在COVID-19影響之下，促進了人類居家運動，不少機構針對樂齡族開發虛擬健身教練，使他們減低孤獨感，為不同收入的樂齡族增加身體活動機會。目前虛擬健身教練逐漸具備監測系統，增加了樂齡族在應用程式上的互動體驗和提供安全考量。因此，本研究旨在以科技接受模式為理論，探討樂齡族對於使用虛擬健身教練的行為意圖，並以監測系統為調節變項，探討其調節效果，先以問卷調查392人，後以半結構性訪談12人，深入瞭解量化結果背景的意義，豐碩研究結果。主要研究結果：一、樂齡族最在意虛擬健身教練平台所提供運動知識及社交功能；二、知覺易用性和知覺有用性對行為意圖正向關聯不顯著，即使他們認為虛擬健身教練是有用及易用的，亦無法影響他們的意圖；三、當監測系統對樂齡族的知覺有用性和知覺易用性與態度之間具調節效果，證實監測系統成為評價虛擬健身教練的條件，而知覺有用性與態度調節效果較強。實務建議：一、應用程式應具資訊性，包括身體活動和飲食營養；二、增加人與人聯繫機會，如團體性運動、使用前的專人教學；三、強調監測系統有用性，增加目標設置提示功能。未來研究建議：一、增加虛擬健身教練的實際介入，驗證有使用監測系統之實驗組和沒有使用監測系統之對照組的兩者差異；二、探討不同社交存在、指導策略對意圖的差異；三、以目標設置理論和自我調節理論探討監測系統對使用者影響。

Under the influence of COVID-19, exercise at home has been promoted. Many organizations have developed virtual fitness trainer for older adults. Virtual fitness trainer are now increasingly equipped with monitoring systems to enhance the interactive experience of the apps and provide safety considerations for older adults. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the behavioral intentions of older adults towards the use of virtual fitness trainer, using the technology acceptance model as a theory, and the monitoring system as a moderating variable to investigate its moderating effect. 392 people were surveyed by questionnaire and 12 were interviewed semi-structurally. The main findings of the study were: 1.The older adults cared most about the exercise knowledge and social features provided by the virtual fitness trainer platform; 2.The positive association between perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness on behavioral intention was not significant, even if they found the virtual fitness trainer useful and easy to use, it did not influence their intention; 3.The monitoring system moderated the relationship between perceived “usefulness and attitude”, and “perceived ease of use and attitude” of the older adults, it confirmed that the monitoring system became a condition for evaluating the virtual fitness trainer, and the moderating effect of perceived usefulness and attitude was stronger. Practical suggestions: 1.The apps should be informative; 2.Increase opportunities for human contact; 3.Emphasize the usefulness of the monitoring system and add a prompt function for goal setting. Suggestions for future research: 1.Increase the actual intervention of the virtual fitness instructor to verify the difference between the experimental group who used the monitoring system and the control group who did not use the monitoring system; 2.Explore the difference between different social presence and coaching strategies on intention; 3.Use goal-setting theory and self-regulation theory to explore the impact of the monitoring system on users.

丁文祺、鄭建民、郭常勝 (2016)。樂齡休閒學。麗文文化。
內政部 (2022)。十五歲以上人口教育程度。取自2022年11月13日。https://www.gender.ey.gov.tw/gecdb/Stat_Statistics_Query.aspx?sn=Mm4ACreYMwEr7cuT6no39g%40%40&statsn=MUwvQW33tN8mhRl94KFn2g%40%40&d=m9ww9odNZAz2Rc5Ooj%24wIQ%40%40
內政部戶政司全球資訊網 (2022)。縣市人口按單齡。取自2022年6月5日。https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346
方怡堯、何信弘、張少熙 (2014)。在地老化運動促進策略之探討：以芬蘭高齡者運動促進方案為例。中華體育季刊，28(2)，137-144。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2802.201406.1006
方怡堯、張少熙、何信弘 (2015)。多元性運動訓練對社區高齡者功能性健身之影響。體育學報，48(1)，59-72。https://doi.org/10.3966/102472972015034801005
王文科、王文弘 (2020)。教育研究法 (第十九版)。五南圖書。
王立亭、林彥程、何信弘、余義箴、張少熙 (2021)。使用「90活力站」運動APP對中高齡功能性健身之效益。大專體育學刊，23(2)，165-182。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.202106_23(2).0005
王立亭、張少熙 (2016)。高齡者健康促進參訪-日本 physical canter, WASEDA Club 2000 啟示。休閒與社會研究，14，131-136。
世界衛生組織WHO (2020a)。聯合國健康老齡化十年2021-2030。https://www.who.int/initiatives/decade-of-healthy-ageing
世界衛生組織WHO (2020b)。身體活動和久坐行為的指引。https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128
