簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 賴念華
Nien-Hwa Lai
論文名稱: 災後心理重建歷程之合作行動研究
Study of Co-operative Action Inquiry on After-Disaster Psychological Rehabilitation Process
指導教授: 陳秉華
Chen, Ping-Hwa
甄曉蘭
Chen, Hsiao-Lan
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2002
畢業學年度: 90
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 241
中文關鍵詞: 心理重建表達性藝術治療危機處理學校基礎合作行動研地震災難
英文關鍵詞: psychological rehabilitation, expressive art therapy, crisis management, school-based, co-operative action inquiry, earthquake disaster
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:360下載:77
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

本研究的主要目的是在台灣「九二一大地震」後,以台北「凱悅安心服務站」為例,以行動研究來探討心理衛生工作者在災後危機處理的行動方案及策略;接著進入中部災區之「山城國小」,藉行動研究來探討「表達性藝術治療」在災後心理重建工作的行動方案及策略;並建構以「學校為基礎」的災後心理重建之行動方案;最後,反思災後心理衛生工作者的轉換歷程。
本研究在「凱悅安心服務站」部分,以服務台北東星災區安置在凱悅飯店之災民為對象,工作時間包括一個月的災後駐站服務,以及撤站後持續為期兩年的案家服務歷程;隨即在災後三個月與藝術治療種子教師進入「山城國小」,依照該校需求調整災後心理重建工作方案,其中包括為期半年的「兒童假日生活營」,以及為該校教師、家長舉辦的「親師懇談會」,在災後十五個月進行該校「教師成長工作坊」。本研究在處理災後心理重建歷程中發現,因工作時間、對象、地點的轉換,需透過不斷的督導與省思來產出新的行動策略,以因應災後混亂現場的變化。同時研究者的角色與行動也隨著進入時間有所轉換;進入現場前,我以一位諮商實務工作者產生行動,企圖解決災後現場問題為始;到現場後,發現需與其他心理衛生工作者及教師合作進行「協同研究」;最後,發現心理衛生工作者對現場理解依舊十分有限,而邀請山城教師共同進行「合作行動研究」的過程。
經歷長達二年介入災後現場工作,研究結果依著時間序分別以台北「凱悅安心服務站」、山城國小之「兒童假日生活營」、「親師懇談會」、「災後教師成長工作坊」四部分呈現;每一部份都以敘說方式描寫,將過程中的省思與行動策略一併呈現。之後,我與一位案主的互動歷程,以及合作行動研究者之信件對話的會心過程,以詩作文本呈現在第五章「生命交會的對話」,藉以凸顯助人工作中「關係與理解」的重要。
最後,依本研究過程整理出「表達性藝術治療」處理災後哀傷、失落的行動方案與策略;災後心理衛生工作者危機時期的行動策略;災後以學校為基礎的心理重建工作方案;災後研究者對心理衛生工作者、研究方法、以及在專業知識與專業中的自我省思。本研究藉由省思中再反思來產出新的視框,透過不斷的互動與對話來理解災後現場的人、事、物,進而能對本土災後心理重建歷程多了一份瞭解與再建構。

The primary purpose of study is to make use of action inquiry to investigate the action alternative and strategy of mental health workers during after-disaster crisis management after “September 21st Earthquake” in Taiwan, while the case of “Hyatt Consolation Service Station” is exploited as illustration. Next, the focus of the study is moved to the “Mountainous Primary School” in central Taiwan, where the earthquake had done massive devastation. With action inquiry, expressive art therapy is employed to explore action alternative and strategy for after-disaster psychological rehabilitation. Furthermore, action alternatives with school-based psychological rehabilitation will be construed; at the end, the processes and mechanism of transformation of the mental health workers are being reflected after calamity.
With regard to the study of “Hyatt Consolation Service Station”, the service is mainly rendered to those victims of Tung-Sing Building in Taipei and they are being accommodated at Hyatt Hotel. The duration of servicing for the after-disaster care rendered to them include one-month after-disaster station service and two-year housing service after the station is pulled out. And three months right after disaster, seedling teachers of art therapy start to reside at the “Mountainous Primary School” and psychological rehabilitation alternatives adjusted to the needs of the school are formulated. Of these alternatives, they include half-year “Children Holiday Camp” for the school children and “Parent-and-Teacher Discussions” for the parents and teachers; and there is also “Teacher Growth Workshop” conducted fifteen months after the disaster. It is found during psychological rehabilitation that after the disaster endless supervision and reflection have to be conducted in order to bring forth new action strategies so that the changes of after-disaster chaotic situations can be coped with. At the same time, the role and actions of the researchers begin to change with time; before being accepted to the accident site, I am working as a counseling practitioner to bring out actions in order to deal with the problems that are directly related to the disaster. After getting to the site, it is found that I have to conduct collaboration inquiry with other mental health works and teachers, at the end, we find that psychological and mental health workers are still very much limited in their understanding of the accident site. Therefore, we have invited the teachers from the “Mountainous Primary School” to work with us in the processes of co-operative action inquiry.
