壽命增加、人口老化和經濟發展等因素，讓食品產業有更多的發展空間。隨著近年來國際上機能性食品的成長趨勢，探討高齡者購買這些產品的趨勢並填補研究缺口十分重要。國際上對機能性食品的定義大致為對健康有益且是標準飲食一部分的產品。這類產品經常在廣告中使用健康宣稱，且在臺灣受到衛福部食藥署的規範，不得涉指其具有療效。雖然政府機關會定期查核且公告被裁罰的案例，但在市面上依然具遊走於灰色地帶之產品。因此我們認為，應該要更關注這類產品的健康宣稱內容，以及檢驗其對高齡消費者的影響。此外，過去的研究發現個體的健康信念模型可以預測健康相關行為的參與程度。大多關注高齡者健康信念的相關研究都與預防性醫療行為較有關，但鮮少人關注於健康信念應用於高齡者的消費行為。一些研究也表明，個人對老化的態度與其健康行為的參與程度之間存在相關性。綜述所提，本論文以三個研究來探討我們所關注的議題，分別為：（一）以內容分析法建立類目並歸納臺灣市場中食品包裝上的健康宣稱內容，結果發現大部分的健康宣稱並未指涉對特定疾病或症狀有效果，且與老化有關的產品的健康宣稱策略與其他產品有所不同；（二）以調查法探討高齡者的老化態度、健康信念和購買機能性食品的計畫行為間的關聯，結果發現健康信念在老化態度與購買機能性食品的計畫行為間的關聯扮演中介角色；（三）以隨機化實驗控制組後測設計探討不同的健康宣稱策略對高齡者購買意圖的影響，結果發現當與老化有關的健康宣稱搭配營養素或成分的指稱、提供描述性或統計性的科學證據會對高齡者的購買意願造成影響。總而言之，本研究探討了臺灣市場的健康宣稱、高齡者購買功能性食品背後的心理機制，以及不同健康主張策略在促進高齡者購買意願方面的有效性。

The increase in lifespan, population aging, and economic development provided more growth opportunities for the food industry. Given the recent global trends in the growth of functional foods, it is crucial to explore and fill the research gaps regarding older adults' purchasing trends for these products. Internationally, functional foods are generally defined as products that are beneficial to health and part of a standard diet. These products often use health claims in advertisements and are regulated by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which prohibits claims of therapeutic effects. Although the government regularly inspects and publishes cases of violations, there are still products that operate in a grey area in the market. Therefore, we believe there should be more focus on the health claims of these products and an examination of their impact on elderly consumers. Previous studies have found that individuals' health belief models can predict the extent of their participation in health-related behaviors. Most research on older adults' health beliefs is related to preventive medical behaviors, with few studies focusing on the application of health beliefs to older adults' consumption behaviors. Some studies also suggest a correlation between individuals' attitudes towards aging and their participation in health behaviors. This dissertation addresses our research interests through three studies: (1) Using content analysis to categorize and summarize health claims on food packaging in the Taiwanese market, we found that most health claims do not refer to specific diseases or symptoms, and health claim strategies for products related to aging differ from those for other products; (2) Using surveys to investigate the relationship between older adults' attitudes towards aging, health beliefs, and planned behaviors for purchasing functional foods, we found that health beliefs mediate the relationship between attitudes towards aging and planned behaviors for purchasing functional foods; (3) Using a randomized control-group posttest design to examine the impact of different health claim strategies on older adults' purchase intentions, we found that health claims related to aging, paired with nutrient or ingredient statements and either descriptive or statistical scientific evidence, affect older adults' purchase intentions. In summary, this research explores the health claims in the Taiwanese market, the psychological mechanisms behind older adults' purchasing functional foods, and the effectiveness of different health claim strategies in promoting purchase intentions among older adults.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Akatsu, H. (2021). Exploring the effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in strengthening immune activity in the elderly. Vaccines, 9(2), 136. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/2/136
Al-Ani, H. H., Devi, A., Eyles, H., Swinburn, B., & Vandevijvere, S. (2016). Nutrition and health claims on healthy and less-healthy packaged food products in New Zealand. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(6), 1087-1094. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516002981
Ale, E. C., & Binetti, A. G. (2021). Role of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in the elderly: Insights into their applications. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.631254
Annunziata, A., Vecchio, R., & Kraus, A. (2015). Awareness and preference for functional foods: The perspective of older I talian consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(4), 352-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12202
Arai, K. (2013). Note on the need for rules on misleading representation based on experimental evidence. Applied Economics Letters, 20(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2012.665591
Asioli, D., Aschemann-Witzel, J., Caputo, V., Vecchio, R., Annunziata, A., Næs, T., & Varela, P. (2017). Making sense of the “clean label” trends: A review of consumer food choice behavior and discussion of industry implications. Food Research International, 99, 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.022
Asp, N.-G., & Bryngelsson, S. (2008). Health claims in Europe: New legislation and PASSCLAIM for substantiation. The Journal of Nutrition, 138(6), 1210S-1215S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.6.1210S
Atchley, R. C. (1987). Aging: Continuity and Change. Wadsworth.
