背景：正念走路是逐漸被重視的身心運動，過去少有研究探討正念走路對女性身心健康與身體活動的效益。目的：探討12週正念走路和一般走路介入對於女性心肺耐力、心理健康與身體活動量的影響，並比較兩者介入方式的差異。方法：召募44名25至45歲的女性受試者，隨機分派為正念走路組(15名)、一般走路組(16名)與控制組(13名)三組。正念走路與一般走路兩組每週訓練三次(兩次團體訓練和一次居家自主訓練)，每次約50分，運動強度均設定於儲備心率之40-59%，正念走路組另以音檔引導受試者在走路時專注於呼吸與動作等身體感覺與外在環境覺察，控制組則不介入。三組受試者於介入前後測量之依變項包含2公里走路測試、自主神經活性、知覺壓力與運動自我效能，並且收集介入前一週至介入後一個月追縱期的身體活動量資料。以廣義估計方程式分析各組在介入前後與追縱期的變化情形。結果：十二週的介入後，正念走路組與一般走路組的2公里走路時間與預估之最大攝氧量皆顯著進步(p < 0.05)，並且顯著優於控制組，但自主神經活性未明顯改變。心理指標方面，正念走路組的知覺壓力明顯降低(p < 0.05)，一般走路組的運動自我效能在介入後明顯增加(p < 0.05)。在介入後一個月追縱期，一般走路組的平均每日行走步數與每週運動頻率明顯減少(p < 0.05)，但正念走路組則維持一致的平均每日行走步數與運動頻率。結論：正念走路能有效的促進女性心肺適能與降低知覺壓力，並且能維持動態的生活方式。

Background: Mindful walking, a mind-body exercise, is becoming more attention. However, there is limited controlled research to verify the effect of mindful walking intervention on physical and mental health in healthy women. Purpose: To investigate and compare the effects of 12-week mindful walking and traditional walking intervention on cardiovascular function, mental health, and physical activity following the intervention in healthy women. Method: Forty-four female participants aged 25-45 were recruited and randomly assigned to the mindful walking group (MG; n=15), traditional walking group (TG; n=16), or control group (CG; n=13). Both MG and TG groups had received a walking training program, 3 times per week (two group-based walking and one home-based walking), 50 minutes each time, at intensity of 40-59% heart rate reserve (HRR) for 12 weeks. The MG participants were instructed by recorded voice to concentrate on their breathing, movement, sensations, and environment during walking. The control group maintained the usual activity routine. Before and after 12-week intervention, a 2-km walking test, autonomic nerve activity, perceived stress scale (PSS), and exercise self-efficacy were assessed. Moreover, physical activity was assessed at baseline, during the intervention, and one month after the intervention. A generalized estimated equation (GEE) model was used to analyze the intervention effects on the dependent variables. Results: After 12-week intervention, 2-km walking time and estimated VO2 max significantly improved in MG and TG than the CG group (p < 0.05). However, autonomic nerve activity did not change in all groups. For mental health, PSS was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in MG, but exercise self-efficacy was improved only in TG (p < 0.05). For a one-month follow-up period, the average daily steps and physical activity frequency of TG were significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, physical activity frequency and average daily steps of MG were still maintained. Conclusion: The mindful walking intervention program effectively improves cardiopulmonary function, reduces perceived stress, and maintains physical activity level.

方進隆 (2017)。正念走路。臺北市：師大書苑。
方進隆 (2021)。將正念融入身體活動。運動生理週訊。取自 http://www.epsport.net/epsport/week/show2020.asp?repno=476&page=1
初麗娟、高尚仁 (2005)。壓力知覺對負面心理健康影響：靜坐經驗，情緒智能調節效果之探討。中華心理學刊，47(2)，157-179。
林慶源、林耀豐 (2009)。運動自我效能與運動行為之探討。屏東教大體育(12)，217-231。
林麗鳳 (2004)。大學生運動行為改變之研究：跨理論模式之追蹤應用(未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
洪如萱 (2016)。職場女性運動階段、身體活動量與生理指標之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
體育署 (2021)。110年運動現況調查成果。臺北市：教育部體育署。取自 https://isports.sa.gov.tw/apps/Download.aspx?SYS=TIS&MENU_CD=M07&ITEM_CD=T01&MENU_PRG_CD=4&ITEM_PRG_CD=2
ACSM. (2013a). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription: Lippincott williams & wilkins.