Throughout the time-span of two years rendering service to the accident site, the results of our research are unveiled in four parts with chronological order starting form “Hyatt Consolation Service Station,” “Children Holiday Camp,” “Teacher Growth Workshop,” and “Teacher Growth Workshop,” Each part is delineated with description, in addition with reflection and action strategy during the processes. Afterward, there is interaction of the author with each of the clients, as well as the encounter of correspondences with the action researchers during the collaboration, which being displayed in poems and essays are compiled in the chapter five titled “The Dialog of Life Encounter” in order to stand our the importance of “relationship and understanding” in the work of helping others.
At the end, this study will base on the process to bring out action alternatives and strategies of “expressive art therapy” dealing with after-disaster grief and loss, action strategies of crisis management for mental health workers after disaster, psychological rehabilitation alternatives after disaster that is school-based, and self-reflection among mental health worker, towards research methods, and expertise and profession after the disaster. This study hopes to make use of incessant reflections so as to create some new perspective, and would like to make use of constant interaction and dialog to appreciate the people, events, and objects at the site so that a greater understanding and reconstruction for domestic after-disaster psychological rehabilitation can be obtained.

災後心理重建歷程之合作行動研究 目 錄 致謝 中文摘要 英文摘要 圖目錄 寫在論文之前的告白-談我的書寫風格………………………..…………….1 第一章 緒 論 第一節 研究動機………………………………………………….3 第二節 從初始研究目的到實際行動衍生出的關注……………..9 第二章 從初始的文獻基礎到探究 第一節 災後心理重建之重要………………………………….10 第二節 藝術治療介入之災後心理重建工作………………….14 第三節 以學校為基礎的災後心理重建介入模式…………….21 第四節 行動中的文獻再探…………………………………….22 第三章 研究設計 第一節 行動研究的理論……………………………………….37 第二節 研究者即是多元文化主體…………………………….46 第三節 研究場境的描述…………………………………….…51 第四節 研究流程與方法………………..…………..…………...58 第四章 進入現場的行動 第一節 從草莽成軍到大事底定的「凱悅安心服務站」………63 第二節 從滿懷理想到且戰且走的「假日生活營」..…………...81 第三節 從天馬行空到聽得懂的「親師懇談會」………..