Bailey, P. E., Slessor, G., Rieger, M., Rendell, P. G., Moustafa, A. A., & Ruffman, T. (2015). Trust and trustworthiness in young and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 30(4), 977–986. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039736
Bakhshandeh Bavarsad, M., Foroughan, M., Zanjari, N., Ghaedamini Harouni, G., & Jorjoran Shushtari, Z. (2022). Development and validation of the geriatrics health behavior questionnaire (GHBQ). BMC Public Health, 22(1), 526. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12927-1
Barauskaite, D., Gineikiene, J., Fennis, B. M., Auruskeviciene, V., Yamaguchi, M., & Kondo, N. (2018). Eating healthy to impress: How conspicuous consumption, perceived self-control motivation, and descriptive normative influence determine functional food choices. Appetite, 131, 59-67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.08.015
Berry, C., Burton, S., & Howlett, E. (2017). It’s only natural: the mediating impact of consumers’ attribute inferences on the relationships between product claims, perceived product healthfulness, and purchase intentions. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 45(5), 698-719. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-016-0511-8
Bigliardi, B., & Galati, F. (2013). Innovation trends in the food industry: The case of functional foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 31(2), 118-129. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2013.03.006
Bouvard B, Annweiler C, Legrand E. (2021). Osteoporosis in older adults. Joint Bone Spine, 88(3), 105135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2021.105135
Brothers, A., Miche, M., Wahl, H. W., & Diehl, M. (2017). Examination of associations among three distinct subjective aging constructs and their relevance for predicting developmental correlates. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72(4), 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv085
Bryant, C., Bei, B., Gilson, K., Komiti, A., Jackson, H., & Judd, F. (2012). The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(10), 1674-1683. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000774
Buckinx, F., Charles, A., Rygaert, X., Reginster, J. Y., Adam, S., & Bruyère, O. (2018). Own attitude toward aging among nursing home residents: results of the SENIOR cohort. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 30(10), 1151-1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-018-1013-y
Burke, R. R., DeSarbo, W. S., Oliver, R. L., & Robertson, T. S. (1988). Deception by implication: An experimental investigation. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(4), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.1086/209130
Campos, A. C. V., Ferreira, E. F., Vargas, A. M. D., & Gonçalves, L. H. T. (2016). Healthy aging profile in octogenarians in Brazil. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 24. https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0694.2724
Cao, Z., & Yan, R. (2016). Health creates wealth? The use of nutrition claims and firm financial performance. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 35(1), 58-75. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.14.142
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331
Castle, E., Eisenberger, N. I., Seeman, T. E., Moons, W. G., Boggero, I. A., Grinblatt, M. S., & Taylor, S. E. (2012). Neural and behavioral bases of age differences in perceptions of trust. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(51), 20848-20852. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218518109
Champion, V. L., & Skinner, C. S. (2008). The health belief model. Health behavior and health education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4, 45-65.
Charoensin, S., Pothacharoen, P., Wanachewin, O., Kongtawelert, P., & Suttajit, M. (2023). Functional foods in improving bone health during aging. In Plant Bioactives as Natural Panacea Against Age-Induced Diseases (pp. 287-305). Elsevier.