朱斌妤、黃仟文、翁少白 (2008)。以科技接受模式探討即時交通資訊系統之使用意願。電子商務學報，10(1)，173-200。https://doi.org/10.6188/JEB.2008.10(1).04
吳慧卿、黃薇伊 (2020)。以科技接受模式探討使用APP觀賞運動賽事消費者之行為意圖。體育學報，53(1)，75-94。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.202003_53(1).0005
周君倚、陸洛 (2014)。以科技接受模式探討數位學習系統使用態度－以成長需求為調節變項。資訊管理學報，21(1)，83-105。
邱皓政 (2019)。量化研究與統計分析：SPSS 與R資料分析範例解析 (第六版)。五南圖書。
洪新原、梁定澎、張嘉銘 (2005)。科技接受模式之彙總研究。資訊管理學報，12(4)，211-234。https://doi.org/10.6382/JIM.200510.0211
孫聞賢、蔡舜璽、鄭皓謙、劉宏文 (2020)。十二週阻力訓練對健康高齡者體脂肪與脂肪相關發炎細胞激素的影響。體育學報，53(4)，407-418。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.202012_53(4).0003
徐業良 (2014)。老人福祉科技產業的機會和挑戰。福祉科技與服務管理學刊，2(1)，83-90。https://doi.org/ 10.6283/JOCSG.2014.2.1.83
國家衛生研究 (2020)。瞄準熟齡族群！橘世代銀未來商機無限~國家衛生研究院X華人熟齡生活產業協會X高齡產業創新發展協會聯手開拓熟齡銀髮市場。https://genx.nhri.edu.tw/news/pages/?id=339
張少熙 (2015)。高齡者專業運動課程與指導人力之研究。福祉科技與服務管理學刊，3(1)，41-50。https://doi.org/10.6283/JOCSG.2015.3.1.41
教育部樂齡學習網 (2021)。教育教育部補助辦理樂齡學習活動及獎勵直轄市縣(市)政府辦理樂齡學習業務實施要點。https://moe.senioredu.moe.gov.tw/Home/PolicyRegulation?side_nav=PolicyRegulation1
教育部體育署 (2019)。中華民國108年運動現況調查。https://isports.sa.gov.tw/apps/Download.aspx?SYS=TIS&MENU_CD=M07&ITEM_CD=T01&MENU_PRG_CD=4&ITEM_PRG_CD=2
教育部體育署 (2020)。中華民國109年運動現況調查。https://isports.sa.gov.tw/apps/Download.aspx?SYS=TIS&MENU_CD=M07&ITEM_CD=T01&MENU_PRG_CD=4&ITEM_PRG_CD=2
教育部體育署 (2021)。中華民國110年運動現況調查。https://isports.sa.gov.tw/apps/Download.aspx?SYS=TIS&MENU_CD=M07&ITEM_CD=T01&MENU_PRG_CD=4&ITEM_PRG_CD=2
許志成、徐祥明、徐瑱淳、石曜堂、戴東原 (2003)。台灣地區老年人健康行為之影響因素分析。台灣公共衛生雜誌，22(6)，441-452。https:// doi.org/10.6288/TJPH2003-22-06-03
陳亮恭、楊惠君 (2015)。2025無齡世代-迎接你我的超高齡社會。天下生活。
陳喬男、錢桂玉、陳淑貞 (2021)。中高齡者的阻力訓練：動作速度的影響。中華體育季刊，35(3)，145-158。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.202109_35(3).0002
陳劉哲、鄭桂玫 (2012)。臺北市市民運動中心消費者行為意向之研究－計劃行為理論之應用。亞洲高齡健康休閒及教育學刊，1(1)，121-131。https://doi.org/10.6262/ASHLE.201209_1(1).0010
勞動部 (2019)。中高齡者及高齡者就業促進法。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090055
黃雅慧 (譯) (村田裕之) (2015)。超高齡社會的消費行為學：掌握中高齡族群心理，洞察銀髮市場新趨勢。經濟新潮社。(原著作出版於2014年)
劉雅甄 (2021)。12週動體視力訓練對高齡者與超高齡者視覺與平衡能力之影響。體育學報，54(1)，13-21。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.202103_54(1).0002
蔡顯童、賴子珍、邱雅鈴 (2011)。從多元觀點探討使用者對於電子書閱讀器的採用行為。電子商務學報，13(4)，841-871。https://doi.org/10.6188/JEB.2011.13(4).09
衛生福利部 (2020)。老人福利法。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=D0050037
Abbasi, J. (2021). Phone apps and wearable trackers modestly improve activity. JAMA, 325(6), 522. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.0495
Ahn, T., Ik Suh, Y., Lee, J. K., & Pedersen, P. M. (2014). Understanding purchasing intentions in secondary sports ticket websites. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 16(1), 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-16-01-2014-B004
Andersson, K., & Andreasson, J. (2021). Being a group fitness instructor during the COVID-19 crisis: Navigating professional identity, social distancing, and community. Social Sciences, 10(4), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040118
Alexandris, K., Barkoukis, V., & Tsormpatzoudis, C. (2007). Does the theory of planned behavior elements mediate the relationship between perceived constraints and intention to participate in physical activities? A study among older individuals. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 4(1), 39-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-007-0014-1
Alsswey, A., & Al-Samarraie, H. (2020). Elderly users’ acceptance of mHealth user interface (UI) design-based culture: the moderator role of age. Journal on multimodal user interfaces, 14, 49-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-019-00307-w
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74– 94.