ACSM. (2013b). ACSM's health-related physical fitness assessment manual: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Albert, P. R. (2015). Why is depression more prevalent in women? J Psychiatry Neurosci, 40(4), 219-221. doi:10.1503/jpn.150205
Amarasekera, A. T., & Chang, D. (2019). Buddhist meditation for vascular function: A narrative review. Integr Med Res, 8(4), 252-256. doi:10.1016/j.imr.2019.11.002
Apostolopoulos, V., de Courten, M. P., Stojanovska, L., Blatch, G. L., Tangalakis, K., & de Courten, B. (2016). The complex immunological and inflammatory network of adipose tissue in obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res, 60(1), 43-57. doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500272
Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 17(3), 327-335. doi:10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/bbandelow
Bansal, Y., & Kuhad, A. (2016). Mitochondrial dysfunction in depression. Current neuropharmacology, 14(6), 610-618.
Brotman, D. J., Golden, S. H., & Wittstein, I. S. (2007). The cardiovascular toll of stress. Lancet, 370(9592), 1089-1100. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61305-1
Bucciarelli, V., Caterino, A. L., Bianco, F., Caputi, C. G., Salerni, S., Sciomer, S., . . . Gallina, S. (2020). Depression and cardiovascular disease: The deep blue sea of women's heart. Trends Cardiovasc Med, 30(3), 170-176. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2019.05.001
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., . . . Chou, R. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med, 54(24), 1451-1462.
Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., . . . Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med, 54(24), 1451-1462. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
Butler, L. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1994). Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample. Sex roles, 30(5), 331-346.
Carraça, E. V., Encantado, J., Battista, F., Beaulieu, K., Blundell, J. E., Busetto, L., . . . Oppert, J. M. (2021). Effect of exercise training on psychological outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev, 22 Suppl 4(Suppl 4), e13261. doi:10.1111/obr.13261
Carter, J. B., Banister, E. W., & Blaber, A. P. (2003). The effect of age and gender on heart rate variability after endurance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35(8), 1333-1340.
Casanova-Lizón, A., Manresa-Rocamora, A., Flatt, A. A., Sarabia, J. M., & Moya-Ramón, M. (2022). Does Exercise Training Improve Cardiac-Parasympathetic Nervous System Activity in Sedentary People? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19(21). doi:10.3390/ijerph192113899
Castro-Piñero, J., Marin-Jimenez, N., Fernandez-Santos, J. R., Martin-Acosta, F., Segura-Jimenez, V., Izquierdo-Gomez, R., . . . Cuenca-Garcia, M. (2021). Criterion-Related Validity of Field-Based Fitness Tests in Adults: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med, 10(16). doi:10.3390/jcm10163743
Chatutain, A., Pattana, J., Parinsarum, T., & Lapanantasin, S. (2019). Walking meditation promotes ankle proprioception and balance performance among elderly women. J Bodyw Mov Ther, 23(3), 652-657. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.09.152
Chen, W. J., Mat Ludin, A. F., & Farah, N. M. F. (2022). Can Acute Exercise Lower Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity? Findings from a Scoping Review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis, 9(4). doi:10.3390/jcdd9040106
Clark, A., & Mach, N. (2016). Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic review for athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 13, 43. doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0155-6
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of health and social behavior, 385-396.
