完美主義是一種個體設定高標準，並追求極致表現的特性。心理學研究對完美主義的定義與分類存在著許多分歧，其中以諮商輔導的運作為考量所發展出的幾近完美主義量表（Almost Perfect Scale - Revised）根據高標準以及落差的分數，可以將受試者分為適應型完美主義、不適應型完美主義和非完美主義三類。但在以台灣學生為受訪者的樣本中，有研究者認為四分類的結果較為妥當，除原本的三類外，華人還增多了「低標準/高落差」的群體，並認為這是華人受傳統文化中的集體主義與家庭主義影響，因此呈現與西方完美主義不同的分類形態。基於中國大陸可能是華人地區相對上受到西方文化滲透較少的地區，透過與過往研究一致的分析方法，本研究試圖以中國大陸的大學生與工作者的樣本中，驗證華人四分類結果。研究結果發現：（一）學生與工作者樣本的四集群分類的結果，與過往的華人研究分類結果類似。但是，第四類的特質值得商榷。（二）大陸樣本的完美主義特性，確實顯著的受到家庭因素的影響。（三）學生和工作者的完美主義特性存在著一定的差異，未來的完美主義研究應該注意到學生與工作者的差異。

Perfectionism is a tendency to pursue high standards and might be over concerned about any mistake and not satisfied about what one has achieved. Its definition and typology have been discussed and debated in psychological studies, among which, the Almost Perfect Scales (APS-R), developed from counseling practices, has traditionally been used to group test subjects into three clusters: adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and non-perfectionists. However, in one previous study of a Taiwanese student sample, a four-cluster solution was observed. In addition to the three types of perfectionism mentioned, the study claimed that the fourth group in Chinese consisted of subjects with low-standards / high-discrepancy scores, and the classification result differed from the results of Westerners because Chinese were more influenced by collectivism and family-oriented values. In this study, the author attempted to replicate the four-cluster solution in a university-student sample and a worker sample collected from Mainland China, which was supposedly less Westernized than Taiwan and Hong Kong. The study found that (1) the four-cluster solution in each sample was very similar to what was found in previous studies. However, the trait of the fourth group is debatable. (2) Perfectionist characteristics in the mainland samples were indeed significantly influenced by some family factors. (3) There were some differences between the student-subjects and worker-subjects in their perfectionist characteristics. Future studies of perfectionism should be aware that perfectionist models developed from student samples do not necessarily apply to workers.

方紫薇（2011）。雙向度完美主義與正負向情感、學習困擾關係之研究：以反芻及因應策略為中介。中華輔導與諮商學報，31，33-60。
方新、錢銘怡、羅珊紅與訾非（2006）。大學生完美主義問卷的修訂。中國心理衛生雜誌，9，613-616。
佟月華與宋尚桂（2005）。大學生完美主義與自尊，主觀幸福感的關係。中國學校衛生，26（11），916-917。
李如玉（2009）。諮商師完美主義與專業耗竭之相關研究（未出版之碩士論文）。國立高雄師範大學，高雄市。