Barnard, Y., Bradley, M. D., Hodgson, F., & Lloyd, A. D. (2013). Learning to use new technologies by older adults: Perceived difficulties, experimentation behaviour and usability. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1715-1724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.006
Bastidas, O. J., Zahia, S., Fuente-Vidal, A., Férez, N. S., Noguera, O. R., Montane, J., & Garcia-Zapirain, B. (2021). Predicting physical exercise adherence in fitness apps using a deep learning approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010769
Beinema, T., op den Akker, H., van Velsen, L., & Hermens, H. (2021). Tailoring coaching strategies to users’ motivation in a multi-agent health coaching application. Computers in Human Behavior, 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106787
Belliger, A., & Krieger, D. J. (2016). From quantified to qualified self. Digital Culture & Society, 2(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2016-0103
Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness-of –fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Beristain Iraola, A., & Álvarez Sánchez, R. (2021). User centered virtual coaching for older adults at home using SMART goal plans and I-change model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136868
Bickmore, T. W., Silliman, R. A., Nelson, K., Cheng, D. M., Winter, M., Henault, L., & Paasche-Orlow, M. K. (2013). A randomized controlled trial of an automated exercise coach for older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(10), 1676-1683. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12449
Bieryla, K. A. (2016). Xbox Kinect training to improve clinical measures of balance in older adults: a pilot study. Aging clinical and experimental research, 28, 451-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-015-0452-y
Bieryla, K. A., & Dold, N. M. (2013). Feasibility of Wii Fit training to improve clinical measures of balance in older adults. Clinical interventions in aging, 775-781. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S46164
Binoy, A., & Srivastava, A. (2020). PUMP FIT: An augmented reality application which helps people with their workout more efficiently. 2020 Conference on Interactive Surfaces and Spaces, ISS,91-93. https://doi.org/10.1145/3380867.3426221
Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological methods & research, 17(3), 303-316.
Cai, J., Zhao, Y., & Sun, J. (2021). Factors influencing fitness app users’ behavior in china. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2021.1921483
Campelo, A. M., & Katz, L. (2020). Older adults’ perceptions of the usefulness of technologies for engaging in physical activity: using focus groups to explore physical literacy. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(4), 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041144
Caudroit, J., Stephan, Y., Chalabaev, A., & Le Scanff, C. (2012). Subjective age and social-cognitive determinants of physical activity in active older adults. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 20(4), 484-496. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.20.4.484
Chen, K., & Chan, A. H. S. (2014). Gerontechnology acceptance by elderly Hong Kong Chinese: a senior technology acceptance model (STAM). Ergonomics, 57(5), 635-652. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2014.895855
Chen, Q., Tang, Z., & Chen, H. (2021). Does perceived usefulness determine consumption intention? - research on consumption intention and influencing factors of sports smart wearable devices based on TAM. The 9th International Symposium on Project Management, ISPM 2021, 1257-1264.
Chiu, C. J. (2019). Relationship between internet behaviors and social engagement in middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(3), 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030416
Chiu, W., & Cho, H. (2021). The role of technology readiness in individuals' intention to use health and fitness applications: A comparison between users and non-users. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(3), 807-825. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-09-2019-0534
Cho, H., Chi, C., & Chiu, W. (2020). Understanding sustained usage of health and fitness apps: Incorporating the technology acceptance model with the investment model. Technology in Society, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101429
Choi, S. D., Guo, L., Kang, D., & Xiong, S. (2017). Exergame technology and interactive interventions for elderly fall prevention: A systematic literature review. Applied ergonomics, 65, 570-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2016.10.013
Church, K. (2013). How many multiword expressions do people know? ACM Transactions on Speech and Language Processing (TSLP), 10(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1145/2483691.2483693
Clark, R., & Kraemer, T. (2009). Clinical use of Nintendo Wii™ bowling simulation to decrease fall risk in an elderly resident of a nursing home: A case report. Journal of geriatric physical therapy, 32(4), 174-180.
Conn, V. S., Tripp-Reimer, T., & Maas, M. L. (2003). Older women and exercise: Theory of planned behavior beliefs. Public Health Nursing, 20(2), 153-163. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20209.x
Czarnecka, D. (2022). Online workouts and fitness instructors’ physical autonomy in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. Ethnography, 14661381221147031. https://doi.org/10.1177/14661381221147031
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/ 10.2307/249008
De Lima, B. E., Passos, G. S., Youngstedt, S. D., Júnior, L. C. B. S., & Santana, M. G. (2021). Effects of Xbox Kinect exercise training on sleep quality, anxiety and functional capacity in older adults. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 28, 271-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.07.029
Deng, W., Lu, C., Lin, Y., & Chen, W. (2021). A study on the effect of tourists value co-creation on the perceived value of souvenirs: mediating role of psychological ownership and authenticity. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(2), 200-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1763411
Ding, Y. (2020, February). The Application of Virtual Reality Technology in Sports Club Training and Teaching. In The International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics. Springer, Cham.