Chrysochou, P., & Grunert, K. G. (2014). Health-related ad information and health motivation effects on product evaluations. Journal of Business Research, 67(6), 1209-1217. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.05.001
Clydesdale, F. M. (1997). A proposal for the establishment of scientific criteria for health claims for functional foods. Nutrition Reviews, 55(12), 413-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01588.x
Corrin, T., & Papadopoulos, A. (2017). Understanding the attitudes and perceptions of vegetarian and plant-based diets to shape future health promotion programs. Appetite, 109, 40-47. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.018
Crăciun, I.C. (2019). The Politics of Positive Aging. In: Positive Aging and Precarity. International Perspectives on Aging, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14255-1_3
Cummins, H., Corish, C. A., Roche, H. M., & McCarthy, S. N. (2017). Considerations for developing functional food products for the older population. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 76(OCE3), E84.
de Sousa, Â. L., Casais, B., & Soares, A. M. (2022, July). Healthvertising on food packaging and its impact on consumers: a systematic literature review. In International congress on public and nonprofit marketing (pp. 179-199). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
de Sousa, Â. L., Casais, B., & Soares, A. M. (2023). Healthvertising on Food Packaging and Its Impact on Consumers: A Systematic Literature Review. In International Congress on Public and Nonprofit Marketing (pp. 179-199). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29020-6_9
Dean, D. H., & Biswas, A. (2001). Third-party organization endorsement of products: An advertising cue affecting consumer prepurchase evaluation of goods and services. Journal of Advertising, 30(4), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2001.10673650
Diehl, M., Wurm, S., & Levy, B. (2022). Adults' views of aging as an underestimated risk factor for health, well-being, and longevity. Innovation in Aging, 6(Suppl 1), 426. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1674
Dirgiatmo, Y. (2023). Testing The Discriminant Validity and Heterotrait–Monotrait Ratio of Correlation (HTMT): A Case in Indonesian SMEs. In Macroeconomic Risk and Growth in the Southeast Asian Countries: Insight from Indonesia (pp. 157-170). Emerald Publishing Limited.
Dixon, H., Scully, M., Niven, P., Kelly, B., Chapman, K., Donovan, R., Martin, J., Baur, L. A., Crawford, D., & Wakefield, M. (2014). Effects of nutrient content claims, sports celebrity endorsements and premium offers on pre-adolescent children's food preferences: experimental research. Pediatric Obesity, 9(2), e47-e57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00169.x
Doll, W. J., Xia, W., & Torkzadeh, G. (1994). A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the End-User Computing Satisfaction Instrument. MIS Quarterly, 12(2), 259-274.
Ebel, R. L., & Frisbie, D. A. (1972). Essentials of educational measurement. Prentice Hall.
Edberg, M. C. (2007). Essentials of health behavior: Social and behavioral theory in public health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
European Food Safety Authority (2014). Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/1924/oj
Febian, F. I., Syed Annuar, S. N., & Memon, M. A. (2021). Functional food consumption among older consumers in Malaysia: A health belief model perspective. British Food Journal, 123(8), 2880-2892. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-07-2020-0663
Fernandes, A. P. G., Cardoso, V. R., Dos Santos, K. C., Migliaccio, M. M., & Pinto, J. M. (2022). Factors related to the accumulation of healthy behavior among older adults attending primary Health Care. Journal of Population Ageing, 15(3), 677-690.
Fibigr, J., Šatínský, D., & Solich, P. (2018). Current trends in the analysis and quality control of food supplements based on plant extracts. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1036, 1-15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.017
Förster, F., Stein, J., Löbner, M., Pabst, A., Angermeyer, M. C., König, H. H., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2018). Loss experiences in old age and their impact on the social network and depression–results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA 75+). Journal of Affective Disorders, 241, 94-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.070
Freiden, J. B. (1984). Advertising spokesperson effects-An examination of endorser type and gender on 2 audiences. Journal of advertising research, 24(5), 33-41.
Granato, D., Branco, G. F., Cruz, A. G., Faria, J. d. A. F., & Shah, N. P. (2010). Probiotic dairy products as functional foods. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(5), 455-470. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2010.00120.x
Grenard, J. L., Uy, V., Pagán, J. A., & Frosch, D. L. (2011). Seniors’ perceptions of prescription drug advertisements: A pilot study of the potential impact on informed decision making. Patient Education and Counseling, 85(1), 79-84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2010.10.008
Guido, G., Ugolini, M. M., & Sestino, A. (2022). Active ageing of elderly consumers: insights and opportunities for future business strategies. SN Business & Economics, 2(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00180-4
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., Morelli, L., Canani, R. B., Flint, H. J., Salminen, S., Calder, P. C., & Sanders, M. E. (2014). The international scientific association for probiotics and prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(8), 506-514. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2014.66
Ho LiHsing, H. L., Tai Yi, T. Y., Chang ChiaMing, C. C., Su WeiSan, S. W., Yu JianHua, Y. J., & Yen ChunChang, Y. C. (2013). The image of health food brands, experience recognition and the purchase behavior of middle aged and older people. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12(3), 285-290.
