and cats (Felis catus) and humans. Journal of comparative psychology, 119(2), 179. http://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.119.2.179
Miltiades, H., & Shearer, J. (2011). Attachment to pet dogs and depression in rural older adults. Anthrozoös, 24(2), 147-154. http://doi.org/10.2752/175303711X12998632257585
Mondelli, F., Prato Previde, E., Verga, M., Levi, D., Magistrelli, S., & Valsecchi, P. (2004). The bond that never developed: Adoption and relinquishment of dogs in a rescue shelter. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 7, 253-266. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0704_3
Moretti, F., De Ronchi, D., Bernabei, V., Marchetti, L., Ferrari, B., Forlani, C., & Atti, A. R. (2011). Pet therapy in elderly patients with mental illness. Psychogeriatrics, 11(2), 125-129. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8301.2010.00329.x
Ory, M, & Goldberg, E. (1983). Pet ownership and life satisfaction in elderly women. In A. H. Katcher & A. Beck (Eds.), New Perspectives on Our Life with Companion Animals (pp. 803-817). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature reviews neuroscience, 9(2), 148-158. http://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2317
Pew Research Center. (2006). Are we happy yet? http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2006/02/13/are-we-happyyet/34-3/. Accessed on September 1, 2014.
Richards, K. L., & Suter, S. E. (2015). Man's best friend: what can pet dogs teach us about non‐H odgkin's lymphoma?. Immunological reviews, 263(1), 173-191. http://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12238
Rijken, M., & van Beek, S. (2010). About cats and dogs … reconsidering the relationship between pet ownership and health related outcomes in community-dwelling elderly. Social Indicators Research, 102(3), 373-388. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-010-9690-8
Rilling, J. K., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011). The neuroscience of social decision-making. Annual review of psychology, 62, 23-48. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131647
Ryff, C. D. (1989a). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of personality and social psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Ryff, C. D. (1989b). Beyond Ponce de Leon and life satisfaction: New directions in quest of successful ageing. International journal of behavioral development, 12(1), 35-55. http://doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102
Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (1998b). The role of purpose in life and personal growth in positive human health. In P. T. P. Wong & P. S. Fry (Eds.), The human quest for meaning: A handbook of psychological research and clinical applications (pp. 213–235). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Sable, P. (1995). Pets, attachment, and well-Being across the life cycle. Social Work, 40(3), 334-341. http://doi.org/10.1093/sw/40.3.334
Saucier, G. (1994). Mini-Markers: A brief version of Goldberg's unipolar Big-Five markers. Journal of personality assessment, 63(3), 506-516. http://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8
Schulz, C., König, H. H., & Hajek, A. (2020). Differences in self-esteem between cat owners, dog owners, and individuals without pets. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 552. http://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00552
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Positive psychology, positive prevention, and positive therapy. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (p. 3–9). Oxford University Press.
Sellers, D. M. (2006). The evaluation of an animal assisted therapy intervention for elders with dementia in long-term care. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 30(1), 61-77. http://doi.org/10.1300/J016v30n01_04
Siegel, J. M. (1990). Stressful life events and use of physician services among the elderly: the moderating role of pet ownership Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1081-1086. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1081
Siegel, J. M., Angulo, F. J., Detels, R., Wesch, J., & Mullen, A. (1999). AIDS diagnosis and depression in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: The ameliorating impact of pet ownership. AIDS care, 11(2), 157-170. http://doi.org/10.1080/09540129948054
Smolkovic, I., Fajfar, M., & Mlinaric, V. (2012). Attachment to pets and interpersonal relationships: Can a four-legged friend replace a two-legged one? Journal of European Psychology Students, 3(1), 15-23. http://doi.org/10.5334/jeps.ao
Soto, C. J. (2015). Is happiness good for your personality? Concurrent and prospective relations of the big five with subjective well-being. J Pers, 83(1), 45-55. http://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12081
Stanley, I. H., Conwell, Y., Bowen, C., & Van Orden, K. A. (2014). Pet ownership may attenuate loneliness among older adult primary care patients who live alone. Aging Mental Health, 18(3), 394-399. http://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.837147
Stevens, J. A., Haileyesus, T., & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Nonfatal fall-related injuries associated with dogs and cats---United States, 2001--2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 58(11), 277-281.
Straede, C. M., & Gates, R. G. (1993). Psychological health in a population of Australian cat owners. Anthrozoös, 6(1), 30-42. http://doi.org/10.2752/089279393787002385
Suthers-McCabe, H. M. (2001). Take one pet and call me in the morning. Generations, 25(2), 93-95. http://doi.org/10.1182/hem.V9.5.1127
Trinke, S. J., & Bartholomew, K. (1997). Hierarchies of attachment relationships in young adulthood. Journal of social and personal relationships, 14(5), 603-625. http://doi.org/10.1177/0265407597145002
Thomas, K. (1983). Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1500–1800. London, UK: Allen Lane.
Thompson, E. R. (2008). Development and validation of an international English big-five mini-markers. Personality and individual differences, 45(6), 542-548. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013
Walker, A. (2005). A European perspective on quality of life in old age. European Journal of Ageing, 2(1), 2-12. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-005-0500-0
Wells, Y., & Rodi, H. (2000). Effects of pet ownership on the health and well‐being of older people. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 19(3), 143-148. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2000.tb00167.x
Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2009). Gratitude predicts psychological well-being above the Big Five facets. Personality and Individual differences, 46(4), 443-447. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.11.012
Zasloff, R. L. (1996). Measuring attachment to companion animals: A dog is not a cat is not a bird. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47(1-2), 43-48. http://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(95)01009-2
Zasloff, R. L., & Kidd, A. H. (1994). Attachment to feline companions. Psychological reports, 74(3), 747-752. http://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.3.747
Zilcha-Mano, S., Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2011). An attachment perspective on human–pet relationships: Conceptualization and assessment of pet attachment orientations. Journal of Research in Personality, 45(4), 345-357. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.04.001