Ellis, M. E., Downey, J. P., Chen, A. N., & Lu, H. K. (2021). Why taiwanese seniors use technology. Asia Pacific Management Review, 26(3), 149-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.01.001
Fausset, C. B., Mitzner, T. L., Price, C. E., Jones, B. D., Fain, B. W., & Rogers, W. A. (2013). Older adults’ use of and attitudes toward activity monitoring technologies. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting , 57(1) ,1683-1687. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213571374
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Galli, F., Chirico, A., Mallia, L., Girelli, L., & Lucidi, F. (2017). Active lifestyles in older adults: An integrated predictive model of physical activity and exercise. Policlinico - Sezione Medica, 124(2), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.7353/polmed.2017.124.037
Gao, Z., Lee, J. E., McDonough, D. J., & Albers, C. (2020). Virtual reality exercise as a coping strategy for health and wellness promotion in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(6), 1986. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061986
García-Fernández, J., Gálvez-Ruiz, P., Grimaldi-Puyana, M., Angosto, S., Fernández-Gavira, J., & Bohórquez, M. R. (2020). The promotion of physical activity from digital services: Influence of e-lifestyles on intention to use fitness apps. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6839. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186839
Gauthier, S., & Cretu, A. (2014). Human movement quantification using kinect for in-home physical exercise monitoring. 2014 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications, CIVEMSA. https://doi.org/10.1109/CIVEMSA.2014.6841430
Gómez-Ruiz, A. A., Gálvez-Ruiz, P., Grimaldi-Puyana, M., Lara-Bocanegra, A., & García-Fernández, J. (2022). Investigating the intention to use fitness app: the role of the perceived attractiveness of fitness center customers. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-12-2021-0145
González-Ortega, D., Díaz-Pernas, F. J., Martínez-Zarzuela, M., & Antón-Rodríguez, M. (2014). A kinect-based system for cognitive rehabilitation exercises monitoring. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 113(2), 620-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.10.014
Gorsuch, R. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Guimarães, A. V., Barbosa, A. R., & Meneghini, V. (2018). Active videogame-based physical activity vs. aerobic exercise and cognitive performance in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(1), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.01026
Guo, X., Liu, J., & Chen, Y. (2020). When your wearables become your fitness mate. Smart Health, 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhl.2020.100114
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B. & Anderson R. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7 th ed). Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Han, H., Hwang, J., & Woods, D. P. (2014). Choosing virtual - rather than real - leisure activities: An examination of the decision-making process in screen-golf participants. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 19(4), 428-450. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2013.764333
Han, H., Meng, B., & Kim, W. (2017). Emerging bicycle tourism and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(2), 292-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1202955
Hannan, A., Shafiq, M. Z., Hussain, F., & Pires, I. M. (2021). A portable smart fitness suite for real-time exercise monitoring and posture correction. Sensors, 21(19) https://doi.org/10.3390/s21196692
Happe, L., Hein, A., & Diekmann, R. (2021). What do geriatric rehabilitation patients and experts consider relevant? Requirements for a digitalised e-coach for sustainable improvement of nutrition and physical activity in older adults–a qualitative focus group study. BMC geriatrics, 21(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02692-y
Happe, L., Sgraja, M., Hein, A., & Diekmann, R. (2022). Iterative development and applicability of a tablet-based e-coach for older adults in rehabilitation units to improve nutrition and physical activity: usability study. JMIR Human Factors, 9(1), e31823. https://doi.org /10.2196/31823
Huang, G., & Ren, Y. (2020). Linking technological functions of fitness mobile apps with continuance usage among chinese users: Moderating role of exercise self-efficacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 103, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.09.013
Huang, W. Y., & Wu, C. (2021). Predict the exercise behavior intention of the older adults in taipei city to promote exercise behavior. Science Progress, 104. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504211042468
Hur, Y., Ko, Y. J., & Claussen, C. L. (2012). Determinants of using sports web portals: An empirical examination of the sport website acceptance model. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 13(3), 169-188. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-13-03-2012-b003
James, L. R., Mulaik, S. A., & Brett, J. M. (1983). Causal analysis: Assumptions, models, and data. Sage.