Honkanen, P. (2009). Consumer acceptance of (marine) functional food. In J. Luten (Ed.), Marine Functional Food (Vol. 1, pp. 141-154). Wageningen.
Hori, S., & Cusack, S. (2006). Third-age education in Canada and Japan: Attitudes toward aging and participation in learning. Educational Gerontology, 32(6), 463-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270600685677
Howe, P. R. (2000), What makes a functional food functional?. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 9, S108-S112. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.2000.00163.x
Hsu, Y.-S., Lin, C.-H., & Hsu, Y.-C. (2016). Common psychological problems and consultative of the aged: Ecology systems. Guidance Quarterly, 52(4), 28 - 38.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Hutchinson, A. N., Bergh, C., Kruger, K., Sűsserová, M., Allen, J., Améen, S., & Tingö, L. (2021). The effect of probiotics on health outcomes in the elderly: A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Microorganisms, 9(6), 1344. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/6/1344
Iacobucci, D., Posavac, S. S., Kardes, F. R., Schneider, M. J., & Popovich, D. L. (2015). The median split: Robust, refined, and revived. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 25(4), 690-704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2015.06.014
Jędrusek-Golińska, A., Górecka, D., Buchowski, M., Wieczorowska-Tobis, K., Gramza-Michałowska, A., & Szymandera-Buszka, K. (2020). Recent progress in the use of functional foods for older adults: A narrative review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 19(2), 835-856. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12530
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (2013). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. In Handbook of the fundamentals of financial decision making: Part I (pp. 99-127). https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006
Karelakis, C., Zevgitis, P., Galanopoulos, K., & Mattas, K. (2020). Consumer trends and attitudes to functional foods. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 32(3), 266-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2019.1599760
Keller, M. L., Leventhal, E. A., & Larson, B. (1989). Aging: The lived experience. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 29(1), 67-82. https://doi.org/10.2190/DEQQ-AAUV-NBU0-3RMY
Kim, E. J. (2016). The effect of psychological characteristics of elderly consumer on health functional food purchase intention. Journal of Digital Convergence, 14(2), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2016.14.2.73
Kline, D. W., Scialfa, C. T., Stier, D., & Babbitt, T. J. (1990). Effects of bias and educational experience on two knowledge of aging questionnaires. Educational Gerontology, 16(3), 297-310. https://doi.org/10.1080/0380127900160307
Klusmann, V., Sproesser, G., Wolff, J. K., & Renner, B. (2019). Positive self-perceptions of aging promote healthy eating behavior across the life span via social-cognitive processes. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 74(5), 735-744. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx139
Korkmaz Aslan, G., Kartal, A., Özen Çınar, İ., & Koştu, N. (2017). The relationship between attitudes toward aging and health-promoting behaviours in older adults. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 23(6), e12594. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12594
Korkmaz Aslan, G., Kartal, A., Özen Çınar, İ., & Koştu, N. (2017). The relationship between attitudes toward aging and health‐promoting behaviours in older adults. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 23(6), e12594. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12594
Kuska, M., Nowak, M. A., Żukowska, H., Pasek, M., & Szark-Eckardt, M. (2022). Health Behavior of People Over 60 and Their Dependence on Socio-Economic Factors. Research on Ageing and Social Policy, 10(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.17583/rasp.8391
Kusumasondjaja, S., & Tjiptono, F. (2019). Endorsement and visual complexity in food advertising on Instagram. Internet Research, 29(4), 659-687. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-11-2017-0459
Kuttschreuter, M., Rutsaert, P., Hilverda, F., Regan, Á., Barnett, J., & Verbeke, W. (2014). Seeking information about food-related risks: The contribution of social media. Food Quality and Preference, 37, 10-18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.006
Laidlaw, K., Power, M. J., & Schmidt, S. (2007). The attitudes to ageing questionnaire (AAQ): development and psychometric properties. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(4), 367-379. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1683
Lee, H. S., Choi, H. R., Lee, N. Y., Kim, H. A., Kwon, P. Y., Park, S. J., & Hong, W. S. (2020). Purchase behavior and IPA of HMR products in China elderly consumers. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture, 35(5), 426-439. https://doi.org/10.7318/KJFC/2020.35.5.426
Lee, J., Evenson, A. (2015). A Qualitative Study of Food Purchasing Behaviors among Older Adults. International Journal of Health Sciences, 3(4), 1-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15640/ijhs.v3n4a1.
