研究生: |
李映萱 Lee, Ying-Hsuan |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
流行雜誌的女性形象比較與跨文化教學 Representation of Women in Fashion Magazines: A Cross-Cultural Comparison and Teaching |
指導教授: |
簡瑛瑛
Chien, Ying-Ying |
口試委員: |
陳淑娟
Chen, Shu-Chuan 林慧雅 LIN, HUI-YA 簡瑛瑛 Chien, Ying-Ying |
口試日期: | 2022/07/21 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2022 |
畢業學年度: | 110 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 170 |
中文關鍵詞: | 跨文化研究 、媒體再現 、流行雜誌 、女性形象 、跨文化教學 |
英文關鍵詞: | cross-cultural comparison, popular magazines, images of women, media representation, cross-cultural teaching |
研究方法: | 比較研究 、 女性研究 、 內容分析法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202201135 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:249 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
媒體開放後的臺灣面臨全球化的浪潮,不僅有國際雜誌進軍臺灣,日本文化作品禁令的解除後更掀起哈日風潮。美國流行文化帶來的自由開放思維隱身於臺灣社會中,而地緣文化與臺灣相近的日系風格也成為一象徵性的符號,臺灣的流行文化不可避免地受到文化交流的影響。在跨文化的交流互動下,女性如何在流行雜誌中被描繪、再現與傳播為本研究的主軸。
本研究欲透過蒐集台灣、日本及美國流行雜誌中針對女性形象的敘述及影像,分析跨文化的女性形象差異,並透過其隱含的意識型態與脈絡提出台灣女性形象如何受西方及日本的影響。最後進一步根據研究結果,選擇華語學習者在跨文化交流時可能產生文化衝擊的議題,設計一套跨文化教學方案,提供教學啟示及策略。
本研究透過質性研究方法,採用性別研究、符號學及跨文化研究的角度切入分析。本文採用近3年(2019-2022年)間受18-35歲女性青睞的女性雜誌,從中選取具代表性的女性流行雜誌:台灣的《Bella儂儂》及《Girl愛女生》、日本的《With與妳時尚國際中文版》及《ViVi 唯妳時尚國際中文版》,以及美國版的《Cosmopolitan柯夢波丹》與《Vogue》,共12本為研究樣本,分析其文字與影像如何再現女性形象,並探討之間隱含的意識型態及跨文化差異。根據研究結果及理論,本研究提出各國流行文化中的女性形象,並探析華語學習者在學習過程中可能遭遇的文化衝突,進而設計相關語境的教材以幫助學習者了解其中的文化差異。
With the liberalization of media, Taiwan welcomed the wave of globalization at the end of the 20th century and was influenced by Japan, with relatively close geo-culture. Not only did international magazines enter Taiwan following the media's opening, but the lifting of the ban on Japanese cultural works triggered a boom in Japanese popular culture. The free and liberal mindset introduced by American pop culture gradually permeates Taiwanese society. The Japanese aesthetic has also come to symbolize this interaction between cultures, and Taiwan's pop culture is unavoidably influenced by this.
This study aims to analyze cross-cultural differences in the image of women and explain how the image of women in Taiwan has been influenced by the West and Japan through their implied ideologies and contexts by collecting narratives and images of women in popular magazines in Taiwan, Japan, and the United States. Finally, a set of cross-cultural teaching plans are designed based on the study's findings to provide teaching insights and strategies by selecting issues that may have a cultural impact on Mandarin learners during cross-cultural communication.
This study uses gender studies, semiotics, and cross-cultural studies as part of its qualitative research methodology. In this study, the author uses the women's magazines that were widely read by women between the ages of 18 and 35 over the previous three years (2019–2022) and chooses the three most representative publications from each country: Cosmopolitan and Vogue in the US; Bella and Girl in Taiwan; and With and ViVi in Japan. A total of 12 books were used as samples to investigate how their texts and images depict the image of women, as well as the implied ideological and cross-cultural differences. Based on the research findings, this study presents images of women in popular culture in each country and investigates the cultural conflicts that Mandarin learners may face experience during the learning process, and then designs contextualized teaching materials to assist learners in understanding the cultural differences.