Cooper, D. C., Tomfohr, L. M., Milic, M. S., Natarajan, L., Bardwell, W. A., Ziegler, M. G., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2011). Depressed mood and flow-mediated dilation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med, 73(5), 360-369. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31821db79a
Cox, A. E., Roberts, M. A., Cates, H. L., & McMahon, A. K. (2018). Mindfulness and Affective Responses to Treadmill Walking in Individuals with Low Intrinsic Motivation to Exercise. Int J Exerc Sci, 11(5), 609-624. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5841682/pdf/ijes-11-5-609.pdf
Cox, A. E., Ullrich-French, S., & Austin, B. (2020). Testing the role of state mindfulness in facilitating autonomous physical activity motivation. Mindfulness, 11(4), 1018-1027. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12671-020-01311-y
Cox, A. E., Ullrich-French, S., & French, B. F. (2016). Validity evidence for the state mindfulness scale for physical activity. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 20(1), 38-49.
Crestani, C. C. (2016). Emotional Stress and Cardiovascular Complications in Animal Models: A Review of the Influence of Stress Type. Frontiers in physiology, 7, 251. doi:10.3389/fphys.2016.00251
Crestani, C. C., Tavares, R. F., Alves, F. H., Resstel, L. B., & Correa, F. M. (2010). Effect of acute restraint stress on the tachycardiac and bradycardiac responses of the baroreflex in rats. Stress, 13(1), 61-72. doi:10.3109/10253890902927950
Demarzo, M. M. P., Montero-Marin, J., Stein, P. K., Cebolla, A., Provinciale, J. G., & García-Campayo, J. (2014). Mindfulness may both moderate and mediate the effect of physical fitness on cardiovascular responses to stress: a speculative hypothesis. Frontiers in physiology, 5, 105. Retrieved from https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/81915/Guixeres%20-%20Mindfulness%20may%20both%20moderate%20and%20mediate%20the%20effect%20of%20physical%20fitness%20on%20cardiovasc....pdf?sequence=1
Díaz-Silveira, C., Alcover, C.-M., Burgos, F., Marcos, A., & Santed, M. A. (2020). Mindfulness versus Physical Exercise: Effects of Two Recovery Strategies on Mental Health, Stress and Immunoglobulin A during Lunch Breaks. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(8), 2839. doi:10.3390/ijerph17082839
Eda, N., Ito, H., & Akama, T. (2020). Beneficial Effects of Yoga Stretching on Salivary Stress Hormones and Parasympathetic Nerve Activity. J Sports Sci Med, 19(4), 695-702. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7675619/pdf/jssm-19-695.pdf
Euteneuer, F., Dannehl, K., Del Rey, A., Engler, H., Schedlowski, M., & Rief, W. (2017). Immunological effects of behavioral activation with exercise in major depression: an exploratory randomized controlled trial. Transl Psychiatry, 7(5), e1132. doi:10.1038/tp.2017.76
Farah, N. M., Amran, A. D., & Che Muhamed, A. M. (2021). Attenuation of stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity following high-intensity interval exercise in untrained males. J Sports Sci, 39(24), 2755-2762. doi:10.1080/02640414.2021.1957294
Fu, Q., & Levine, B. D. (2013). Chapter 13 - Exercise and the autonomic nervous system. In R. M. Buijs & D. F. Swaab (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 117, pp. 147-160): Elsevier.
Gainey, A., Himathongkam, T., Tanaka, H., & Suksom, D. (2016). Effects of Buddhist walking meditation on glycemic control and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Complement Ther Med, 26, 92-97. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.009
Garber, C. E., Blissmer, B., Deschenes, M. R., Franklin, B. A., Lamonte, M. J., Lee, I. M., . . . Swain, D. P. (2011). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 43(7), 1334-1359. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb
Gillman, A. S., & Bryan, A. D. (2020). Mindfulness Versus Distraction to Improve Affective Response and Promote Cardiovascular Exercise Behavior. Ann Behav Med, 54(6), 423-435. doi:10.1093/abm/kaz059
Goldstein, J. M., Jerram, M., Poldrack, R., Ahern, T., Kennedy, D. N., Seidman, L. J., & Makris, N. (2005). Hormonal cycle modulates arousal circuitry in women using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci, 25(40), 9309-9316. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2239-05.2005
Graessler, B., Thielmann, B., Boeckelmann, I., & Hoekelmann, A. (2021). Effects of different training interventions on heart rate variability and cardiovascular health and risk factors in young and middle-aged adults: A systematic review. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 657274.