Lee, S. H., Yeh, C. J., Yang, C. Y., Wang, C. Y., & Lee, M. C. (2022). Factors associated with attitudes toward aging among Taiwanese middle-aged and older adults: Based on population-representative national data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2654. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052654
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Chung, P. H., & Gill, T. M. (2015). Resiliency over time of elders’ age stereotypes after encountering stressful events. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70(6), 886-890. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu082
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(2), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261
Li, T., & Fung, H. H. (2013). Age differences in trust: An investigation across 38 countries. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68(3), 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbs072
Lifshitz, H. (2002). Attitudes toward aging in adult and elderly people with intellectual disability. Educational Gerontology, 28(9), 745-759. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270290099912
Lin H.-C, Wang E. S.-T. (2023). Effects of presentation of ingredient information with clean labels on older adults’ food product evaluation. Current Psychology, 42(22), 18515-18523. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03023-z
Link, E., Henke, J., & Möhring, W. (2021). Credibility and enjoyment through data? Effects of statistical information and data visualizations on message credibility and reading experience. Journalism Studies, 22(5), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2021.1889398
Liu, J., Wei, W., Peng, Q., & Guo, Y. (2021). How does perceived health status affect depression in older adults? Roles of attitude toward aging and social support. Clinical Gerontologist, 44(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317115.2019.1655123
Löckenhoff, C. E., & Carstensen, L. L. (2004). Socioemotional selectivity theory, aging, and health: The increasingly delicate balance between regulating emotions and making tough choices. Journal of Personality, 72(6), 1395-1424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00301.x
Luo, Y.-X., Liu, C.-C., & Wang, Y.-L. (2022). Older adults' motivation for social contact of learning and active aging: The mediaing effect of attitudes toward aging. Journal of Research in Education Sciences, 67(3), 177 - 204. https://doi.org/10.6209/JORIES.202209_67(3).0006
MacCallum, R. C., & Hong, S. (1997). Power analysis in covariance structure modeling using GFI and AGFI. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32, 193-210.
Maeda-Yamamoto, M., & Ohtani, T. (2018). Development of functional agricultural products utilizing the new health claim labeling system in Japan. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 82(4), 554-563. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2017.1422175
Martins, N., Roriz, C. L., Morales, P., Barros, L., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2016). Food colorants: Challenges, opportunities and current desires of agro-industries to ensure consumer expectations and regulatory practices. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 52, 1-15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.009
Martirosyan, D. M., & Singh, J. (2015). A new definition of functional food by FFC: what makes a new definition unique? Functional foods in health and disease, 5(6), 209-223.
McCarthy, M., & Henson, S. (2005). Perceived risk and risk reduction strategies in the choice of beef by Irish consumers. Food Quality and Preference, 16(5), 435-445.
McConatha, J. T., Schnell, F., Volkwein, K., Riley, L., & Leach, E. (2003). Attitudes toward aging: A comparative analysis of young adults from the United States and Germany. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57(3), 203-215. https://doi.org/10.2190/K8Q8-5549-0Y4K-UGG0
McGarrigle, C. A., Ward, M., & Kenny, R. A. (2022). Negative aging perceptions and cognitive and functional decline: Are you as old as you feel?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70(3), 777-788. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17561
Mi, Yeong, Mun., Seok-Jung, Kang. (2023). Effects of e-Health Literacy and Aging Attitude on Health Promotion Behavior in Middle-aged Adults. Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction, 23(10):187-197. https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2023.23.10.187
Migliore, G., Rizzo, G., Bonanno, A., Dudinskaya, E. C., Tóth, J., & Schifani, G. (2022). Functional food characteristics in organic food products—the perspectives of Italian consumers on organic eggs enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Organic Agriculture, 12(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-022-00395-1
Mirosa, M., & Mangan-Walker, E. (2018). Young Chinese and functional foods for mobility health: Perceptions of importance, trust, and willingness to purchase and pay a premium. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 24(2), 216-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2017.1266555
Mock, S. E., & Eibach, R. P. (2011). Aging attitudes moderate the effect of subjective age on psychological well-being: Evidence from a 10-year longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging, 26(4), 979-986. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023877
Mohamad, H., Mirosa, M., Bremer, P., & Oey, I. (2019). A qualitative study of malaysian parents’ purchase intention of functional weaning foods using the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Food Products Marketing, 25(2), 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/10454446.2018.1512919
Muela-Molina, C., Perelló-Oliver, S., & García-Arranz, A. (2021). Health-related claims in food supplements endorsements: a content analysis from the perspective of EU regulation. Public Health, 190, 168-172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.10.020
Mukhlif, H. A., & Qassim, W. J. (2023). Old ages’ attitudes and behaviors toward cardiovascular health promotion. Rawal Medical Journal, 48(2), 489-489.