一、 中文文獻
(一)書籍類
Berger, J.(2011)。觀看的方式(吳莉君譯)。臺北市:麥田。(原著出版於1973)
Edward W. Said.(1999)。東方主義(王志弘、王淑燕、莊雅仲等譯)。立緒文化事業有限公司。(原著出版於1978)
Friedan, Betty(2000)。覺醒與挑戰:女性迷思(李令儀譯)。臺北市:新自然主義。(原著出版於1963)
Marita Sturke、Lisa Cartwright(2012)。觀看的實踐—給所有影像世代的視覺文化導論(陳品秀譯)。臺北市:臉譜。(原著出版於2001)
Roland Barthes(1996)。符號帝國(孫乃修譯)。北京:北京商務館。(原著出版於1970)
Roland Barthes(1998)。流行體系(敖軍譯)。臺北:桂冠。(原著出版年於1967)
Roland Barthes(2002)。神話學(許薔薔、許綺玲譯)。臺北:桂冠。(原著出版於1957)
Sturken, M., & Cartwright, L.(2013)。觀看的實踐(陳品秀、吳莉君譯)台北:臉譜。(原書出版於2009)
四方田犬彥(2007)。可愛力量大(陳光棻譯)。臺北:天下遠見。(原著出版於2006)
田中光(2019)。年齡騷擾:「阿姨」、「大嬸」、「歐巴桑」為什麼被討厭?(李彥樺譯)。臺灣商務印書館,台北。
石蘭梅、李易修、蔡昀曄、張婕洋(2014)。價值觀到底能不能教──以「審美觀」跨文化課程為例的觀察。載於簡瑛瑛、蔡雅薰(主編),華裔學生與華語教學:從理論、應用到文化實踐(頁227-241)。臺北市:書林出版有限公司。
施舜翔(2018)。性、高跟鞋與吳爾芙:一部女性主義論戰史。臺灣商務。
陳國明(2003)。文化間傳播學。臺北:五南。
琳恩‧艾瑞克森、洛薏絲‧蘭寧、瑞秋‧法蘭琪,(2018)。創造思考的教室:概念為本的課程與教學(劉恆昌譯)。心理出版社。
黃淑玲、游美惠(2012)。性別向度與台灣社會(第二版)。巨流圖書公司。
劉俊裕(2018)。再東方化:文化政策與文化治理的東亞取徑。巨流圖書公司。
劉劍雯(2016)。性別與話語權:女性主義小說的翻譯。香港:中華。
簡瑛瑛(1998)。何處是女兒家。聯合文學。
簡瑛瑛(2021)。從生命書寫到藝術越界:性別族群認同‧視覺文化再現。台灣:典藏文創。
簡瑛瑛、蔡雅薰(2014)。華裔學生與華語教學:從理論、應用到文化實踐。臺北市:書林出版有限公司。
顧燕翎、劉毓秀、王瑞香、林津如、范情(2019)。女性主義理論與流變。臺北:貓頭鷹。
(二)期刊
本多周爾(2001)。台湾と香港の若者の対日意識に関する調査研究。武蔵野女子大学現代社会学部紀要,2期,頁131-171。
西藤栄子、中川早苗(1996)。男らしい・女らしい服装のイメージの男女間の差異。繊維機械学会誌,49(8)。
何平(2014)。跨文化的理論和研究方法。史學理論研究,04期,頁68-78。
何春蕤(1997)。性革命:馬克思主義觀點的美國百年性史。性/別研究的新視野:第一屆四性研討會論文集,頁33-99。
李衣雲(2008.9)。1990年代臺灣哈日風的基礎:日本大眾文化的積累作用。臺灣風物,58(3),頁135-162。
俞彥娟(2004)。美國第二波婦女運動歷史研究之回顧:兼評王雅各《台灣婦女解放運動史》。女學雜誌:婦女與性別研究,第18期,頁215-237。
徐振傑(2004)。女性商品,男性代言電視廣告中的“新”男性形象與再現意涵。傳播與管理研究,3(2),133-159。
蘇蘅、陳雪雲(2000)。全球化下青少年收看本國及外國電視節目之現況及相關影響研究。新聞學研究,No.64,頁103-138。
(三)學位論文
李令涵(2020)。影劇新聞中的三十多歲女性形象再現:2001-2019。國立政治大學傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程碩士論文,台北市。
周鄧懿貞(2006)。全球化下的台灣女性流行時尚雜誌研究。世新大學新聞學研究所(含碩專班)碩士論文,臺北市。
林婷婷(2008)。從「拜物」到「拜美」:解讀美妝節目敘事公式與美貌迷思之建構。世新大學新聞學研究所(含碩專班)碩士論文,臺北市。
林歆婕(2011)。從雜草到敗犬:台灣偶像劇中的性別意識與形象建構。國立中興大學台灣文學研究所碩士論文,台中市。
唐筱恬(2009)。歐美派、日系風:台灣女性時尚雜誌的產製。國立臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文,台北市。