Grässler, B., Thielmann, B., Böckelmann, I., & Hökelmann, A. (2021). Effects of Different Training Interventions on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors in Young and Middle-Aged Adults: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 657274. doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.657274
Harber, V. J., & Sutton, J. R. (1984). Endorphins and exercise. Sports Medicine, 1(2), 154-171.
Hewett, Z. L., Pumpa, K. L., Smith, C. A., Fahey, P. P., & Cheema, B. S. (2017). Effect of a 16-week Bikram yoga program on heart rate variability and associated cardiovascular disease risk factors in stressed and sedentary adults: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med, 17(1), 226. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1740-1
Huang, C. J., Webb, H. E., Zourdos, M. C., & Acevedo, E. O. (2013). Cardiovascular reactivity, stress, and physical activity. Frontiers in physiology, 4, 314. doi:10.3389/fphys.2013.00314
Huang, G., Wang, R., Chen, P., Huang, S. C., Donnelly, J. E., & Mehlferber, J. P. (2020). Dose–response relationship of cardiorespiratory fitness adaptation to controlled endurance training in sedentary older adults. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 23(5), 518-529. doi:10.1177/2047487315582322
Hughes, B. M., Lü, W., & Howard, S. (2018). Cardiovascular stress-response adaptation: Conceptual basis, empirical findings, and implications for disease processes. Int J Psychophysiol, 131, 4-12. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.02.003
Imayama, I., Alfano, C. M., Mason, C. E., Wang, C., Xiao, L., Duggan, C., . . . McTiernan, A. (2013). Exercise Adherence, Cardiopulmonary Fitness, and Anthropometric Changes Improve Exercise Self-Efficacy and Health-Related Quality of Life. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(5), 676-689. doi:10.1123/jpah.10.5.676
Jackson, C. A., Pathirana, T., & Gardiner, P. A. (2016). Depression, anxiety and risk of hypertension in mid-aged women: a prospective longitudinal study. J Hypertens, 34(10), 1959-1966. doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001030
Kajantie, E., & Phillips, D. I. (2006). The effects of sex and hormonal status on the physiological response to acute psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31(2), 151-178. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.002
Kang, Y., O'Donnell, M. B., Strecher, V. J., & Falk, E. B. (2017). Dispositional Mindfulness Predicts Adaptive Affective Responses to Health Messages and Increased Exercise Motivation. Mindfulness (N Y), 8(2), 387-397. doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0608-7
Kanojia, S., Sharma, V. K., Gandhi, A., Kapoor, R., Kukreja, A., & Subramanian, S. K. (2013). Effect of yoga on autonomic functions and psychological status during both phases of menstrual cycle in young healthy females. J Clin Diagn Res, 7(10), 2133-2139. doi:10.7860/jcdr/2013/6912.3451
Klaperski, S., von Dawans, B., Heinrichs, M., & Fuchs, R. (2014). Effects of a 12-week endurance training program on the physiological response to psychosocial stress in men: a randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med, 37(6), 1118-1133. doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9562-9
Koltyn, K. F., & Morgan, W. P. (1997). Influence of wet suit wear on anxiety responses to underwater exercise. Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine: Journal of the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Inc, 24(1), 23-28.