Naji, A. M. N. A. B. (2022). Using the health belief model to understand physical activity behavior among older adult at geriatric care home. Pakistan Journal of Medical & Health Sciences, 16(03), 873-873.
Natarajan, T., & Jayadevan, G. R. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic and the consumption behaviour of branded functional beverages in India: a conceptual framework. Nutrition & Food Science, 52(3), 423-444. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-06-2021-0177
Naylor, R. W., Droms, C. M., & Haws, K. L. (2009). Eating with a purpose: Consumer response to functional food health claims in conflicting versus complementary information environments. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(2), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1509/jppm.28.2.221
Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The content analysis guidebook. Sage.
Ng, B.-Y., Kankanhalli, A., & Xu, Y. (2009). Studying users' computer security behavior: A health belief perspective. Decision Support Systems, 46(4), 815-825. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2008.11.010
Nunes, C., Menéndez, S., Martins, C., & Martins, H. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Negative Stereotypes Towards Aging Questionnaire (CENVE) among a sample of Portuguese adults. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 31, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-018-0085-0
Paúl, C., Ribeiro, O., & Teixeira, L. (2012). Active ageing: An empirical approach to the WHO model. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2012, 382972. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/382972
Peel, N. M., McClure, R. J., & Bartlett, H. P. (2005). Behavioral determinants of healthy aging. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 298-304. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.12.002
Perales, J., Martin, S., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Chatterji, S., Garin, N., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M., Miret, M., Moneta, V., Olaya, B., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., & Haro, J. M. (2014). Factors associated with active aging in Finland, Poland, and Spain. International Psychogeriatrics, 26(8), 1363-1375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610214000520
Plasek, B., Lakner, Z., Kasza, G., & Temesi, Á. (2020). Consumer evaluation of the role of functional food products in disease prevention and the characteristics of target groups. Nutrients, 12(1), 69. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/1/69
Plath, D. (2008). Independence in old age: the route to social exclusion?. British Journal of Social Work, 38(7), 1353-1369. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcm045
Puhakka, R., Valve, R., & Sinkkonen, A. (2018). Older consumers’ perceptions of functional foods and non‐edible health‐enhancing innovations. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(1), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12400
Qiao, X., Ji, L., Jin, Y., Si, H., Bian, Y., Wang, W., & Wang, C. (2021). Development and validation of an instrument to measure beliefs in physical activity among (pre)frail older adults: An integration of the Health Belief Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(10), 2544-2551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.03.009
Qutoshi, S. B. (2020). Phenomenology: A philosophy and method of inquiry. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 5(1), 215-222.
Ramalho Ribeiro, A., Altintzoglou, T., Mendes, J., Nunes, M. L., Dinis, M. T., & Dias, J. (2019). Farmed fish as a functional food: Perception of fish fortification and the influence of origin – Insights from Portugal. Aquaculture, 501, 22-31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.11.002
Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (Vol. 1). sage.