Jeewandara, J. M. D. S., Karunaratne, L., & Sanju, K. A. Y. (2021, Oct 7-8). An efficient machine learning based elderly monitoring system. [Paper presentation] Mauritius, Mauritius. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECCME52200.2021.9591079
Jeng, M., Pai, F., & Yeh, T. (2017). The virtual reality leisure activities experience on elderly people. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12(1), 49-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9452-0
Jeng, M., Yeh, T., & Pai, F. (2020). The continuous intention of older adult in virtual reality leisure activities: Combining sports commitment model and theory of planned behavior. Applied Sciences, 10(21), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10217509
Ji, W., Lu, C., Mao, J., Liu, Y., Hou, M., & Pan, X. (2021). Public’s intention and influencing factors of dockless bike-sharing in central urban areas: A case study of lanzhou city, china. Sustainability, 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169265
Jiakponnah, N. N., Unson, C., & Chukwurah, Q. C. (2021). Correlates of strength and balance training exercises in older african american adults. Gerontologist, 61(7), 1062-1070. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnab016
Jofré, N., Rodríguez, G., Alvarado, Y., Fernández, J., & Guerrero, R. (2017, Oct 9-13). Natural user interfaces: A physical activity trainer [Conference presentation]. 23rd Argentine Congress of Computer Science. CACIC ,La Plata. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75214-3_12
Kahlbaugh, P. E., Sperandio, A. J., Carlson, A. L., & Hauselt, J. (2011). Effects of playing Wii on well-being in the elderly: Physical activity, loneliness, and mood. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 35(4), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2011.625218
Kappen, D. L., Nacke, L. E., Gerling, K. M., & Tsotsos, L. E. (2016). Design strategies for gamified physical activity applications for older adults. 2016 49th Hawaii international conference on system sciences (HICSS). https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2016.166
Kenny, D. A., Kaniskan, B., & McCoach, D. B. (2015). The performance of RMSEA in models with small degrees of freedom. Sociological methods & research, 44(3), 486-507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124114543236
Khaghani-Far, I., Nikitina, S., Báez, M., Taran, E. A., & Casati, F. (2016). Fitness applications for home-based training. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 15(4), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.1109/MPRV.2016.76
Khushnood, K., Altaf, S., Sultan, N., Ali Awan, M. M., Mehmood, R., & Qureshi, S. (2021). Role wii fit exer-games in improving balance confidence and quality of life in elderly population. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 71(9), 2130-2134. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.319
Kim, J., Lee, S., Chun, S., Han, A., & Heo, J. (2017). The effects of leisure-time physical activity for optimism, life satisfaction, psychological well-being, and positive affect among older adults with loneliness. Annals of leisure research, 20(4), 406-415. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1238308
Kim, K. J. & Shin, D. H. (2015). An acceptance model for smart watches: Implications for the adoption of future wearable technology. Internet Research,25 (4), 527-541. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-05-2014-0126
Kline, T. (2005). Psychological testing: A practical approach to design and evaluation. Sage.
Knippenberg, E., Timmermans, A., Palmaers, S., & Spooren, A. (2021). Use of a technology-based system to motivate older adults in performing physical activity: a feasibility study. BMC geriatrics, 21(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02021-3
Komatsu, H., Yagasaki, K., Saito, Y., & Oguma, Y. (2017). Regular group exercise contributes to balanced health in older adults in Japan: a qualitative study. BMC geriatrics, 17(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0584-3
Kononova, A., Li, L., Kamp, K., Bowen, M., Rikard, R. V., Cotten, S., & Peng, W. (2019). The use of wearable activity trackers among older adults: focus group study of tracker perceptions, motivators, and barriers in the maintenance stage of behavior change. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 7(4), e9832. https://doi.org/ 10.2196/mhealth.9832
Kwok, R. C. W., Leung, A. C. M., Hui, S. S. C., & Wong, C. C. K. (2021). Virtual trainer system: A tool to increase exercise participation and work productivity. Internet Research, 31(3), 892-910. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-04-2020-0236
Lange, B. S., Requejo, P., Flynn, S. M., Rizzo, A. A., Valero-Cuevas, F. J., Baker, L., & Winstein, C. (2010). The potential of virtual reality and gaming to assist successful aging with disability. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 21(2), 339-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2009.12.007
Lao, C. K., Wang, B. L., Wang, R. S., & Chang, H. Y. (2021). The combined effects of sports smart bracelet and multi-component exercise program on exercise motivation among the elderly in macau. Medicina (Lithuania), 57(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010034
Lepsy, E., Radwańska, E., Żurek, G., Żurek, A., Kaczorowska, A., Radajewska, A., & Kołcz, A. (2021). Association of physical fitness with quality of life in community-dwelling older adults aged 80 and over in poland: A cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02421-5
Li, D., Yi, C., & Gu, Y. (2021). Research on college physical education and sports training based on virtual reality technology. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021 .https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6625529
Li, J., Erdt, M., Chen, L., Cao, Y., Lee, S. Q., & Theng, Y. L. (2018). The social effects of exergames on older adults: systematic review and metric analysis. Journal of medical Internet research, 20(6), e10486. https://doi.org/10.2196/10486