李如玉與丁原郁（2009）。諮商工作者完美主義傾向與專業耗竭。諮商與輔導，285， 33-36，。
李建偉、宋廣文、王淑娟與管陽陽（2007）。 中國大學生多維完美主義量表的初步編制。中國行為醫學科學，16（12），1135-1136。
汪向東、王希林與馬弘（1999）。心理衛生評定量表手冊（增訂版）。北京：中國心理衛生雜誌社，318-320。
周亞娟與梁寶勇（2011）。無條件自我接納在大學生完美主義與抑鬱間的中介作用。 中國臨床心理學雜誌，19（3），350-352。
周奇志、宋廣文與李建偉（2008）。Hewitt多維完美主義量表在1959名大學生中的試用與修訂。黑龍江教育學院學報，27（2），75-77。
施淑慎（2010）。父母態度、教師之自主支持及心理控制與國中生完美主義傾向間關係之探究。彰化師大教育學報，17，1-16。
孫文影（2007）。三維完美主義量表的編制和信效度檢驗。中國健康心理學雜誌，15（9），857-859。
徐強、李建偉與張明潔（2007）。大學生完美主義研究。中國健康心理學雜誌，15（6），516-517。
張小燕、楊宏飛與趙燕（2007）。大學生特殊完美主義量表的編制。中國臨床心理學雜誌，15（2），125-131。
張斌、謝靜濤與蔡太生（2013a）。不同完美主義類型大學生的心理特徵。中國心理衛生雜誌，27（11），868-872。
張斌、謝靜濤與蔡太生（2013b）。完美主義人格的結構及特點。中國心理衛生雜誌，27（3），215-219。
符碧真（2003）。跨文化校長比較研究：台灣觀點。臺北市：國立臺灣大學教務處師資培育中心。
許建、余鵬、李建偉與王飛（2007）。大學生完美主義與孤獨的相關研究。中國健康心理學雜誌，15（7），626-627。
陳正嘉、柯慧貞、林旻沛、周鉦翔與陳廣圻（2011）。中文版多向度完美主義量表之心理計量分析。中華心理衛生學刊，24（1），61-96。
陳思遠、管陽陽、張偉與李建偉（2008）。Hewitt多維完美主義量表在529名大學生中的試用與修訂。中國健康心理學雜誌，16（7），21-23。
楊宏飛、來燕與王霞（2005）。高中生的完美主義與知覺到的父母完美主義的相關分析。中國臨床心理學雜誌，13（4），429-431。
楊宏飛與孫黎黎（2005）。高中生的完美主義與心理健康。中國心理衛生雜誌，19（2），126-127。
楊宏飛、張小燕與趙燕（2007）。大學生一般完美主義量表的編制。中國心理衛生雜誌，15（2），107-110。
楊宏飛（2007）。Frost多維完美主義量表在740名本科生中的試用。中國心理衛生雜誌，2007（2），30-33。
楊國樞 (1985)：〈現代社會的新孝道〉。見中華文化復興運動推行委員會主編：《現代生活態度研討會論文集》，149-174。台北：中華文化復興運動推行委員會。亦見《中華文化復興月刊》，19卷1期，56-67。又以〈中國人之孝道觀念的分析〉為題收入楊國樞著：《中國人的蛻變》。台北：桂冠圖書公司 (1988)
楊麗、朱曉坤、翟瑞龍、李艷苓與李娟（2011）。自尊在完美主義和抑鬱間的中介效應研究。中國臨床心理學雜誌，19（3），335-339。
訾非（2004）。完美主義心理研究的歷史和現狀。心理科學，27（4），943-945。
訾非（2006）。對權威的畏懼感，對他人否定評價的懼怕與非適應性完美主義。中國健康心理學雜誌，14（4），466-469。
訾非（2007）。消極完美主義問卷的編制。中國健康心理學雜誌，15（4），340-344。
訾非與周旭（2005）。大學二年級男生的完美主義心理、羞怯與自殺念頭的相關研究。中國健康心理學雜誌，13（4），244-246。
訾非與周旭（2006）。中文Frost多維度完美主義問卷的信效度檢驗。中國臨床心理學雜誌，14（6），560-563。
趙燕與楊宏飛（2007）。大學生大五人格和完美主義關係研究。浙江預防醫學，19（3），70-71。
劉青、趙琳與楊麗（2015）。自殺人際理論框架下大學生完美主義和自殺意念的關係。中國臨床心理學雜誌，23（5），891-895。
鄧晶晶、王子健、齊振亞與楊麗（2012）。家庭近乎完美量表中文版的信效度分析。心理與行為研究，10（3），236-240。
盧俊宏、曾慧桓、趙文其與黃瀅靜（1999）。完美主義概念與測驗初探。大專體育，43，43-51。
遲昊陽、趙冉、侯志瑾與林楠（2012）。大學生完美主義與拖延：成就動機的中介作用。中國臨床心理學雜誌，20（2），233-236。
謝玉蘭（2005）。編制大學生自我完美主義問卷。中國臨床康復，9（28），102-105。
Aldea, M. A., & Rice, K. G. (2006). The role of emotional dysregulation in perfectionism and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(4), 498-510.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Antony, M. M., & Swinson, R. (1998). When Perfect Isn´t Good Enough: Strategies for Coping with Perfectionism. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.
