簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 陳凱怡
論文名稱: 臺灣地區口譯員工作價值觀與工作滿意度調查研究
An Initial Investigation of Interpreters' Work Values and Job Satisfaction in Taiwan
指導教授: 陳子瑋
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 翻譯研究所
Graduate Institute of Translation and Interpretation
論文出版年: 2008
畢業學年度: 96
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 177
中文關鍵詞: 口譯會議口譯工作價值工作滿意
英文關鍵詞: interpretation, conference interpretation, work values, job satisfaction
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:231下載:55
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 口譯作為一門新興行業,僅數十年的時間便吸引各界人士從業。本研究先由文獻探討口譯員所重視的工作價值,及對當前工作的滿意度,再採用問卷佐以開放式問題,調查口譯員的工作需求,以及口譯工作是否符合期待。研究發現口譯員特別重視在工作中獲得自我實現及成長的機會,且希望對於生活具有一定自主權。調查亦顯示,口譯員的內在滿意度高於外在滿意度,對於能夠接觸各類案件,並從中獲得成就感感到格外滿意。口譯員也同意從事此行業工作時間較彈性,有助於個人生活安排。口譯員表達不滿的面向則包括工作不穩定、缺乏福利保障及進修管道,以及客戶不配合。建議未來可增加在職訓練機會,並籌組專業組織推廣口譯專業,以促進大眾對於口譯的認識,維護口譯員的權益並提升專業自主。

    Interpreting has been having talented individuals join the line over the past few decades as it emerges as a sought-after profession. To better understand how the practitioners fare, this study explores the needs of interpreters and investigates how current working conditions are measuring up to their expectations. To this end, the method of questionnaire with open-ended questions has been utilized to gather the necessary data for analysis. The results suggest that interpreters attach high value to self-actualization, sense of security and leisure, and personal growth, and are most satisfied with the intrinsic aspects of the interpreting work, enjoying the opportunity to take on a variety of tasks and deriving a great sense of achievement from them, and the flexibility of work hours. On the other hand, how interpreting fails to provide for steady employment, welfare benefits, and sufficient means available for professional development, along with uncooperative clients disappoint interpreters most. Together, the findings suggest that it is essential to enhance public understanding of the profession so as to safeguard interpreters’ interest and increase autonomy. More research and effort in initiating professional development programs and a professional association could prove helpful in reaching the goal.

    CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Scope of Study 3 1.3 Organization of Study 4 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Interpreting As a Profession 5 2.1.1 Classification of Interpreters 5 2.1.1.1 Interpreting As a Profession under Classification System 6 2.1.1.2 Occupational Description of Interpreters 14 2.1.2 Types of Interpretation 21 2.1.2.1 Definition of Interpretation 21 2.1.2.2 Types of Interpretation 23 2.1.3 Freelance Interpreters versus In-house Interpreters 28 2.1.3.1 Standard versus Non-Standard Employment 28 2.1.3.2 Freelance Interpreters versus In-house Interpreters 30 2.1.4 Interpreters in Taiwan 32 2.2 Work Values 34 2.2.1 Values 35 2.2.2 Work Values 36 2.2.3 Work Values Theories 38 2.2.4 Framework for Work Values 43 2.2.5 Factors Related to Work Values 46 2.2.6 Instruments for Work Values Assessment 48 2.3 Job Satisfaction 51 2.3.1 Definition 52 2.3.2 Job Satisfaction Theories 53 2.3.3 Factors Related to Job Satisfaction 58 2.3.4 Instruments for Job Satisfaction Assessment 60 2.4 Work Values and Job Satisfaction 62 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 67 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Questionnaire 71 3.2.1 Participants 71 3.2.2 Background questions 71 3.2.3 Questionnaire on interpreters’ work values and job satisfaction 72 3.2.4 Open-Ended Questions 80 3.2.5 Pilot Testing of the Questionnaire 81 3.2.6 Measures and Research Procedure 81 3.2.7 Research Tools 82 3.3 Data Analysis 82 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 87 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Questionnaire 87 4.2.1 Background Questions 88 4.2.2 Interpreters’ Responses on Work Values 96 4.2.3 Interpreters’ Responses on Job Satisfaction 99 4.2.4 Open-Ended Questions 101 4.3 Summary 105 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSIONS 107 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Interpreters’ Work Values 107 5.2.1 Personal Growth 108 5.2.2 Self-Actualization 112 5.2.3 Self-esteem 115 5.2.4 Interaction with Others 120 5.2.5 Sense of Security and Leisure 123 5.2.6 Summary 128 5.3 Interpreters’ Job Satisfaction 129 5.3.1 Intrinsic Satisfaction 130 5.3.2 Extrinsic Satisfaction 134 5.3.3 Summary 141 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION 143 6.1 Conclusion 143 6.2 Recommendations for the T & I Industry 147 6.3 Limitations of the Study 148 6.4 Recommendations for Further Studies 149 References 151 Appendix A Questionnaire 163 Appendix B Questionnaire (in English) with responses 169

    AIIC. "Fascination for the Go-Betweens". 2003. April 13 2008. <http://www.aiic.net/ViewPage.cfm/page1176.htm>.