…….147 第四節 從單槍匹馬到合作行動的「教師成長工作坊」………154 第五章 生命交會的對話 第一節 「921—我與你相伴的歷程」…………………………172 第二節 「從會心產生的合作關係」…………………………..180 第六章 研究回顧的省思 第一節 表達性藝術治療災後心理重建行動方案與策略…….191 第二節 災後心理衛生工作者危機時期的行動策略………….205 第三節 災後以學校為基礎的心理重建工作方案…………… 212 第四節 災後心理衛生工作者的省思………………………… 218 第五節 研究方法的省思……………………………………… 222 第六節 專業知識與專業自我的省思………………………… 226 參考文獻 中文文獻………………………………………………………………232 英文文獻………………………………………………………………235 附 圖 目 錄 圖2-1 「小團體中表達性治療個人工作模式」的形成歷程………32 圖2-2 自發性、創造力與文化傳承間的運作關係………………33 圖3-1 本研究的行動研究歷程模式………………………………43 圖3-2 不同場境的行動循環……………………………………..45 圖3-3 凱悅安心服務站簡圖………………………………………51 圖3-4 兒童假日生活營行動研究流程……………………………53 圖3-5 『假日生活營』團體活動場地(組合屋)………………53 圖3-6 本研究架構與流程圖………………………………………58 圖3-7 研究資料分析步驟圖………………………………………62 圖6-1 災後危機處理心理衛生工作方案流程圖………………….211 圖6-2 災後以學校為基礎的心理重建工作流程圖……………….212

一、中文文獻
王麗文(民88)。震災後學校、社區的階段心理復健工作。輔導季刊,第35卷,第3期,44-48頁。
孔繁鐘譯(民86)。DSM-IV精神疾病診斷與統計。合記出版社。
台北市政府新聞處(民89)。震慟—九二一台北震災實錄(九二一地震週年紀念)。
成虹飛(中華民國課程與教育學學會)(民90)。行動研究與課程教學革新。台北:揚智。
呂廷和譯(民82)。通過藝朮的教育。長沙:湖南美術出版社。
何長珠(民88)。創傷後症候群(Post-Traumatic Symptom Disorder)的心理歷程與因應。引自:http://www.yam.com.tw/921/care/ptsd.htm1
周仁宇、李季樺、陳錦宏(民88)。兒童與青少年的災後心理復健—教師手冊。http://921.yam.com/care/ccn/5.htm
吳秀碧(民88)。創傷性的失落與哀傷。輔導季刊,第35卷,第3期,1-7頁。
吳美枝、何禮恩譯(民90)。行動研究—生活實踐家的研究錦囊。濤石出版。
吳英璋(民89)。心理復(重)健與心靈復(重)健 。 九二一震災心理復健學術研討會論文集,16-31頁。彰化師範大學。
林家興(民88)。結合校內外資源幫助學生適應天然災害。輔導季刊,第35卷,第3期,40-43頁。
林清文(民89)。九二一災後師生身心反應與輔導需求 。九二一震災心理復健學術研討會論文集,63-85頁。彰化師範大學。
洪福建(民89)。心理衛生人員的角色與定位—以東勢鎮經驗為例。台北市九二一震災心理重建研討會,129—149頁。台北市政府衛生局。
夏林清等譯(民86)。行動研究方法導論。台北:遠流。
夏林清譯(民89)。行動科學。台北:遠流。
許文耀、吳英璋(民89)。災後的心理反應及復原歷程。學生輔導雙月刊,66期,28-35頁。
陸汝斌(民88)。我怕地震---走過地震的幽谷。 網路資料來源:http://www.nsc.gov.tw/comsci/8821214-5.html.
陳珠璋、吳就君編著(民89)。由演劇到領悟:心理劇方法之實際應用(8th
版)。台北:張老師。
陳惠邦(民87)。教育行動研究。台北:師大書苑。
陳惠邦、李麗霞(民90)。行行重行行—協同行動研究。師大書苑。
陳錦宏等譯(民90)。災難與重建(心理衛生實務手冊)。台北 :心靈工坊文化。
陳韻如(民88)。九二一大地震—災後心理重建就從學校開始。引自:http://www.yam.com.tw/921/care/start1.htm1
程小蘋(民88)。撫平天災所帶來的傷痛 ﹍ 從學校輔導工作做起。輔導季刊,第35卷,第3期,32-36頁。
張耐(民86)。如何與兒童談生與死。 師友月刊,4-7頁。
張強鈞(民88)。創傷壓力疾患的預後。引自:http://www.yam.com.tw/921/care/ptsd.htm1
甄曉蘭(民84)。合作行動研究---進行教育研究的另一種方式。嘉義師院學報第9期,297-318頁。
甄曉蘭(中華民國課程與教育學學會)(民90)。行動研究與課程教學革新。台北:揚智。
雷庚玲(民88)。災變後的心理復建---發展篇。載於教育部(民88)編印災後學校心理教育與輔導手冊。
潘素卿(民89)。九二一地震後災區國小心理輔導工作與反省 。 九二一震災心理復健學術研討會論文集,112-119頁。彰化師範大學。
蔡清田(民89)。教育行動研究。台北。
蔡清田(中華民國課程與教育學學會)(民90)。行動研究與課程教學革新。台北:揚智。
鄧博仁(民88)。地震災後心理創傷:認識與處置。學生輔導通訊,59期,23-26頁。
歐用生(民78)。質的研究。台北:師大書苑。
賴念華(民88)。藝術治療—轉化喪親兒童之悲傷與失落。學生輔導通訊,66期,51-57頁。
賴念華(民89a)。九二一災後心靈重建團體之形成與介入策略—以兒童藝術治療團體為例。九二一震災心理復健學術研討會論文集,180-184頁。彰化師範大學。
賴念華(民89b)。本土文化脈絡中—談藝術治療的運用。文化視窗。23期,42-47頁。
賴念華(民90)。小團體中表達性治療的個人工作模式。測驗與輔導雙月刊,167期,3516-3522頁。
賴念華譯(民91)。藝術治療團體--實務工作手冊。台北:心理出版社。
蔡敏玲(民85)。教育質性研究者請在文本中現身:兩項重要思慮。國民教育,37卷,2期,21-30頁。
蔡敏玲(民90)。教育質性研究報告的書寫:我在紀實與虛構之間的認真與想像。國立台北師學院學報,14期,233-260頁。
二、英文文獻
Adam Blatner & Allee Blatner (1988) 3rd Foundations of Psychodrama:History, Theory, Practice. New York: Springer Publishing.