Ashby, J. S., & Bruner, L. P. (2005). Multidimensional perfectionism and obsessive‐compulsive behaviors. Journal of College Counseling, 8(1), 31-40.
Ashby, J. S., & Kottman, T. (1996). Inferiority as a distinction between normal and neurotic perfectionism. Individual Psychology, 52(3), 237-245.
Burns D. D. (1980). The Perfectionist’s Script for Self-defeat. Psychology Today, 14(6) 34-52.
Bieling, P. J., Israeli, A. L., & Antony, M. M. (2004). Is perfectionism good, bad, or both? Examining models of the perfectionism construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(6), 1373-1385.
Çapan, B. E. (2010). Relationship among perfectionism, academic procrastination and life satisfaction of university students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1665-1671.
Cheng, S. K., Chong, G. H., & Wong, C. W. (1999). Chinese frost multidimensional perfectionism scale: A validation and prediction of self‐esteem and psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(9), 1051-1061.
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595-605.　
Dickinson, W. L., & Ashby, J. S. (2005). Multidimensional Perfectionism and Ego Defenses. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 19(3), 41-54.
Egan, S. J., Wade, T. D., & Shafran, R. (2011). Perfectionism as a transdiagnostic process: A clinical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(2), 203-212.
English, H. B., & English, A. C. (1958). A Comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms: A Guide to Usage. Oxford, England: Longmans, Green.
Flett, G., Blankstein, K., Hewitt, P., & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perceftionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 20, 85-94.
Frost, R. O., & Marten, P. A. (1990). Perfectionism and evaluative threat. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(6), 559-572.
Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 119-126.
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The Dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449–468.
Gelso, C. J. (2010). The diversity status of the psychotherapist: Editorial introduction. Psychotherapy, Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 47(2), 143.
Gilman, R., & Ashby, J. S. (2003). A first study of perfectionism and multidimensional life satisfaction among adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(2), 218–235.
Gilman, R., Ashby, J. S., Sverko, D., Florell, D., & Varjas, K. (2005). The relationship between perfectionism and multidimensional life satisfaction among Croatian and American youth. Personality and Individual Differences, 39(1), 155-166.
Grzegorek, J. L., Slaney, R. B., Franze, S., & Rice, K. G. (2004). Self-criticism, dependency, self-esteem, and grade point average satisfaction among clusters of perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 192-200.
Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27-33.
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Dimensions of perfectionism in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(1), 98-101
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456-470
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Turnbull-Donovan, W., & Mikail, S. F. (1991). The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric samples. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(3), 464.
Horney K. (1950). Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward self-Realization. New York: W.W.Norton
Johnson, D. P., & Slaney, R. B. (1996). Perfectionism: Scale development and a study of perfectionistic clients in counseling. Journal of College Student Development, 37(1), 29-41.
Martin, J. L., & Ashby, J. S. (2004). Perfectionism and Fear of Intimacy: Implications for Relationships. The Family Journal, 12(4), 368-374.
Methikalam, B., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., & Yeung, J. G. (2015). Asian values, personal and family perfectionism, and mental health among Asian Indians in the United States. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 223.
Mobley, M., Slaney, R. B., & Rice, K. G. (2005). Cultural validity of the Almost Perfect Scale--Revised for African American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 629-639.
Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American psychologist, 39(4), 386-390.
Parker, W. D. (1997). An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children. American Educational Research Journal, 34(3), 545-562.
Parker, W. D., & Adkins, K. K. (1995). Perfectionism and the gifted. Roeper Review, 17(3), 173-176.
Rhéaume, J., Freeston, M. H., Ladouceur, R., Bouchard, C., Gallant, L., Talbot, F., & Vallières, A. (2000). Functional and dysfunctional perfectionists: Are they different on compulsive-like behaviors? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(2), 119-128.
Rice, K. G., & Slaney, R. B. (2002). Clusters of perfectionists: Two studies of emotional adjustment and academic achievement. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 35(1), 35.
Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. B. (1998). Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 304-314.
Rice, K. G., Richardson, C. M., & Clark, D. (2012). Perfectionism, procrastination, and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59(2), 288.
Sagar, S. S., & Stoeber, J. (2009). Perfectionism, fear of failure, and affective responses to success and failure: The central role of fear of experiencing shame and embarrassment. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(5), 602-627.
Slaney, R. B., Pincus, A. L., Uliaszek, A. A., & Wang, K. T. (2006). Conceptions of perfectionism and interpersonal problems: Evaluating groups using the structural summary method for circumplex data. Assessment, 13(2), 138-153.
Slaney, R. B., & Ashby, J. S. (1996). Perfectionists: Study of a criterion group. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74(4), 393-398.
Slaney, R. B., Ashby, J. S., & Trippi, J. (1995). Perfectionism: Its measurement and career relevance. Journal of Career Assessment, 3(3), 279-297.
Slaney, R. B., Chadha, N., Mobley, M., & Kennedy, S. (2000). Perfectionism in Asian Indians: Exploring the meaning of the construct in India. The Counseling Psychologist, 28(1), 10-31.
Steiger, J. H. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. In the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society. Iowa City, IA
Stöber, J., & Joormann, J. (2001). Worry, procrastination, and Perfectionism: Differentiation amount of worry, pathological worry, anxiety, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(1), 49-60
Stumpf, H., & Parker, W. D. (2000). A hierarchical structural analysis of perfectionism and its relation to other personality characteristics. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(5), 837-852.
Suh, H. N., Yuen, M., Wang, K. T., Fu, C. C., & Trotter, R. H. (2014). Comparing perfectionist types on family environment and well-being among Hong Kong adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 111-116.
Terry-Short, L. A., Owens, R. G., Slade, P. D., & Dewey, M. E. (1995). Positive and negative perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 18(5), 663-668.
Wampold, B. E. (2001). Contextualizing psychotherapy as a healing practice: Culture, history, and methods. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 10(2), 69-86.
Wang, K. T. (2010). The Family Almost Perfect Scale: Development, psychometric properties, and comparing Asian and European Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 186-199.
Wang, K. T. (2012). Personal and family perfectionism of Taiwanese college students: Relationships with depression, self-esteem, achievement motivation, and academic grades. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 305-314.
Wang, K. T., Puri, R., Slaney, R. B., Methikalam, B., & Chadha, N. (2012). Cultural validity of perfectionism among Indian students: Examining personal and family aspects through a collectivistic perspective. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 45(1), 32-48.
Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., & Rice, K. G. (2007). Perfectionism in Chinese university students from Taiwan: A study of psychological well-being and achievement motivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(7), 1279-1290.
Wang, K. T., Tian, L., Fujiki, M., & Bordon, J. J. (2017). Do Chinese International Students’ Personalities Change during Cross-National Transitions? Journal of International Students, 7(2), 229-245.
Wang, K. T., Yuen, M., & Slaney, R. B. (2009). Perfectionism, depression, loneliness, and life satisfaction: A study of high school students in Hong Kong. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 249–274.
Weisinger, H., & Lobsenz, N. (1981). Nobody's Perfect. New York: Warner Books.