Restani, P., Di Lorenzo, C., Garcia-Alvarez, A., Frigerio, G., Colombo, F., Maggi, F. M., Milà-Villarroel, R., & Serra-Majem, L. (2018). The PlantLIBRA consumer survey: Findings on the use of plant food supplements in Italy. PLOS ONE, 13(1), e0190915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190915
Ring, E., & Mitchell, C. (2010). Swedish Consumers´ Attitudes and Purchase Intentions of Functional Food: A study based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (Unpublished master's thesis). Umeå School of Business
Ritchie, D., Van den Broucke, S., & Van Hal, G. (2021). The health belief model and theory of planned behavior applied to mammography screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nursing, 38(3), 482-492. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.12842
Rivera-Ledesma, A., & Montero-López Lena, M. (2008). Estructura de pérdidas en la adultez mayor: una propuesta de medida. Salud Mental, 31(6), 461-468.
Robertson, D. A., King-Kallimanis, B. L., & Kenny, R. A. (2016). Negative perceptions of aging predict longitudinal decline in cognitive function. Psychology and Aging, 31(1), 71. https://doi.org/10.1037/pag0000061
Robinson, S. A., & Lachman, M. E. (2017). Perceived control and aging: A mini-review and directions for future research. Gerontology, 63(5), 435-442. https://doi.org/10.1159/000468540
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). The health belief model and preventive health behavior. Health Education Monographs, 2(4), 354-386.
Rosenstock, I. M. (2000). Health Belief Model. In Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 4. (pp. 78-80). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10519-035
Rueggeberg, R. (2011). The influence of behavioral and cognitive self-regulation on older adults’ psychological, biological, and physical health (unpublished doctoral dissertation), Concordia University.
Ruiz, J. B., & Bell, R. A. (2021). Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey. Vaccine, 39(7), 1080-1086. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010
Sadohara, R., & Martirosyan, D. (2020). Functional Food Center’s vision on functional food definition and science in comparison to FDA’s health claim authorization and Japan’s Foods for Specified Health Uses. Functional Foods in Health and Disease, 10(11), 465-481. https://doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v10i11.753
Schoenborn, C. A., & Adams, P. E. (2010). Health behaviors of adults: United States, 2005-2007 (0083-1972). (Vital and health statistics. Series 10, Data from the National Health Survey, Issue. https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/20669609/Health_behaviors_of_adults:_United_States_2005_2007_https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_245.pdf
Segal, M., Doron, I., & Mor, S. (2021). Consumer fraud: Older people’s perceptions and experiences. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 33(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2019.1589896
Seong, M., & Bae, K. (2022). A study of pandemic prevention health behavior in adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8181.
Shahidi, F. (2009). Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Whole versus processed foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20(9), 376-387. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.004
Shimizu, T. (2003). Health claims on functional foods: the Japanese regulations and an international comparison. Nutrition Research Reviews, 16(2), 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1079/NRR200363
Signori, E., & Kozak, J. (1976). Study of Attitudes of the Elderly Toward Aging & the Aged Canadian Association on Gerontology, Vancouver, Canada.
Silva-Smith, A. L., & Benton, M. J. (2021). Self-Perception of Aging among older adults and participation in Prevention. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 43(11), 1010-1016. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945921989017
Şimşekoğlu, Ö., & Lajunen, T. (2008). Social psychology of seat belt use: A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief model. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(3), 181-191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2007.10.001
Sinclair, A. H., Hakimi, S., Stanley, M. L., Adcock, R. A., & Samanez-Larkin, G. R. (2021). Pairing facts with imagined consequences improves pandemic-related risk perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(32), e2100970118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100970118
Smith, J., Fullen, M., & Clarke, P. (2022). Attitudes toward aging and wellness engagement in life plan communities. Innovation in Aging, 6(Supplement_1), 527-528. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2010
Stern, B. B. (1988). How does an Ad mean? Language in services advertising. Journal of Advertising, 17(2), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1988.10673108
Streiner, D. L. (1998). Factors affecting reliability of interpretations of scree plots. Psychological Reports, 83(2), 687-694. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.2.687
Sun, J. K., & Smith, J. (2017). Self-perceptions of aging and perceived barriers to care: reasons for health care delay. The Gerontologist, 57(suppl_2), S216-S226. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx014
Sylvetsky, A. C., & Dietz, W. H. (2014). Nutrient-content claims--guidance or cause for confusion? The New England Journal of Medicine, 371(3), 195-198. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1404899
Szakos, D., Ózsvári, L., & Kasza, G. (2020). Perception of older adults about health-related functionality of foods compared with other age groups. Sustainability, 12(7), 2748. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072748
Tarabella, A., Apicella, A., Tessitore, S., & Romano, M. F. (2021). The effects of advertisements on consumer choices and health: a content analysis of health claims in Italian magazines. British Food Journal, 123(8), 2785-2804. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-08-2020-0682
Topolska, K., Florkiewicz, A., & Filipiak-Florkiewicz, A. (2021). Functional food—consumer motivations and expectations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5327. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105327
Trigg, R., Watts, S., Jones, R., Tod, A., & Elliman, R. (2012). Self-reported quality of life ratings of people with dementia: the role of attitudes to aging. International Psychogeriatrics, 24(7), 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212000038
Tu, I.-C. (2018). Using Japan as a reference to create a friendly trading environment for the elderly - Amending the consumer protection act in an aging society. Consumer Reports of Taiwan, 441(1), 36 - 43.