    AIIC. "The AIIC Workload Study". 2002. April 13 2008. <http://www.aiic.net/ViewPage.cfm/article659>.
    AIIC, Training Committee. "Advice to Students Wishing to Become Conference Interpreters." (2002).
    Ben-Shem, I. & Avi-Itzhak, T.E. "On Work Values and Career Choice in Freshman Students: The Case of Helping Vs. Other Professions." Journal of Vocational Behavior.39 (1991): 369-79.
    Blum, M. & Naylor, J. Industrial Psychology: Its Theoretical and Social Foundation. New York: Harper and Row, 1968.
    Brady, F.N. "Aesthetic Components of Management Ethics." Academy of Management Review 11 (1986): 337-44.
    Brayfield, A. H. & Rothe, H. F. "An Index of Job Satisfaction." Journal of Applied Psychology 35 (5) (1951): 307-11.
    Brislin, R. W. Introduction. in Brislin ed, 1976.
    Brown, D. Career Choice and Development. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996.
    ---. "A Values-Based Approach to Facilitating Career Transitions." Career Development Quarterly 44 (1) (1995): 4-8.
    Buckley, M. "Measurement Issues Concerning the Use of Inventories of Job Satisfaction." Educational and Psychological Measurement 52 (3) (1992): 529-43.
    Butler, J.K. "Values Importance as a Moderator of the Value Fulfillment - Job Satisfaction Relationship: Group Differences." Journal of Applied Psychology 63 (1983): 420-28.
    Chen, T-W. & Wu, M. "Probing into the Real Challenge: A Survey of Taiwan's Conference Interpretation Market." Professional Education of 21st-Century Translators and Interpreters, Monterey Institute of International Studies. Monterey, CA, 2005.
    Cornelius, E. T., Ullman, J. P., Meglino, B. M., Czajka, J. & McNeely, B. "A New Approach to the Study of Work Values and Some Preliminary Results." Paper presented at the Southern Management Association, Orlando, FL, 1985.
    Cranny, C.J., Smith, P.C. & Stone, E.F. Job Satisfaction: How People Feel About Their Jobs and How It Affects Their Performance. New York: Lexington Books, 1992.
    Dawis, R. & Lofquist, L. A Psychological Theory of Work Adjustment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1984.
    Dose, J.J. "Work Values: An Integrative Framework and Illustrative Application to Organizational Socialization." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology.70 (1997): pp. 219-40.
    Drummond, R.J. & Stoddard, A. "Job Satisfaction and Work Values." Psychological Reports.69 (1991): 1116-18.
    Edwards, J. Comparative Analyses of Enlisted Job Satisfaction as Measured by the Occupational Attitude Inventory, Final Report. Brooks Air Force Base, TX: Air Force Human Resources Lab, 1978.
    Elizur, D. "Facets of Work Values: A Structural Analysis of Work Outcomes." Journal of Applied Psychology.69 (1984): 379-89.
    England, G.W. "Personal Value Systems of American Managers." Academy of Management Journal.10 (1967): 107-17.
    Fazio, R.H. & Zanna, M.P. "Direct Experience and Attitude - Behavior Consistency." Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. L. Berkowitz ed. Vol. 14, 1981. 161-202.
    Feather, N. T. "Protestant Ethic, Conservatism and Values." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 1132-41.
    Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, A. Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior. Reading, MA: Addison - Wesley, 1975.
    Garcez, C. "Job Satisfaction and Self-Esteem: A Literature Review of the Relationship between Job Satisfaction and Self-Esteem." 2006.
    Garcı´a-Bernal, J., Gargallo-Castel, A., Marzo-Navarro, M., & Rivera-Torres, P. "Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence of Gender Differences." Women in Management Review 20.4 (2005): 279-88.
    Guieford, J. P. (1965), “Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education,” New York McGram-Hill, 4th ed.
    Harris, C. T. & Earle, J. R. "Gender and Work Values: Survey Findings from a Working-Class Sample." Sex Roles 15 (1986): 487-94.
    Herzberg, F., Maunser, B., & Snyderman, B. The Motivation to Work. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1959.