Kral, B. G., Becker, L. C., Blumenthal, R. S., Aversano, T., Fleisher, L. A., Yook, R. M., & Becker, D. M. (1997). Exaggerated reactivity to mental stress is associated with exercise-induced myocardial ischemia in an asymptomatic high-risk population. Circulation, 96(12), 4246-4253. doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.12.4246
Krinski, K., Machado, D. G. S., Lirani, L. S., DaSilva, S. G., Costa, E. C., Hardcastle, S. J., & Elsangedy, H. M. (2017). Let's Walk Outdoors! Self-Paced Walking Outdoors Improves Future Intention to Exercise in Women With Obesity. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 39(2), 145-157. doi:10.1123/jsep.2016-0220
Kume, D., Nishiwaki, M., Hotta, N., & Endoh, H. (2021). Acute mental stress-caused arterial stiffening can be counteracted by brief aerobic exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121(5), 1359-1366. doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04618-3
Laukkanen, R., Oja, P., Pasanen, M., & Vuori, I. (1993). A two‐kilometer walking test: effect of walking speed on the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 3(4), 263-266.
Laukkanen, R. M., Kukkonen-Harjula, T. K., Oja, P., Pasanen, M. E., & Vuori, I. M. (2000). Prediction of change in maximal aerobic power by the 2-km walk test after walking training in middle-aged adults. Int J Sports Med, 21(2), 113-116. doi:10.1055/s-2000-8872
Lautenschlager, N. T., Cox, K. L., Flicker, L., Foster, J. K., van Bockxmeer, F. M., Xiao, J., . . . Almeida, O. P. (2008). Effect of physical activity on cognitive function in older adults at risk for Alzheimer disease: a randomized trial. JAMA, 300(9), 1027-1037. doi:10.1001/jama.300.9.1027
Lee, M. S., Lee, M. S., Choi, E. S., & Chung, H. T. (2003). Effects of Qigong on blood pressure, blood pressure determinants and ventilatory function in middle-aged patients with essential hypertension. Am J Chin Med, 31(3), 489-497. doi:10.1142/s0192415x03001120
Lin, F. L., & Yeh, M. L. (2021). Walking and mindfulness improve the exercise capacity of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 35(8), 1117-1125. doi:10.1177/0269215521992917
Ludwig, D. S., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (2008). Mindfulness in Medicine. JAMA, 300(11), 1350-1352. doi:10.1001/jama.300.11.1350
Martin, E. A., Tan, S.-L., MacBride, L. R., Lavi, S., Lerman, L. O., & Lerman, A. (2008). Sex differences in vascular and endothelial responses to acute mental stress. Clinical Autonomic Research, 18(6), 339. doi:10.1007/s10286-008-0497-5
Martinmäki, K., Häkkinen, K., Mikkola, J., & Rusko, H. (2008). Effect of low-dose endurance training on heart rate variability at rest and during an incremental maximal exercise test. Eur J Appl Physiol, 104(3), 541-548. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0804-9
Medina-Inojosa, J. R., Vinnakota, S., Garcia, M., Arciniegas Calle, M., Mulvagh, S. L., Lopez-Jimenez, F., & Bhagra, A. (2019). Role of Stress and Psychosocial Determinants on Women's Cardiovascular Risk and Disease Development. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 28(4), 483-489. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7035
Meyer, J. D., Torres, E. R., Grabow, M. L., Zgierska, A. E., Teng, H. Y., Coe, C. L., & Barrett, B. P. (2018). Benefits of 8-wk Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction or Aerobic Training on Seasonal Declines in Physical Activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 50(9), 1850-1858. doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001636
Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Polenakovic, M., Bosevski, M., & Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). Exercise and mental health. Maturitas, 106, 48-56. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.09.003
Mitchell, A. D., Martin, L. E., Baldwin, A. S., & Levens, S. M. (2021). Mindfulness-Informed Guided Imagery to Target Physical Activity: A Mixed Method Feasibility and Acceptability Pilot Study. Front Psychol, 12, 742989. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742989
Narkiewicz, K., Phillips, B. G., Kato, M., Hering, D., Bieniaszewski, L., & Somers, V. K. (2005). Gender-selective interaction between aging, blood pressure, and sympathetic nerve activity. Hypertension, 45(4), 522-525. doi:10.1161/01.Hyp.0000160318.46725.46
Natarajan, A. (2022). Heart rate variability during mindful breathing meditation. Frontiers in physiology, 13, 1017350. doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1017350
Nissen, M., Slim, S., Jäger, K., Flaucher, M., Huebner, H., Danzberger, N., . . . Eskofier, B. M. (2022). Heart Rate Measurement Accuracy of Fitbit Charge 4 and Samsung Galaxy Watch Active2: Device Evaluation Study. JMIR Formative Research, 6(3), e33635. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8924780/pdf/formative_v6i3e33635.pdf
Oja, P., Laukkanen, R., Pasanen, M., Tyry, T., & Vuori, I. (1991). A 2-km walking test for assessing the cardiorespiratory fitness of healthy adults. Int J Sports Med, 12(4), 356-362. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1024694
Otte, C., Hart, S., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R., Yaffe, K., & Mohr, D. C. (2005). A meta-analysis of cortisol response to challenge in human aging: importance of gender. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(1), 80-91.