Adelman, H.S., & Taylor, L. (1998). Reframing mental health in schools and expanding school reform. Educational Psychologist,33(4),135-152.
Allen, R.D.(1993).Organizing Mental Health Services Following a Disaster: A
Community Systems Perspective. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster
interventions (ed.). (pp.179-188).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 179-188.).
Argyris, C., Putnam, R., & Smith, D. (1985). Action science. San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
Armen, K.G., Karayan, I., Pynsoon, R.S., Minassian, D., Najarian, L.M., Steinberg, A.M., & Fairbanks, A. (2001). Outcome of Psychotherapy Among Early Adolescents After Trauma. Workshop for Posttraumatic Psychological Rehabilitation.(School-Based Approaches).
Blatner,A.(1996) Acting In-Practical Applications of Psychodramatic Methods(3rd.). New York: Springer Publishing.
Beverly,S. (1997) Expressive Art Therapy Techniques—Healing the soul through creativity. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, Vol. 36, Issue 2. 74-79.
Bandoroff, S., Mcintosh, J., Moncher, F.J., Peavler, K., Rotunda, R., & Sebastian, J. (1993). Secondary Prevention: Implementation of a School-Based Intervention Designed to Cope with the Effects of Hurricane Hugo. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.). (pp.321-332).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 321-332.).
Berg. C. (1978, September). Helping children accept death and dying through group counseling. Personnel & Guidance Journal, 169-172.
Black, D. (1974). What happens to bereaved children? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 69, 842-844.
British Psychological Society: Report of Working Party on Psychological Aspects of Disaster. (1989). Leicester: British Psychological Society.
Brunner/Mazel.Wolfe, B. (1989). Heinz Kohut’s self psychology: A conceptual analysis. Psychotherapy, 26(4),545-554.
Case, C. (1980). The expression of loss in art therapy. Unpublished MAthesis. Birmingham Polytechnic.
Chen, H.L.S. (1997). Toward a Re-constituted Action Inquiry for Educational Studies Proceedings of National Science Council .Part C: Humanities and Social Sciences,7(2),167-180.
Crenshaw, D. A. (1990). Bereavement counseling the grieving throughout the life cycle. New York :William Van Ornum.
Dadds, M. (1995). Passionate inquiry. London:Palmer Press.
Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.) (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks,CA:Sage.
Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y.(2000). Introduction: Entering the field of qualitative reserach. In Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). (pp1-17). CA:Sage.
Dosamantes-Breaudry, I. (1998). Regression-reintegration :Central psychodynamic principle in rituals of transition. Art Therapy : Journal of The American Art Therapy Association , 25(2). 79-84.
Durkin, M.E., & Thiel, Jr. C.C. (1993). Earthquakes: A Primer for the Mental Health Professions. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.). (pp.379-404).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 379-404.).
Dunning, C., & Silva, M.N. (1990). Disaster-induced trauma in rescue workers. Victim: American International Journal, 5, 664-668.
Durkin, M.E. (1993). Major Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following the Coalinga and Chile Earthquakes: A Cross-Cultural Comparison. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.)(pp.405-420).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 405-420.).
Dunning, C. (1985). Prevention of stress. In National Institute of Mental Health; Center for Mental Health Studies of Emergencies, Role stressors and Supports for Emergency Workers (pp.126-139). Rockville , MD: NIMH.
Edward Teyber (1997). Interpersonal process in psychotherapy. Brook/ cole (3rd).
Farberow, N.C., & Frederic, C.J. (1978). The media in a disaster. Rockvill,MD: National Institute of Mental Health.
Farberow, N.L., & Gordon, N.S. (1986). Manual for child health workers in major disasters (DHHS Publication No. 0-355-659:QL3). Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Hearth and Human Services, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Ferszt, G.G., Heineman, L., Ferszt, E.J., & Romano, S. (1998). Transformation through grieving: Art and the bereaved. Holistic Nursing Practice, Vol, 13, 68-75.