張秀慧(2006)。日本女性流行雜誌國際中文版對台灣女性流行雜誌之影響。中國文化大學新聞研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文,台北市。
符煜君(2021)。女人三十的正名傳?《乘風破浪的姐姐》的女性形象建構。國立臺灣大學新聞研究所碩士論文,台北市。
許鈺伶(2022)。性別平等議題融入素養導向國小英語教學之行動研究。國立臺中教育大學教師專業碩士學位學程碩士論文,台中市。
陳沁愉(2013)。女性產品男性代言人的行銷策略效果之研究。國立中山大學企業管理學系研究所碩士論文,高雄市。
曾敏慧(2010)。案例教學法應用在性別教育之教學研究。國立臺灣師範大學公民教育與活動領導學系在職進修碩士班碩士論文,台北市。
黃宣萓(2020)。美貌新神話:數位化的美貌觀看與女性的對應觀點。國立政治大學傳播學院傳播碩士學位學程碩士論文,台北市。
黃雅琪(2019)。我們如何連結?以擬社會互動觀點探究YouTube價值共創。國立臺中教育大學文化創意產業設計與營運學系事業經營管理碩士班碩士論文,台中市。
愛麗莎(2021)。性別、媒體與跨文化教學:女戰士花木蘭的傳奇之旅。國立臺灣師範大學華語文教學系碩士論文,台北市。
劉仰芳(2011)。日系混血美:台灣本土時尚圈的生產邏輯。國立臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文,台北市。
潘蓉慧(2016)。針對第三波女性主義的內容分析-以ELLE她雜誌為例。國立政治大學國際傳播英語碩士學位學程(IMICS)碩士論文,台北市。
蔡佩娟(2014)。媒介妳像:當代偶像劇符號消費之女性空間。東海大學建築學系碩士論文,台中市。
談安宸(2019)。軟實力的再進擊:後韓流文化擴張之研究。世新大學口語傳播學研究所碩士論文,臺北市。
鄧慧純(2007)。三十拉警報!?-日本趨勢劇中的「三十女人」論述分析。淡江大學大眾傳播學系碩士班碩士論文,新北市。
龔郁茹(2021)。性別議題融入高中數學之創新教學行動研究。國立高雄師範大學性別教育研究所碩士論文,高雄市。
二、 外語文獻
Ashley Hunsberger. (2017).The Framing of Feminism in Cosmopolitan Magazine During Second-Wave Feminism. [fulfillment of the requirements in an undergraduate senior capstone course]. Elon University.
Ashley Mears. (2010). Size zero high-end ethnic: Cultural production and the reproduction of culture in fashion modeling. Poetics. 38(1), 21-46.
Aune, K. (2013). Third-wave feminism and the university: On pedagogy and feminist resurgence. In H. Thornham & E. Weissmann (Eds.), Renewing feminisms: Radical narratives, fantasies and futures in media studies (pp. 47–62). London: I.B. Tauris.
Auter, Philip J. (1992). TV that talks back: An experimental validation of a parasocial interaction scale. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 36(2), 173.
Barwell, I. (1990). Feminine Perspectives and Narrative Points of View. Hypatia, 5(2), 63–75.
Baumgardner, J. (2011). Is there a fourth wave? Does it matter? From F 'em! : goo goo, gaga, and some thoughts on balls. Berkeley, CA : Seal Press.