    Holland, J. & Gottfredson, G. Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory: An Inventory for Understanding Adult Careers. Lutz, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., 1994.
    Hoppock, R. Job Satisfaction. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1935.
    Horowitz, S., Buchanan, S., Alexandris, M., Anteby, M., Rothman, N., Syman, S. & Vural, L. The Rise of the Freelance Class - a New Constituency of Workers Building a Social Safety Net: Freelancers Union, 2005.
    House, R. J. & Wigdor, L. A. "Herzberg's Dual-Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction and Motivation: A Review of the Evidence and a Criticism." Personal Psychology (1967): 369-89.
    Hsieh, I-L. "The Effecting Factors of Organizational Commitment and Turnover Intention in Foreign-Funded Companies in China." National Sun Yat-Sen University, 2006.
    Jones, T. M. "Ethical Decision Making by Individuals in Organizations: An Issue Contingent Model." Academy of Management Review 16.366-395 (1991).
    Josselson, R. Finding Herself: Pathways to Identify Development in Women. San Francisco: Jossey -Bass, 1987.
    Jurgensen, C. E. "Job Preferences: What Makes a Job Good or Bad?" Journal of Applied Psychology.63 (1978): 267-76.
    Kade, O. Zufall and Gesetzmabigkeit in Der Ubersetzung. Leipzig: Verlag Enzyklopadie, 1968.
    Kalleberg, A. L. "Work Values and Job Rewards: A Theory of Job Satisfaction." American Sociological Review 42 (1977): 124-43.
    Kaya, E. "Job Satisfaction of the Librarians in the Developing Countries." 61st IFLA General Conference, 1995.
    Kilmann, R. H. "Toward a Unique/Useful Concept of Values for Interpersonal Behavior: A Critical Review of the Literature on Value." Psychological Reports.48 (1981): 939-59.
    Kim, S. "Gender Differences in the Job Satisfaction of Public Employees: A Study of Seoul Metropolitan Government, Korea." Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 2005.
    Kimball, B. A. The "True Professional Ideal" In America: A History. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992.
    Kluckhohn, C. "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action." Toward a General Theory of Action. T. Parsons & E. A. Shils ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951. pp. 388-433.
    Koustelios, A. & Bagiatis, K. "The Employee Satisfaction Inventory (Esi): Development of a Scale to Measure Satisfaction of Greek Employees." Educational and Psychological Measurement 57 (3) (1997): 469-76.
    "Labour Market Trends". 1998. Making Career Sense of Labour Market Information. BC Workinfonet. December 4 2007. <http://workinfonet.bc.ca/lmisi/Making/CHAPTER2/SHIFT1.HTM>.
    Locke, E. A. "The Nature and Causes of Job Satisfaction." Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. In Dunnette, M. D. ed. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1976. pp. 1297-349.
    ---. ""What Is Job Satisfaction?"" Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 4 (1969): 309-36.
    Locke, E.A. & Henne, D. "Work Motivation Theories." International Review of Industrial and Organisational Psychology. in Cooper, C.L. and Roberston, I. ed. London: Wiley, 1986. pp. 1-35.
    Lofquist, L. H. & Dawis, R. V. "Values as Second-Order Needs in the Theory of Work Adjustment." Journal of Vocational Behavior.12 (1971): 12-19.
    Macnab, D. & Fitzisimmons, G. W. "A Multitrait-Multimethod Study of Work-Related Needs, Values and Preferences." Journal of Vocational Behavior.30 (1987): 1-15.
    McCormick, E. J. & Tiffin, J. Industrial Psychology. 6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1974.
    Meglino, B.M., Ravlin, E. C. & Adkins, C. L. "Work Values Approach to Corporate Culture: A Field Test of the Value Congruence Process and Its Relationship To Individual Outcomes." Journal of Applied Psychology.74 (1989): 424-32.
    Meglino, B.M. & Ravlin, E. C. "Individual Values in Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research." Journal of Management.24 (1998): 351-89.
    NBRI. "Managing Job Satisfaction". 2007. Employee Survey White Papers. National Business Research Institute, Inc. November 20 2007. <http://www.nbrii.com/Employee_Surveys/Job_Satisfaction.html>.
    Neil, C. & Snizek, W. "Work Values, Job Characteristics, and Gender." Sociological Perspectives 30.3 (1987): 245-65.
    Nevill, D. D. & Super, D. E. Manual for the Values Scale. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1989.
    Nord, W. R., Brief, A. P., Atieh, J. M., & Doherty, E. M. "Studying Meanings of Work: The Case of Work Values." Meanings of Occupational Work. In A. P. Brief and W. R. Nord ed. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1990. pp. 21-64.