Flynn,B., Milazzo,C., Pantell,R.H., Saylorc.F., Sugar,M.(1995). Psychosocial issues for children and families in disasters: a guide for the primary care physician.Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Hearth and Human Services, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Friendman, S.B., Alderman E.M., Pantell, R.H., Saylor, C.F., Sugar, M., Fly, B., & Milazzo, C. (1995). Psychosocial Issues for Children and Families in Disasters: A Guide for the Primary Care Physician. U.S. Department of Health Services Public Health Service.
Freedy, J.R., Kilpatrick, D.G., & Resnick, H.S. (1993). Natural Disasters and Mental Health: Theory, Assessment, and Intervention. In R.Allen, Handbook of post--disaster interventions (ed.). (pp.49-103).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 49-103.).
Gibbs, M.S., & Lachenmeyer, J.R. (1993). Effects of Disasters on Emergency
Workers: A Review, with Implications for Training and PostdisasterInterventions. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.). (pp189-212).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 189-212.).
Gillis, H.M.(1993). Individual and small group psychotherapy for children involved in trauma and disaster. In C.F. Saylor(Ed.). Children and disasters (165-185). New York : Plenum Press.
Golub, D.(1989). Cross-cultural dimensions of art psychotherapy. In Wadeson,H. Durkin,J. & Perach, D (Eds.), Advances in art therapy. John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
Good, D.A. (2001). Secondary Traumatic Stress & Art Therapy: Creative care For Helping Professionals. The International Conference of Art Therapy Education Symposia Sessions, PP. 160-165.
Goenjian, A.K., Psynoos, R., & Steinberg, A. M. (1995). Psychiatric comorbidity in children after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1174-1184.
Goenjian, A.K., & Yehuda, R. (1996). Basal cortisone , dexamethasone suppression of cortisone , and MHPG in adolescents after 1988 earthquake in Armenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 929-934.
Goenjian, A.K., Karayan, I., Psynoos, R., & Minassian, D. (1997). Outcome of psychotherapy among adolescents after trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 536-542.
Goenjian,A.K., Steinberg,A.M., Najarian, L. M & Fairbanks,L.A.(2000). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions after earthquake and political. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 911-916.Louis, M. & Robert, S. (1994) Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 895-901.
Goenjian, A.K., Steinberg, A.M., Najarian, L.M., & Fairbanks, L.A. (2000). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive reactions after earthquake and political. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 911-916.
Goodhall, H. L. (2000). Writing the new ethnography. Oxford: AltaMira Press.
Gregorian,V. S., Azarian,A., Demaria,M.B., & McDonald,L. D. (1996) Colors of disaster: the psychology of the “black sun”. The Arts in Psycho- -therapy ,23(1).1-14.
Grossman, L. (1973). Train crash: Social work and disaster services. Social Work, 18, 38-44.
Hammersley, M.(1990). Reading ethnographic research: A critical guide. London: Routledge.
Hartsough, D.M., & Myers,D.G. (1987). Disaster Work and Mental Health: Prevention and Control of Stress Among Workers. U.S Department of health & human service.
Hartsough, D.M. (1982). Panning for Disaster: A New Community Outreach Program for Mental Health Centers. Journal of Community Psychology. Vol. 10, 255-263.
Heath, S. (2001). After The Trauma: Resiliency Through Art Therapy. The International Conference of Art Therapy Education , 175-185.
Heron,J.(1981). Experiential Research Methology.In P. Reason & J. Rowan(Eds.), Human Inquiry :A Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chichester: John Wiley& Sons.
Heron,J.(1992). Feeling and Personhood: Psychology in Another Key.London: Sage.
Hetherington, A. (1993). Traumatic Stress on the Roads. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.). (pp.365-378).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 368-378.).
Keppel-Benson, J.M., & Ollendick, T.H. (1993). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. In C.F. Sayor(Ed.). Children and disaster. New York: Plenum Press.
Kiyuna, R.S., Kopriva. R.J., & Farr. S.J. (1993). The Experiential Learning Model as a Conceptual Framework for the Treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.). (pp.105-116).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 105-116.).
Klingman,A.,Koenigsteld,E.,&Markman,D.(1987). Art activity with children following disaster : A preventive-oriented crisis intervention modality. The Arts in Psychotherapy ,14. pp.153-166.
Johnson, D. R.(1998). On the therapeutic action of the creative arts therapies: The psychodynamic model. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 25(2),85-99.
Jones, J.G. (1997). Art therapy with a community of survivors. Art Therapy : Journal of The American Art Therapy Association , 14(2).89-94.
Lahad, M. (1999). The Use Drama Therapy with Crisis Intervention Groups, Following Mass Evacuation. The Art in psychotherapy. Vol. 1, 27-33.