Baumgardner, Jennifer; Richards, Amy (2000). Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Blevins, K. (2018). bell hooks and Consciousness-Raising: Argument for a Fourth Wave of Feminism. In: Vickery, J., Everbach, T. (eds), Mediating Misogyny. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
Bongsik Kwon, Seung Chul Rhee, Kyoung-Sik Woo (2012). Biometric Study of Eyelid Shape and Dimensions of Different Races with References to Beauty. LLC and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 36:1236–1245.
Borland, Helen & Akram, Selina. (2007). Age is no barrier to wanting to look good: Women on body image, age and advertising. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal. 10.
Bossert, Jenna. (2016). Voguing Gender: How American Vogue Represented and Constructed Women’s Roles from 1965-1974 [Thesis]. Rochester Institute of Technology.
Boyle, Karen (2019). #Metoo, Weinstein and Feminism. Springer Verlag.
Brandi Thompson Summers. (2017). Race as Aesthetic: The Politics of Vision, Visibility, and Visuality in Vogue Italia’s “A Black Issue”. QED: A Journal in GLBTQ Worldmaking 1; 4 (3): 81–108.
Buckley, C. & Fawcett, H. (2002). Fashioning the feminine: Representation and women's fashion from the Fin de Siecle to the present. Tauris.
Buikema, Rosemarie; van der Tuin, Iris (2009). Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture. Taylor & Francis.
Chang, J.-S. (2004). Refashioning Womanhood in 1990s Taiwan: An Analysis of the Taiwanese Edition of Cosmopolitan Magazine. Modern China, 30(3), 361–397.
Cheang, S. 2013. ’To the End of the Earth’: Fashion and Ethnicity in the Vogue Fashion Shoot. In Fashion Media: Past and Present, edited by Djurdja Bartlett, Shaun Cole and Agnès Rocamora. London: Bloomsbury.
Chi, C.-W., & Baldwin, C. (2004). Gender and Class Stereotypes: A Comparison of U.S. and Taiwanese Magazine Advertisements. Race, Gender & Class, 11(2), 156–175.
Chiang, Lan-hun Nora. (2000) Women in Taiwan: Linking economic prosperity and women‘s progress. In Louise Edwards, Mina Roces (Eds.), Women in Asia : Tradition, modernity and globalisation (1st ed.). Routledge.
Cixous, H., Cohen, K., & Cohen, P. (1976). The Laugh of the Medusa. Signs, 1(4), 875–893.
Coddington, Grace (2012). Grace: A Memoir. New York: Random House.
Cwynar-Horta, J. (2016). The Commodification of the Body Positive Movement on Instagram. Stream: Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication, 8(2), 36–56.
DeLong, M., Koh, A., Nelson, N., & Ingvoldstad, A. (1998). Jeans: A Comparison of Perceptions of Meaning in Korea and The United States. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 16(3), 116–125.
De Freitas, C, Jordan, H, Hughes, EK. 2018. Body image diversity in the media: A content analysis of women's fashion magazines. Health Promot J Austral.; 29: 251– 256.
Ellmann, Mary (1968). Thinking about women. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.
Ember, C. R., Ember, M., & Peregrine, N. (1998). Cross-cultural research. Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology, 647-687.
Erickson, H. L. (2008). Stirring the head, heart, and soul: Redefining curriculum, instruction, and concept-based learning (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
Erickson, H., Lanning, L., & French, R. (2017). Concept-Based curriculum and instruction for the thinking classroom. Corwin.
Erickson, H.L., Lanning, L.A., & Nicolson, M. (2014). Transitioning to concept-based curriculum and instruction: how to bring content and process together. Corwin.
Erigha, M. (2015), Race, Gender, Hollywood: Representation in Cultural Production and Digital Media's Potential for Change, Sociology Compass, 9, 78–89.
Evans, Caroline (2013) The Mechanical Smile: Modernism and the First Fashion Shows in France and America, 1900-1929. Yale University Press, London, UK and New Haven, USA.
Evans, E. (2015). The Sisterhood: Inclusivity and Spaces. In: The Politics of Third Wave Feminisms. Gender and Politics Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Evans, Elizabeth (2015). The Politics of Third Wave Feminisms: Neoliberalism, Intersectionality, and the State in Britain and the US. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fang-Chih, Irene Yang (Feb 2004). International Women's Magazines and the Production of Sexuality in Taiwan. Journal of Popular Culture; Oxford 37(3), 505-530.