Li, J., Ma, Q., Chan, A. H., & Man, S. S. (2019). Health monitoring through wearable technologies for older adults: Smart wearables acceptance model. Applied ergonomics, 75, 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2018.10.006
Liang, Y., Wu, D., Ledesma, D., Davis, C., Slaughter, R., & Guo, Z. (2018). Virtual tai-chi system: A smart-connected modality for rehabilitation. Smart Health, 9-10, 232-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhl.2018.07.021
Liao, Y., Chen, I., & Wang, R. (2019). Effects of kinect-based exergaming on frailty status and physical performance in prefrail and frail elderly: A randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45767-y
Liu, S., & Willoughby, J. F. (2018). Do fitness apps need text reminders? An experiment testing goal-setting text message reminders to promote self-monitoring. Journal of health communication, 23(4), 379-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2018.1455768
Loland, S. (2009). The ethics of performance-enhancing technology in sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 36(2), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2009.9714754
Lowe, S., & ÓLaighin, G. (2012). The age of the virtual trainer. Procedia Engineering, 34, 242-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.042
Lunney, A., Cunningham, N. R., & Eastin, M. S. (2016). Wearable fitness technology: A structural investigation into acceptance and perceived fitness outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.08.007
Manferdelli, G., Mastropietro, A., Denna, E., Kniestedt, I., Mauri, M., Civiello, M., . . . Porcelli, S. (2021). Physical activity promotion and coaching to support healthy ageing. Research for Development,147-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72663-8_9
Marangunić, N., & Granić, A. (2015). Technology acceptance model: a literature review from 1986 to 2013. Universal access in the information society, 14(1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-014-0348-1
MarketsandMarkets (2021). Sports Technology Market with COVID-19 Impact by Technology (Devices, Smart Stadiums, Sports Analytics and eSports), by Sports (Soccer, Baseball, Basketball, Ice Hockey, Rugby, Tennis, Cricket, Golf, eSports) and Geography - Global Forecast to 2026. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/sports-technology-market-104958738.html
Max, E. J., Feltz, D. L., Kerr, N. L., & Wittenbaum, G. M. (2018). Is silence really golden? effect of encouragement from a partner or trainer on active video game play. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 261-275. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1199580
Mercer, K., Giangregorio, L., Schneider, E., Chilana, P., Li, M., & Grindrod, K. (2016). Acceptance of commercially available wearable activity trackers among adults aged over 50 and with chronic illness: a mixed-methods evaluation. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 4(1), e4225. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.4225
Mitzner, T. L., Rogers, W. A., Fisk, A. D., Boot, W. R., Charness, N., Czaja, S. J., & Sharit, J. (2016). Predicting older adults’ perceptions about a computer system designed for seniors. Universal Access in the Information Society, 15, 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-014-0383-y
Mokmin, N. A. M. (2020). The effectiveness of a personalized virtual fitness trainer in teaching physical education by applying the artificial intelligent algorithm. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(5), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080514
Mokmin, N. A. M., & Jamiat, N. (2021). The effectiveness of a virtual fitness trainer app in motivating and engaging students for fitness activity by applying motor learning theory. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1847-1864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10337-7
Mostajeran, F., Steinicke, F., Ariza Nunez, O. J., Gatsios, D., & Fotiadis, D. (2020, April 25-30). Augmented reality for older adults: Exploring acceptability of virtual coaches for home-based balance training in an aging population [Conference presentation].2020 ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Honolulu, United States. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376565
Naydenov, Z., Manolova, A., Tonchev, K., Neshov, N., & Poulkov, V. (2021, July 26-28). Holographic virtual coach to enable measurement and analysis of physical activities [Conference presentation]. 44th International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing, Brno, Czech Republic. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP52935.2021.9522635
Oesch, P., Kool, J., Fernandez-Luque, L., Brox, E., Evertsen, G., Civit, A., ... & Bachmann, S. (2017). Exergames versus self-regulated exercises with instruction leaflets to improve adherence during geriatric rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. BMC geriatrics, 17(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0467-7
Ofli, F., Kurillo, G., Obdržálek, Š., Bajcsy, R., Jimison, H. B., & Pavel, M. (2015). Design and evaluation of an interactive exercise coaching system for older adults: lessons learned. IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics, 20(1), 201-212. https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2015.2391671
Özsungur, F. (2020). Gerontechnological factors affecting successful aging of elderly. The Aging Male, 23(5), 520-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/13685538.2018.1539963
Oyibo, K., & Vassileva, J. (2021). Relationship between perceived UX design attributes and persuasive features: a case study of fitness app. Information, 12(9), 365. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12090365