Park, W., Jung, W. S., Hong, K., Kim, Y. Y., Kim, S. W., & Park, H. Y. (2020). Effects of Moderate Combined Resistance- and Aerobic-Exercise for 12 Weeks on Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Blood Pressure, Arterial Stiffness, and Physical Functions, among Obese Older Men: A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(19). doi:10.3390/ijerph17197233
Prakhinkit, S., Suppapitiporn, S., Tanaka, H., & Suksom, D. (2014). Effects of Buddhism walking meditation on depression, functional fitness, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in depressed elderly. J Altern Complement Med, 20(5), 411-416. doi:10.1089/acm.2013.0205
Pulopulos, M. M., Vanderhasselt, M. A., & De Raedt, R. (2018). Association between changes in heart rate variability during the anticipation of a stressful situation and the stress-induced cortisol response. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 94, 63-71. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.004
Reljic, D., Wittmann, F., & Fischer, J. E. (2018). Effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training in a community setting: a pilot study. Eur J Appl Physiol, 118(6), 1153-1167. doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3845-8
Rethorst, C. D., Wipfli, B. M., & Landers, D. M. (2009). The antidepressive effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Sports Med, 39(6), 491-511. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00004
Rhodes, R. E., & Kates, A. (2015). Can the Affective Response to Exercise Predict Future Motives and Physical Activity Behavior? A Systematic Review of Published Evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49(5), 715-731. doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5
Roelfsema, F., Van Den Berg, G., Frölich, M., Veldhuis, J. D., Van Eijk, A., Buurman, M. M., & Etman, B. (1993). Sex-dependent alteration in cortisol response to endogenous adrenocorticotropin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 77(1), 234-240. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/77/1/234/2650663?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Routledge, F. S., Campbell, T. S., McFetridge-Durdle, J. A., & Bacon, S. L. (2010). Improvements in heart rate variability with exercise therapy. The Canadian journal of cardiology, 26(6), 303-312. doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(10)70395-0
Sala, M., Geary, B., & Baldwin, A. S. (2021). A Mindfulness-Based Physical Activity Intervention: A Randomized Pilot Study. Psychosom Med, 83(6), 615-623. doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000885
Schmalenberger, K. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Jarczok, M. N., Eckstein, M., Schneider, E., Brenner, I. G., . . . Ditzen, B. (2020). Menstrual Cycle Changes in Vagally-Mediated Heart Rate Variability are Associated with Progesterone: Evidence from Two Within-Person Studies. J Clin Med, 9(3). doi:10.3390/jcm9030617
Schröder, M. L., Stöckigt, B., Binting, S., Tissen-Diabaté, T., Bangemann, N., Goerling, U., . . . Brinkhaus, B. (2022). Feasibility and Possible Effects of Mindful Walking and Moderate Walking in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study With a Nested Qualitative Study Part. Integr Cancer Ther, 21, 15347354211066067. doi:10.1177/15347354211066067
Segerström, Å. B., Holmbäck, A. M., Elzyri, T., Eriksson, K.-F., Ringsberg, K., Groop, L., . . . Wollmer, P. (2011). Upper body muscle strength and endurance in relation to peak exercise capacity during cycling in healthy sedentary male subjects. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1413-1417.