Featherstone, M. (1982). The Body in Consumer Culture. Theory, Culture & Society, 1(2), 18–33.
Ferdinand de Saussure. (1974). Course in General Linguistics, London: Fontana.
Fischer, G. V. (1997). "Pantalets" and "Turkish trowsers": Designing freedom in the mid-nineteenth-century United States. Feminist Studies, 23(1), 110-140.
Frith, K., Shaw, P. and Cheng, H. (2005), The Construction of Beauty: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Women's Magazine Advertising. Journal of Communication, 55: 56-70.
George Gerbner (1958).The Social Anatomy of the Romance-Confession Cover Girl, Journalism Quarterly (in press).
Gillis, Stacy; Howie, Gillian; Munford, Rebecca (2007). Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration (Revised ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Glocker, M. L., Langleben, D. D., Ruparel, K., Loughead, J. W., Gur, R. C., & Sachser, N. (2009). Baby Schema in Infant Faces Induces Cuteness Perception and Motivation for Caretaking in Adults. Ethology : formerly Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie, 115(3), 257–263.
Goldman, R., Heath, D., & Smith, S. L. (1991). Commodity feminism. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 8(3), 333-351.
Gunako, Masdar (2018) Language Style in Advertising Slogan: A Case Study of Advertisements in Cosmopolitan Magazine. Other thesis, Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia.
Henry, A. (2004). Orgasms and Empowerment: Sex and the City and the Third Wave Feminism. In K. Akass & J. McCabe (Eds.). Reading Sex and The City (pp. 65–82). London: I.B.Tauris.
Heywood, L., & Drake, J. (Eds.). (1997). Third Wave Agenda: Being Feminist, Doing Feminism (NED-New edition). University of Minnesota Press.
Hu, S. P., Chiang, T. Y., Yeh, S. L., & Chien, Y. W. (2007). Comparisons of attitudes and practices between obese and normal weight women in Taiwan. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 16(3), 567–571.
Jackson, S. (2018). Young feminists, feminism and digital media. Feminism & Psychology, 28(1), 32–49.
Kaarina Nikunen (2007). Cosmo Girls Talk: Blurring Boundaries of Porn and Sex. Paasonen, Nikunen & Saarenmaa (eds.) Pornification: Sex and Sexuality in Media Culture (pp. 73-86). Oxford: Berg.
Regan, C.. (2015). Role of denim and jeans in the fashion industry. Denim: Manufacture, Finishing and Applications.
Kanako Ando, Francesca E. Giorgianni, Elisa S. Danthinne, Rachel F. Rodgers. (2021). Beauty ideals, social media, and body positivity: A qualitative investigation of influences on body image among young women in Japan. Body Image, 38, 358-369,
Kate Millett (1970). Sexual Politics. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
Kim, K., Sagas, M. (2014). Athletic or Sexy? A Comparison of Female Athletes and Fashion Models in Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issues. Gend. Issues 31, 123–141.
Kimle, P.A. and Damhorst, M.L. (1997), A Grounded Theory Model of the Ideal Business Image for Women. Symbolic Interaction, 20: 45-68.
Krassas, N.R., Blauwkamp, J.M. & Wesselink, P. (2001). Boxing Helena and Corseting Eunice: Sexual Rhetoric in Cosmopolitan and Playboy Magazines. Sex Roles 44, 751–771
Kyo, Cho & Selden, Kyoko. (2012). The Search for the Beautiful Woman: A Cultural History of Japanese and Chinese Beauty. Rowman & Littlefield.
Lebra, T. S. (1985). Japanese women: Constraint and fulfillment. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Lee Myoung-Hee (2004). Influence of Hairstyle on Women's Professional Image. International Journal of Costume and Fashion, 4 (2), 56-65.
Lee, James J.; Thomas, Ewart (2012). Comparing the Eyes Depicted in Japanese Portraits of Beautiful Women: The Meiji and Modern Periods. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 36 (3): 504–510.
Lee, Myoung-Hee (2007). The Male Perceiver's Image Evaluation and Preference of Women's Hairstyle. Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association, 9(2), 127-138.