Turrini, F., Donno, D., Beccaro, G. L., Pittaluga, A., Grilli, M., Zunin, P., & Boggia, R. (2020). Bud-derivatives, a novel source of polyphenols and how different extraction processes affect their composition. Foods, 9(10), 1343. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/10/1343
Usui, C. (2008). Japan’s demographic changes, social implications, and business opportunities. In F. Kohlbacher & C. Herstatt (Eds.), The Silver Market Phenomenon: Business Opportunities in an Era of Demographic Change (pp. 71-82). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75331-5_6
Vassallo, M., Saba, A., Arvola, A., Dean, M., Messina, F., Winkelmann, M., Claupein, E., Lähteenmäki, L., & Shepherd, R. (2009). Willingness to use functional breads. Applying the Health Belief Model across four European countries. Appetite, 52(2), 452-460. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.008
Vella, M. N., Stratton, L. M., Sheeshka, J., & Duncan, A. M. (2013). Exploration of functional food consumption in older adults in relation to food matrices, bioactive ingredients, and health. Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 32(2), 122-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/21551197.2013.781419
Wang, E. S. T., & Chu, Y. H. (2021). How social norms affect consumer intention to purchase certified functional foods: The mediating role of perceived effectiveness and attitude. Foods, 10(6), 1151. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061151
Webb, C., Smith, A., Orrell, M., & Jones, K. A. (2023). Positive psychology and attitudes to ageing in people aged 50 and over in the United Kingdom. Aging & Mental Health, 27(6), 1156-1162. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2022.2129587
Wilson, D. W., Nash, P., Buttar, H. S., Griffiths, K., Singh, R., De Meester, F., Horiuchi, R., & Takahashi, T. (2017). The role of food antioxidants, benefits of functional foods, and influence of feeding habits on the health of the older person: An overview. Antioxidants, 6(4), 81. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/6/4/81
Wolf, M. S., Davis, T. C., Tilson, H. H., Bass, P. F., III, & Parker, R. M. (2006). Misunderstanding of prescription drug warning labels among patients with low literacy. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 63(11), 1048-1055. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp050469
Yang, Y. (2008). Scientific Substantiation of Functional Food Health Claims in China. The Journal of Nutrition, 138(6), 1199S-1205S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.6.1199S
Yang, Y.-L., Wu, I.-H., & Sheu, F. (2017). The comparison of the international regulation of health claims with Taiwan's. Taiwan Journal of Dietetics, 9(1), 1 - 18. https://doi.org/10.6709/TJD.201706_9(1).0001
Yao, J. J. (2022). Mind over body connection: Aging expectations and subjective health and well-being among older adults. Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management, 17(2), 1-8.
Yastica, T. V., Salma, S. A., Caesaron, D., Safrudin, Y. N., & Pramadya, A. R. (2020, December). Application of theory planned behavior (TPB) and health belief model (HBM) in COVID-19 prevention: a literature review. In 2020 6th International Conference on Interactive Digital Media (ICIDM) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M., & Hojjati, M. (2015). Willingness of Iranian young adults to eat organic foods: Application of the Health Belief Model. Food Quality and Preference, 41, 75-83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.11.012
Yu, H., Rahman, O., Marlatt, D., & Robichaud, Z. (2022). Experiential value and shopping well‐being of aging consumers. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 39(2), 168-183.
Zhou, Y., Xu, J., Wu, S., & Zhu, S. (2023). Health Fraud against the Elderly in China: The Perspective of Vulnerability Manipulation. Victims & Offenders, 18(7), 1354-1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2023.2211570