Maida, C.A., Gordon, N.S., & Strauss, G. (1993). Child and Parent Reactions to the Los Angeles Area Whittier Narrows Earthquake. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.). (pp.421-436).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 424-436.).
Marineau, R. F.. (1989). Jacob Levy Moreno 1889-1974: Father of Psychodrama, Sociometry, And Group Psychotherapy. Tavistock/Routledge.
McKernan, J. (1996). Curriculum Action Research : A Handbook of Methods and Resources for the Reflective Practitioner. (2nd ed.). London : Kogan Page.
Middleton, W., & Raphale, B. (1990). International Journal Mental Health, Vol. 19, No 1, 109-120.
Moreno, J.L. (1993). Who Shall Survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama. American Society Group Psychotherapy & Psychodrama McLean, VA.
Myers, D.(1991). Disaster Response and Recovery: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals. California.
Myers, D.R.N., (1994). Disaster Response and Recovery: A handbook for mental health professionals. U.S Department of health & human service.
Nader, K., & Pynoos, R. (1993). School Disaster: Planning and Initial Interventions. In R.Allen, Handbook of post-disaster interventions (ed.). (pp.299-320).CA:Select Press.(Reprint from Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 8, No. 5, 299-320.).
Norman, J. (2000). Constructive narrative in arresting the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder. Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol, 28, 303-318.
Naierman, N. (1997). Reaching out to grieving students. Educational Leadership, Vol, 55, 62-65.
Pynoos, R.S., & Nader, K. (1988). Psychology first aid and treatment approach to children exposed to community violence: Research implications. Journal of traumatic stress, 1, 445-473.
Reason, P. & Rowan, J.(1981). One making sense. In P. Reason and J.Rowan, (Eds.) Human Inquiry : A sourcebook of new paradigm research. Chichester: John Wiley& Sons.
Reason, P. (1988). The co-operative inquiry group. In Peter Reason (Eds.) Human inquiry in action: Developments in new paradigm research. London:SAGE.
Reason, P. (1994). Three Approachs To Participatory Inquiry. In N.K. Denzin, N.K., & Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research. (pp.324-339)New York: SAGE.
Richardson, l.(2000). Writing: A method of inquiry. In Denzin, N. & Lincoln, Y (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research (2nd ed.). (pp923-948). CA:Sage.
Roje ,J. (1995). La ’94 earthquake in the eyes of children: art therapy with elementary school children who were victims of disaster. Art Therapy : Journal of The American Art Therapy Association , 12(4). 237-243.
Rosemarie, H. (1990). Art therapy as an isomorphic intervention in the treatment of a client with post-traumatic disorder. Art Therapy : Journal of The American Art Therapy Association , 28(3). 79-86.
Romanoff, B.D., & Terenzio, M. (1998). Rituals and the grieving process. Death Studies, Vol, 22, 697-711.
Saylor, C.F.(1993). Introduction. In C.F. Sayor(Ed.). Children and disaster. New York:Plenum Press.
Solomon, S.D. (1985). Mobilizing social support networks in times of disaster. In C.R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake: The study and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder, Vol, 1. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Spring, D. (2001). Treatment of Complex Trauma. The International Conference of Art Education (work shop), PP 65-69.
Stoll, B. (2001a). Nom-Verbal Communication Thought Art. The International Conference of Art Education (work shop), PP 51.
Stoll, B. (2001b). Disaster Traumatize Victims: Art Therapy Aids Recovery. The International Conference Of Art Therapy Education Symposia Sessions, PP. 108-111.
Stronach-Buschel, B. (1990). Trauma,children,and art . Art Therapy : Journal of The American Art Therapy Association, 29(2).48-52.
Trauma Psychiatry Program University Of California, Los Angeles. (2001). Taiwan Earthquake Clinician Information Pamphlet. Workshop for Posttraumatic Psychological Rehabilitation.(School-Based Approaches).
Wilson, J.P.(1989).Trauma transformation and healing. An integrative approach totheory, research, and post-traumatic therapy. New York:
Zambelli, G.C., Clark, E.J., & Hodgson, M. (1989). Advances in Art Therapy. In H. Wadeson,J. Durkin. & D.Perach(Eds.),. Art Therapy for Bereaved Children. John Wiely & Sons,Inc.
Zambelli, G.C., Clark, E.J., & Hodgson, M. (1994). The constructive use of ghost imagery in childhood grief. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 21 (1), 17-24.

QR CODE