    O'Conner, E., Peters, L. & Gordon, S. "The Measurement of Job Satisfaction: Current Practices and Future Considerations." Journal of Management 4 (1978): 17-26.
    Oshagbemi, T. "Gender Differences in the Job Satisfaction of University Teachers." Women in Management Review 15.7 (2000): 331-43.
    ---. "Personal Correlates of Job Satisfaction: Empirical Evidence from Uk Universities." International Journal of Social Economics 30.12 (2003): 1210-32.
    Osipow, S. Theories of Career Development. 2nd ed. New York: Meredith Corporation, 1973.
    Pallent, Julie. Spss Survival Manual. London: Open University Press, 2001.
    Perron, J. & St-Onge, L. "Work Values in Relation to Gender and Forecasted Career Patterns for Women." International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling 14 (1991): 79-90.
    Pöchhacker, Franz. Introducing Interpreting Studies. London: Routledge, 2004.
    Porter, L. W., Lawler, E. E. & Hackman, R. Behavior in Organizations. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1975.
    Pryor, R. G. L. "In Search of a Concept: Work Values " Vocational Guidance Quarterly.27 (1979): 250-56.
    ---. "Tracing the Development of the Work Aspect Preference Scale." Australian Psychologist.16 (1981): 241-57.
    Rabin, C. The Linguistics of Translation. in Smith ed, 1958.
    Robbins, S. P. Organizational Behavior. Prentice Hall, 2003.
    ---. Organizational Behavior. 1994.
    ---. Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc., 1993.
    Roberson, L. "Functions of Work Meanings in Organizations: Work Meanings and Work Motivation." Meanings of Occupational Work. A. Brief & W. Nord ed. Lexington, MA/New York: Free Press, 1990. pp. 107-34.
    Rokeach, M. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 1968.
    ---. The Nature of Human Values. New York: Free Press, 1973.
    Ros, M., Schwartz, S. H. & Surkiss, S. "Basic Individual Values, Work Values, and the Meaning of Work." Applied Psychology: An International Review.48 (1999): 49-71.
    Sagiv, L. "Vocational Interest and Basic Values." Journal of Career Assessment 10 (2) (2002): 233-57.
    Salevsky, H. "The Distinctive Nature of Interpreting Studies." Target 5.2 (1993): 149-67.
    Schwartz, S. H. & Bilsky, W. "Toward a Universal Psychological Structure of Human Values." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.53 (1987): 550-62.
    Seashore, S. E. & Taber, T. D. "Job Satisfaction and Their Correlations." American Behavior & Scientists 18 (1975): 333-68.
    Seleskovitch, D. Interpreting for International Conferences. Trans. S. Dailey and E. McMillan. Washington, D.C.: Pen and Booth, 1978.
    Sharf, R.S. Applying Career Development Theory to Counseling. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole, 1992.
    Shih, J. "An Initial Investigation of Conference Interpreters' Personality Profile and Anxiety Level." National Taiwan Normal University, 2004.
    Smits, S. "Counselor Job Satisfaction and Employment Turnover in the State Rehabilitation Agencies." Journal of Counseling Psychology 19 (6) (1972): 512-17.
    Spector, P. E. Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, Causes and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997.
    Super, D. E. "The Work Values Inventory." Contemporary Approaches to Interest Measurement. D. G. Zytowski ed. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1973. pp. 189-205.
    ---. Work Values Inventory. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, 1970.
    Swartz, D. B. "Job Satisfaction of Interpreters for the Deaf." The Graduate School of America, 1999.
    "Taiwan fanyi chanye xiankuang diaocha yanjiu zongjie fenxi baogao." Government Information Office, Taiwan R.O.C., 2004.
    Taylor-Bouladon, V. Conference Interpreting: Principles and Practice. BookSurge Publishing, 2007.
    Thorndike, R., Weiss, D. & Dawis, R. . "Canonical Correlations of Vocational Interests and Vocational Needs." Journal of Counseling Psychology 15 (1968): 101-06.
    Tietjen, M. A. & Myers, R.M. "Motivation and Job Satisfaction." Management Decision 36 (4) (1996): 226-31.
    Toury, G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995.
    Treviño, L. K. "Ethical Decision Making in Organizations: A Person-Situation Interactionist Model." Academy of Management Review.11 (1986): 601-17.
    Tseng, J. "Interpreting Is an Emerging Profession in Taiwan - a Sociological Model." Unpublished master's thesis. Fu Jen University, 1992.
    Tseng, R-D. "Industrial Analysis of the Interpreting Industry in Taiwan: Taking Chinese-English Conference Interpreting Industry as an Example." Fu Jen Catholic University, 2005.