Shaffer, F., & Ginsberg, J. P. (2017). An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Frontiers in public health, 258.
Shi, L., Welsh, R. S., Lopes, S., Rennert, L., Chen, L., Jones, K., . . . Zinzow, H. (2019). A pilot study of mindful walking training on physical activity and health outcomes among adults with inadequate activity. Complement Ther Med, 44, 116-122. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.03.009
Silva, C. M. d. S. e., Gomes Neto, M., Saquetto, M. B., Conceição, C. S. d., & Souza-Machado, A. (2018). Effects of upper limb resistance exercise on aerobic capacity, muscle strength, and quality of life in COPD patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil, 32(12), 1636-1644. doi:10.1177/0269215518787338
Solk, P., Auster-Gussman, L. A., Torre, E., Welch, W. A., Murphy, K., Starikovsky, J., . . . Phillips, S. M. (2023). Effects of mindful physical activity on perceived exercise exertion and other physiological and psychological responses: results from a within-subjects, counter-balanced study. Front Psychol, 14, 1285315. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1285315
Son, W. M., Sung, K. D., Cho, J. M., & Park, S. Y. (2017). Combined exercise reduces arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and blood markers for cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women with hypertension. Menopause, 24(3), 262-268. doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000765
Spalding, T. W., Jeffers, L. S., Porges, S. W., & Hatfield, B. D. (2000). Vagal and cardiac reactivity to psychological stressors in trained and untrained men. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 32(3), 581-591. doi:10.1097/00005768-200003000-00006
Srisoongnern, S., Pajareya, K., Sriboon, R., Thanakiatpinyo, T., Chirakarnjanakorn, S., & Thirapatarapong, W. (2021). Effects of Buddhist walking meditation on exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with chronic heart failure: A randomized controlled trial. Heart Lung, 50(3), 363-368. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.02.005
Stewart, J. C., & France, C. R. (2001). Cardiovascular recovery from stress predicts longitudinal changes in blood pressure. Biol Psychol, 58(2), 105-120. doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00105-3
Sun, J., Zhuo, J., Chu, H., Wang, J., Chen, T., Li, B., . . . Dong, J. (2023). Effects of 3‐month Qigong exercise on heart rate variability and respiration in anxious college students. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports.
Tai, H. C., Chou, Y. S., Tzeng, I. S., Wei, C. Y., Su, C. H., Liu, W. C., & Kung, W. M. (2018). Effect of Tai Chi Synergy T1 Exercise on Autonomic Function, Metabolism, and Physical Fitness of Healthy Individuals. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2018, 6351938. doi:10.1155/2018/6351938
Tanaka, H., Monahan, K. D., & Seals, D. R. (2001). Age-predicted maximal heart rate revisited. J Am Coll Cardiol, 37(1), 153-156. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(00)01054-8
Tarvainen, M. P., Niskanen, J. P., Lipponen, J. A., Ranta-Aho, P. O., & Karjalainen, P. A. (2014). Kubios HRV--heart rate variability analysis software. Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 113(1), 210-220. doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024
Teut, M., Roesner, E. J., Ortiz, M., Reese, F., Binting, S., Roll, S., . . . Brinkhaus, B. (2013). Mindful walking in psychologically distressed individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM, 2013, 489856. doi:10.1155/2013/489856
Theorell-Haglöw, J., Lindberg, E., & Janson, C. (2006). What are the important risk factors for daytime sleepiness and fatigue in women? Sleep, 29(6), 751-757. doi:10.1093/sleep/29.6.751
Thomas, M. C., Kamarck, T. W., Li, X., Erickson, K. I., & Manuck, S. B. (2019). Physical activity moderates the effects of daily psychosocial stressors on ambulatory blood pressure. Health Psychol, 38(10), 925-935. doi:10.1037/hea0000755