Leung, Freedom & Lam, Sharon & Sze, Sherrien. (2001). Cultural Expectations of Thinness in Chinese Women. Eating disorders. 9. 339-50.
Lin, CL., Yeh, JT. (2009). Comparing Society’s Awareness of Women: Media-Portrayed Idealized Images and Physical Attractiveness. J Bus Ethics 90, 61.
Lindner, K. (2004). Images of Women in General Interest and Fashion Magazine Advertisements from 1955 to 2002. Sex Roles 51, 409–421.
Lorenz K(1943;5). Die angeborenen Formen moeglicher Erfahrung. Z Tierpsychol. 235–409.
Machin, D., & Thornborrow, J. (2003). Branding and discourse: the case of Cosmopolitan. Discourse & Society, 14(4), 453–471.
Martha Rampton (2008). Four Waves of Feminism. Pacific magazine, Fall issue.
Maslow, A. (2015). Depictions of beauty on cosmopolitan magazine: content analysis of covers (1959-2014). University of Nevada, Las Vegas
McRobbie, A. (1997). Bridging the gap: feminism, fashion and consumption. Feminist Review, 55, 73-89.
Melanie Belarmino & Melinda R. Roberts. (2019). Japanese Gender Role Expectations and Attitudes: A QualitativeAnalysis of Gender Inequality. Journal of International Women's Studies, 20 (7), Article 18.
Mesko, N., Bereczkei, T. (2004). Hairstyle as an adaptive means of displaying phenotypic quality. Human Nature 15, 251–270.
Michel Foucault. (1983). This Is Not a Pipe. University of California Press.
Millard, J.E., Grant, P.R. (2006). The Stereotypes of Black and White Women in Fashion Magazine Photographs: The Pose of the Model and the Impression She Creates. Sex Roles 54, 659–673.
Munro, E. (2013). Feminism: A Fourth Wave? Political Insight, 4(2), 22–25.
Murdock, G & Golding. (1996). Culture, communications and political economy In: J, Curran, M, Gurevitch (eds) Mass Media and Society, 3rd edn. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 70–92.
Murdock, George P. [1949] 1965. Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
Novelli, D. (2017). Face à la blanchité : le corps [blanc] féminin convoqué par Vogue [Paris-Brasil] au XXIe siècle. Sociétés, 137, 41-48.
Ogihara, Y. (2017). Temporal changes in individualism and their ramification in Japan: Rising individualism and conflicts with persisting collectivism. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 695.
Paul J. Carniol, Gary D. (2009). Aesthetic Rejuvenation Challenges and Solutions: A World Perspective. Informa Healthcare, 68. Press.11-30
Rakow, L. F., & Wackwitz, L. A. (2004). Feminist communication theory: Selections in context. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage.
Record, K. L., & Austin, S. B. (2016). "Paris Thin": A Call to Regulate Life-Threatening Starvation of Runway Models in the US Fashion Industry. American journal of public health, 106(2), 205–206.
Rodak, L. (2020) Sisterhood and the 4th wave of feminism: An analysis of circles of women in Poland”, Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 10(1S), p. 116S–134S.
Roland Barthes (1967). The Fashion System. University of California Press: Berkeley.
Roland Barthes (1977). Image—Music—Text. Hill and Wang: New York, 25-26.
Rooks, N., Pass, V., & Weekley, A. (Eds.). (2016). Women's Magazines in Print and New Media (1st ed.). Routledge.
Rowe-Finkbeiner, Kristin (2004). The F Word: Feminism in Jeopardy. Emeryville, CA: Seal Press. p. 85.
Sakamoto, K. (1999). Reading Japanese women’s magazines: the construction of new identities in the 1970s and 1980s. Media, Culture & Society, 21(2), 173–193.
Scanlon, Jennifer. (2009). Sexy from the Start: Anticipatory Elements of Second Wave Feminism. Women's Studies. 38. 127-150.
Schopf, Stephanie. (2016) White, White, White, Black: How U.S. Vogue Balances Diversity and Homogeneity. Boston College.
Shaw, P. (1997). Demystifying Women's Magazines in Taiwan. The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Shu‐Ching Lee (2011). Negotiating for change: women’s movements and education reform in Taiwan. Gender and Education, 23:1, 47-58.