    VandenHeuvel, A. & Wooden, M. "Self-Employed Contractors and Job Satisfaction." Journal of Small Business Management 35 (3) (1997): 11-21.
    Weiss, D. Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1977.
    Weiss, D. J., Dawis, R. V., England, G. W., & Lofquist, L. H. Manual for the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire. Minneapolis, MN: Vocational Psychology Research, 1967.
    Western, J., Haynes, M., Durrington, D. & Dwan, K. "Characteristics and Benefits of Professional Work." Journal of Sociology 42.2 (2006): pp. 165-88.
    Wexley, K. N. & Yukl, G. A. Organizational Behavior and Personnel Psychology. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin, 1977.
    "Who Are Employees?" Publication 15-A. Internal Revenue Service, US Department of the Treasury. November 7 2007. <http://www.irs.gov/publications/p15a/ar02.html#d0e346>.
    Wollack, S., Goodale, J. G., Witjing, J. P. & Smith, P.C. "Development of the Survey of Work Values." Journal of Applied Psychology.55 (4) (1971): 331-38.
    Wood, V., Chonko., L. & Hunt, S. "Social Responsibility and Personal Success: Are They Incompatible?" Journal of Business Research 14 (1986): 193-212.
    "Working Conditions." Proceedings of the Thirteenth National Convention of the Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf: Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf, 1993. Ed. 182-184.
    Worrell, T. G. "School Psychologists’ Job Satisfaction: Ten Years Later." Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 2004.
    Zytowski, D. G. "The Concept of Work Values." Vocational Guidance Quarterly.18 (1970): 176-86.
    Zytowski, D. G. "Work Roles, Values." Encyclopedia of applied psychology. In C. Spielberger ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2004. pp. 715-17. Vol. 3.

    中文書目:
    李華璋 (1990)。大學生工作價值觀之評量研究。彰化師範大學。
    吳鐵雄,李坤崇,劉佑星 (1996)。工作價值觀量表之編製研究。台北市:行政院青年輔導委員會。
    周兆祥 (1997)。專業翻譯。台北:書林。
    林邦傑,李良哲 (1990)。大專在學青年工作價值觀與工作需求之研究。青年輔導研究報告之68。台北:行政院青年輔導委員會。
    邱淑媛 (1993)。工作價值對員工工作態度及工作表現之影響研究。中原大學。
    洪瑞恬 (2004)。口譯之專業化發展與職業聲望初探。台灣師範大學翻譯研究所碩士論文。
    洪瑞斌 (1998)。工作價值觀概念與測量工具發展。輔仁大學應用心理研究所碩士論文。
    洪瑞斌,劉兆明 (2003)。工作價值研究在台灣之回顧與展望。應用心理研究 (19),211-50。
    徐世芳 (1993)。工作價值觀,領導型態與工作滿足之研究-以台灣地區船舶運送業從業人員為例。海洋大學航運管理研究所碩士論文。
    徐善德 (1997)。高職教師工作價值觀、組織承諾與教學效能關係之研究。政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
    袁志晃 (1983)。台灣地區接受感化教育處境的男性少年犯之工作價值分析 - 地區, 學業成就, 家庭社經地位比較。輔導學報 (5),163-84。
    夏林清,游慧卿 (1984)。工作價值觀問卷介紹與初步修訂報告。測驗與輔導 (60),1030-36。
    郭馨鎂 (2003)。保全人員工作價值觀對工作態度影響之研究。中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
    陳岳辰 (2005)。台灣地區自由口譯員之人格特質與工作滿意之關係。台灣師範大學翻譯研究所碩士論文。
    陳英豪,李坤崇 (1987)。工作價值觀量表修訂報告。台南師專學報 (20),1-33。
    陳淑玲 (1996)。新人類的工作價值觀與工作特性對工作投入影響之研究。中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
    黃同圳 (1993)。青年勞工工作價值觀與組織向心力之研究。青年輔導研究報告之93。台北:行政院青年輔導委員會。
    黃國隆 (1995)。台灣與大陸企業員工工作價值觀之比較。本土心理學研究 (4),92-147。
    劉上惠 (1988)。工作滿意與離職意願。中山大學學術研究所碩士論文。
    劉淑鈴 (2001)。大學理工科系畢業之女性生涯轉變歷程之探究。國立屏東師範學院教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    蔣希敏 (2003)。譯口同聲。我識出版社有限公司。
    鍾志明 (2000)。企業文化,員工工作價值觀及組織承諾之關聯性研究-以台灣地區主要集團企業為例。長榮管理學院經營管理研究所碩士論文。

    QR CODE