Papi, S., Momtaz, Y. A., Foroughan, M., Shahboulaghi, F. M., Araban, M., & Ramezani, T. (2021). Comparing the effect of face-to-face education and E-learning on the physical activity of the elderly. Journal of Holistic Nursing and Midwifery, 31(1), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.32598/jhnm.31.1.2037
Patel, M. L., Brooks, T. L., & Bennett, G. G. (2020). Consistent self-monitoring in a commercial app-based intervention for weight loss: results from a randomized trial. Journal of behavioral medicine, 43, 391-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-019-00091-8
Park, H. S., Lee, G. A., Seo, B., & Billinghurst, M. (2021). User experience design for a smart-mirror-based personalized training system. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 80(20), 31159-31181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-020-10148-5
Park, J. Y., Chiu, W., & Won, D. (2017). Sustainability of exercise behavior in seniors: An application of the extended theory of planned behavior. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(1), 342-347. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2017.01050
Pettersson, B., Janols, R., Wiklund, M., Lundin-Olsson, L., & Sandlund, M. (2021). Older Adults’ Experiences of Behavior Change Support in a Digital Fall Prevention Exercise Program: Qualitative Study Framed by the Self-determination Theory. Journal of medical internet research, 23(7), e26235. https://doi.org/10.2196/26235
Pirhonen, J., Lolich, L., Tuominen, K., Jolanki, O., & Timonen, V. (2020). “These devices have not been made for older people's needs”–Older adults' perceptions of digital technologies in Finland and Ireland. Technology in Society, 62, 101287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101287
Preatoni, E., Nodari, S., & Lopomo, N. F. (2020). Supervised machine learning applied to wearable sensor data can accurately classify functional fitness exercises within a continuous workout. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8 . https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00664
Preissner, C. E., Charles, K., Knäuper, B., & Kaushal, N. (2021). Predicting decisional determinants of physical activity among older adults: An integrated behavior approach. Journal of Aging and Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643211049079
Rajkumar, A., Vulpi, F., Bethi, S. R., Raghavan, P., & Kapila, V. (2021). Usability study of wearable inertial sensors for exergames (WISE) for movement assessment and exercise. MHealth, 7. https://doi.org/10.21037/mhealth-19-199
Ramirez Lopez, L. J., Guillen Pinto, E. P., & Ramos Linares, C. O. (2018). Effective validation model and use of mobile-health applications for the elderly. Healthcare Informatics Research, 24(4), 276-282. https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2018.24.4.276
Rapp, A., & Tirassa, M. (2017). Know thyself: a theory of the self for personal informatics. Human–Computer Interaction, 32(5-6), 335-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2017.1285704
Rea L.M. & Parker R.A. (Ed.) (1997). Designing and Conducting Survey Research: A Comprehensive Guide. Jossey-Bass.
Rica, R. L., Shimojo, G. L., Gomes, M. C., Alonso, A. C., Pitta, R. M., Santa‐Rosa, F. A., ... & Bocalini, D. S. (2020). Effects of a Kinect‐based physical training program on body composition, functional fitness and depression in institutionalized older adults. Geriatrics & gerontology international, 20(3), 195-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.13857
Ruttkay, Z., Zwiers, J., Van Weibergen, H., & Reidsma, D. (2006, Aug 21-23). Towards a reactive virtual trainer [Conference presentation]. 6th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents, Marina del Rey, California. https://doi.org/10.1007/11821830_24
Sampat, B., Prabhakar, B., Yajnik, N., & Sharma, A. (2020). Adoption of mobile fitness and dietary apps in india: An empirical study. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 35(4), 471-496. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBIS.2020.111641
Schmidt, S. L. (Ed.). (2020). 21st century sports: How technologies will change sports in the digital age. Springer Nature.
Shaw, L. A., Tourrel, R., Wunsche, B. C., Lutteroth, C., Marks, S., & Buckley, J. (2016, February). Design of a virtual trainer for exergaming. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. https://doi.org/10.1145/2843043.2843384
Sonthikul, C., Hadhoh, N., Madeeyoh, N., Ponlakarn, A., & Dolthamsiri, N. (2022). Comparative effect of core stabilization exercise and active video gaming on dynamic balance in elderly female people: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Health Science and Medical Research, 40(1), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.31584/jhsmr.2021820
Spates, C. R., & Kanfer, F. H. (1977). Self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and self-reinforcement in children's learning: A test of a multistage self-regulation model. Behavior Therapy, 8(1), 9-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(77)80115-9
SportsTechX (2021). Global sportstech vc report 2021.Retrieved from SportsTechX Web site: https://sportstechx.com/gstvcr/
Stork, M. J., Bell, E. G., & Jung, M. E. (2021). Examining the impact of a mobile health app on functional movement and physical fitness: Pilot pragmatic randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 9(5). https://doi.org/10.2196/24076
Suderman, K., Skene, T., Sellar, C., Dolgoy, N., Pituskin, E., Joy, A. A., ... & McNeely, M. L. (2022). Virtual or In-Person: A Mixed Methods Survey to Determine Exercise Programming Preferences during COVID-19. Current Oncology, 29(10), 6735-6748. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29100529
Suh, A., & Li, M. (2022). How the use of mobile fitness technology influences older adults’ physical and psychological well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 131, 107205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107205