Shoemaker, P.J., & Reese, S.D. (1991). Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. New York: Longman.
Sternadori, M.M., & Hagseth, M. (2014). Fashionable Feminism or Feminist Fashion. Media Report to Women.
Strassel, A. E. (2008). Redressing women: Feminism in fashion and the creation of American style, 1930--1960. Unpublished dissertation. Yale University.
Stuart Hall. (1992). The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power. From the book Essential Essays, Volume 2.
Susan Tucker, Katherine Ott, and Patricia Buckler (2006). The Scrapbook in American Life. Temple University Press.
Triandis, H.C. (2001), Individualism-Collectivism and Personality. Journal of Personality, 69: 907-924.
Wagatsuma, H. (1967). The Social Perception of Skin Color in Japan. Daedalus, 96(2), 407–443.
Wallerstein, I. (1993). “World System versus World-Systems.” In Andre Gunder Frank and Barry K. Gills (eds.), The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? (pp.292-296). London: Routledge.
Walter, N. (2010). Living dolls: The return of sexism. London: Virago.
Wiesner-Hanks, Merry (2019). Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (4 ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–22.
Wolf, N. (2015). The beauty myth. Vintage Classics.
Wright, D. (1998). The Use of Race and Racial Perception among Aaians and Blacks: The Case of The Japanese and African Americans. Hitotsubashi Journal of Social Studies, 30(2), 135–152.
Yang, F. I. (2007). Beautiful-and-Bad Woman: Media Feminism and the Politics of Its Construction. Feminist Studies, 33(2), 361–383.
Yang, W.-S., & Yen, P.-C. (2011). A Comparative Study of Marital Dissolution in East Asian Societies: Gender Attitudes and Social Expectations towards Marriage in Taiwan, Korea and Japan. Asian Journal of Social Science, 39(6), 751–775.
Yoshida, A. (2016). Unmarried Women in Japan: The drift into singlehood (1st ed.). Routledge.
Zaytoun, K., and Ezekiel, J., 2016. Sisterhood in Movement: Feminist Solidarity in France and the United States. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 37(1), pp. 197–198.
三、網路資料
DROBE(2021)。赤文字系ファッションって?代表的な雑誌と今っぽいおすすめコーデ20選。DROBE MAGAZINE。取自https://drobe.jp/posts/93
Jun(2020)。あなたは知ってる?今更聞けない青文字系と赤文字系のあれこれ♡。ARINE。取自https://arine.jp/articles/16140。
Emanuella Grinberg. (2012). Helen Gurley Brown's complicated feminist legacy. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/17/living/helen-gurley-brown-legacy/index.html
Ohlheiser, Abby. (2017). The woman behind 'Me Too; knew the power of the phrase when she created it — 10 years ago. The Washington Post. Retrieved from
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/10/19/the-woman-behind-me-too-knew-the-power-of-the-phrase-when-she-created-it-10-years-ago/
Kate Murphy (2003). Catering to a Love Affair With the Past. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/28/business/business-catering-to-a-love-affair-with-the-past.html
Juliana Jiménez Jaramillo、J. Bryan Lowder(2012)。A Brief History of Cosmo Covers. SLATE.Retrieved from https://slate.com/culture/2012/08/cosmo-covers-how-helen-gurley-brown-changed-cosmopolitan-s-cover.html
鈴木愛乃。「女性の年齢=クリスマスケーキ」理論が驚異の進化!結婚したくない、しなくていい…結婚適齢期ってなんだっけ?。取自https://latte.la/column/53036244。
クリスマスケーキ,日本語俗語辞書,https://reurl.cc/Rj5yQ9。
FLOSSIE SKELTON. (2021). Industry Insights: Claire Rothstein on the female gaze in fashion and advertising. Gender & Sexuality, Industry Insights. Retrieved from https://www.1854.photography/2021/02/industry-insights-claire-rothstein-on-the-female-gaze-in-fashion-and-advertising/
Mengjie Wang. (2021). Women's Appearance Anxiety. Association of Illustrators. Retrieved from https://theaoi.com/wia/mengjie-wang-womens-appearance-anxiety/