Tong, J., Qi, X., He, Z., Chen, S., Pedersen, S. J., Cooley, P. D., . . . Zhu, X. (2021). The immediate and durable effects of yoga and physical fitness exercises on stress. J Am Coll Health, 69(6), 675-683. doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1705840
Tsai, J. C., Wang, W. H., Chan, P., Lin, L. J., Wang, C. H., Tomlinson, B., . . . Liu, J. C. (2003). The beneficial effects of Tai Chi Chuan on blood pressure and lipid profile and anxiety status in a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med, 9(5), 747-754. doi:10.1089/107555303322524599
Tudor-Locke, C., Craig, C. L., Aoyagi, Y., Bell, R. C., Croteau, K. A., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., . . . Blair, S. N. (2011). How many steps/day are enough? For older adults and special populations. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 8, 80. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-80
Tudor-Locke, C., Craig, C. L., Brown, W. J., Clemes, S. A., De Cocker, K., Giles-Corti, B., . . . Blair, S. N. (2011). How many steps/day are enough? For adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 8, 79. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-79
Ullrich-French, S., & Cox, A. E. (2020). Mindfulness and exercise. The Routledge International Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology: Volume 1: Theoretical and Methodological Concepts, 303-321. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=p2DdDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT328&dq=mindfulness+and+exercise&ots=NrG0u8gl05&sig=IIWXY_mgbB5fFRGsAjaO00B-hyU&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mindfulness%20and%20exercise&f=false
Ullrich-French, S., Cox, A. E., & Huong, C. (2022). The State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity 2: Expanding the Assessment of Monitoring and Acceptance. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 26(2), 116-129. doi:10.1080/1091367X.2021.1952207
Verma, R., Balhara, Y. P. S., & Gupta, C. S. (2011). Gender differences in stress response: Role of developmental and biological determinants. Ind Psychiatry J, 20(1), 4-10.
Voss, A., Boettger, M. K., Schulz, S., Gross, K., & Bär, K.-J. (2011). Gender-dependent impact of major depression on autonomic cardiovascular modulation. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 35(4), 1131-1138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.015
Walach, H., Buchheld, N., Buttenmüller, V., Kleinknecht, N., & Schmidt, S. (2006). Measuring mindfulness—the Freiburg mindfulness inventory (FMI). Personality and individual differences, 40(8), 1543-1555. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0191886906000262?via%3Dihub
Welch, A. S., Hulley, A., Ferguson, C., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2007). Affective responses of inactive women to a maximal incremental exercise test: A test of the dual-mode model. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(4), 401-423. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.09.002
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., . . . Vos, T. (2013). Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 382(9904), 1575-1586. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6
WHO. (2019). Global action plan on physical activity 2018-2030: more active people for a healthier world: World Health Organization.
Wipfli, B. M., Rethorst, C. D., & Landers, D. M. (2008). The anxiolytic effects of exercise: a meta-analysis of randomized trials and dose-response analysis. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 30(4), 392-410. doi:10.1123/jsep.30.4.392
Yang, C.-H., & Conroy, D. E. (2020). Mindfulness and physical activity: a systematic review and hierarchical model of mindfulness. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(6), 794-817.
Yang, C. H., & Conroy, D. E. (2018). Feasibility of an Outdoor Mindful Walking Program for Reducing Negative Affect in Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act, 1-10. doi:10.1123/japa.2017-0390
Zieff, G. (2017). Ancient roots – Modern applications: Mindfulness as a novel intervention for cardiovascular disease. Medical Hypotheses, 108, 57-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2017.08.001