The American College of Sports Medicine (2018). ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 11th Edition. https://www.acsm.org/read-research/books/acsms-guidelines-for-exercise-testing-and-prescription
Thompson, W. R. (2021). Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2021. ACSM's Health and Fitness Journal, 25(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000631
Thurmond, V. A. (2001). The point of triangulation. Journal of nursing scholarship, 33(3), 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x
Tian, B. (2013). The practice of physical training based on virtual trainer concept, International Conference of Modern Computer Science and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33030-8_51
United Nations (2019). 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects. Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Dynamics. https://population.un.org/wpp2019/
Valcarce-Torrente, M., Javaloyes, V., Gallardo, L., García-Fernández, J., & Planas-Anzano, A. (2021). Influence of fitness apps on sports habits, satisfaction, and intentions to stay in fitness center users: An experimental study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910393
Valenzuela, T., Okubo, Y., Woodbury, A., Lord, S. R., & Delbaere, K. (2018a). Adherence to technology-based exercise programs in older adults: a systematic review. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 41(1), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1519/JPT.0000000000000095
Valenzuela, T., Razee, H., Schoene, D., Lord, S. R., & Delbaere, K. (2018b). An interactive home-based cognitive-motor step training program to reduce fall risk in older adults: Qualitative descriptive study of older adults’ experiences and requirements. JMIR aging, 1(2), e11975. https://doi.org/10.2196/11975
Van Stralen, M. M., de Vries, H., Mudde, A. N., Bolman, C., & Lechner, L. (2011). The long-term efficacy of two computer-tailored physical activity interventions for older adults: Main effects and mediators. Health Psychology, 30(4), 442-452. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023579
Varas-Diaz, G., Subramaniam, S., Delgado, L., Phillips, S. A., & Bhatt, T. (2021). Effect of an exergaming-based dance training paradigm on autonomic nervous system modulation in healthy older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 29(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1123/JAPA.2019-0452
Venkatesh, V., & Agarwal, R. (2006). Turning visitors into customers: Ausability-centric perspective on purchase behavior in electronic channels. Management Science, 52(3), 367−382. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1050.0442
Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Yu, L., Liu, J., Zwetsloot, I. M., Cabrera, J., & Tsui, K. (2020). A personalized health monitoring system for community-dwelling elderly people in hong kong: Design, implementation, and evaluation study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9) https://doi.org/10.2196/19223
Wang, W. C., Wu, C. Y., & Wu, C. C. (2014). Free time management makes better retirement: A case study of retirees’ quality of life in Taiwan. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(3), 591-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-013-9256-4
Whyatt, C., Merriman, N. A., Young, W. R., Newell, F. N., & Craig, C. (2015). A Wii bit of fun: a novel platform to deliver effective balance training to older adults. Games for health journal, 4(6), 423-433. https://doi.org/10.1089/g4h.2015.0006
Wu, W., Kuncoroaji, T. I., & Lin, R.(2019). The intention of continuous use of mobile messaging apps among elderly members in taiwan. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 27(4), 2779-2796.
Wu, Z., Li, J., & Theng, Y. (2015). Examining the influencing factors of exercise intention among older adults: A controlled study between exergame and traditional exercise. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 18(9), 521-527. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2015.0065
Yang, C. M., Hsieh, J. S. C., Chen, Y. C., Yang, S. Y., & Lin, H. C. K. (2020). Effects of Kinect exergames on balance training among community older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 99(28). https://10.1097/MD.0000000000021228
Yau, Y., & Hsiao, C. H. (2022). The Technology Acceptance Model and Older Adults’ Exercise Intentions—A Systematic Literature Review. Geriatrics, 7(6), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics7060124
Yein, N., & Pal, S. (2021). Analysis of the user acceptance of exergaming (fall- preventive measure) – tailored for indian elderly using unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT2) model. Entertainment Computing, 38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.entcom.2021.100419
Yoo, D., Ko, D., & Yeo, I. (2017). Effect of user’s trust in usefulness, attitude and intention for mobile sports content services. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17, 92-96. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2017.s1014
Yousefi Babadi, S., & Daneshmandi, H. (2021). Effects of virtual reality versus conventional balance training on balance of the elderly. Experimental Gerontology, 153 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111498
Yu, J., Ku, G. C., Lo, Y., Chen, C., & Hsu, C. (2021). Identifying the antecedents of university students’ usage behaviour of fitness apps. Sustainability, 13(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169043
Yu, P., Liu, L., Cai, Y., He, Y., & Zhang, S. (2021). Home fitness monitoring system based on monocular camera. Journal of Zhejiang University, Science Edition, 48(5), 521-530. https://doi.org/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9497.2021.05.001
Zaleski, A. L., Taylor, B. A., Panza, G. A., Wu, Y., Pescatello, L. S., Thompson, P. D., & Fernandez, A. B. (2016). Coming of age: considerations in the prescription of exercise for older adults. Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal, 12(2), 98. https://10.14797/mdcj-12-2-98