研究生: |
曾婉君 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
高中職生完美主義、自尊與復原力之相關研究 A Study on the Relationships Among Perfectionism, Self-esteem, and Resilience of High School Students. |
指導教授: | 陳慧娟 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
教育心理與輔導學系 Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling |
論文出版年: | 2014 |
畢業學年度: | 102 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 110 |
中文關鍵詞: | 高中職生 、完美主義 、自尊 、復原力 |
英文關鍵詞: | High school students, Perfectionism, Self-esteem, Resilience |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:373 下載:15 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究旨在探討高中職生完美主義、自尊與復原力之情形,以及三者之間的關係,並進一步了解自尊在高中職生完美主義傾向與復原力間之中介效果。本研究採用問卷調查法,針對桃園區高中職生625人為研究對象,運用「中文版多向度完美主義量表」、「自我喜愛感/自我能力感量表-修正版」及「青少年復原力量表」做為研究工具,進行資料收集。所得資料依研究問題,以描述統計、獨立樣本t考驗、皮爾遜積差相關、典型相關與多元迴歸方法進行統計分析。
主要研究結果如下:1. 高中職生的正向努力完美主義得分較高,尤其以「組織性」的得分最高。其中「父母批評」在高中職男生的得分顯著高於女生,「個人標準」、「組織性」及「正向努力」則是女生的得分高於男生。在不同學制上,高職生的「父母批評」程度高於高中生,而「正向努力」與「個人標準」則是高中生的程度高於高職生。2. 高中職生在自我喜愛感與自我能力感的得分均高於中間值,且無性別與學制上的差異。3. 高中職生具有中等程度以上的復原力,其中「對他人正向態度」女生得分高於男生,在不同學制上並無顯著差異。4. 完美主義傾向與自尊有相關,過度在意完美主義與自尊均為負相關,正向努力完美主義與自尊均為正相關。5.自尊與復原力有中度正相關。6.完美主義與復原力有相關,過度在意完美主義與復原力為負相關,正向努力完美主義與復原力為正相關。7. 自尊在過度在意評價完美主義與復原力之間有完全中介作用。8. 自尊在正向努力完美主義與復原力之間有部分中介作用。
最後,依據本研究結果加以討論並提出具體建議,以做為家長、學校教育、諮商輔導及未來研究之參考。
The purpose of the study is to explore the status quo of high school students’ perfectionism, self-esteem, and resilience as well as the relation among the three. Furthermore, self-esteem is also added to further explore if it has the mediated effect between perfectionism and resilience.
Survey data were collected from 625 high school students in Tao-Yuan District. Subjects were asked to fill out a questionnaire which includes Chinese Version of Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Self-Liking and Self-Competence Scale-Revised, and the Scale of Resilience. According to the research questions, the collected data were mainly analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, canonical correlation, and multiple regression analysis.
The main findings of the study are as follows:
1. High school students get higher scores on positive striving perfectionism, and especially, “organization” is the highest one. Further, it is found that boys in high school get higher scores on “parental criticism” than girls do; compared with boy students, girls on the contrary do better on“personal standards,” “organization,” and “positive striving.” About different educational systems, vocational students get stronger “parental criticism” than senior high school students do, and on the other side, senior high school students’ scores of “positive striving perfectionism” and “personal standards” beat vocational students’.
2. The scores high school students get in self-liking and self-competence are both above the median value, there is no differences in demographics of different schools and gender.
3. High school students own the resilience which is above the average, and girls especially get better scores on “positive attitudes toward others” than boys do, and there is no differences in demographics of different schools.
4. Perfectionism and self-esteem are correlated: maladaptive evaluation concern perfectionism and self-esteem appear in a negative correlation; on the other side, positive striving perfectionism and elf-esteem have a positive correlation.
5. There exists a moderate correlation between self-esteem and resilience.
6. Perfectionism and resilience are correlated: maladaptive evaluation concern perfectionism and resilience have a negative correlation; however, there is a positive correlation between positive striving perfectionism and resilience.
7. Maladaptive evaluation concern perfectionism and resilience are significantly mediated by self-esteem.
8. Self-esteem has a partial mediated effect between positive striving perfectionism and resilience.
Finally, the conclusion and the suggestion are proposed according to the findings, and these could also be used as examples for parents, school teaching, counseling, and further researches.
一、中文部分
丁嘉妮(2007)。憂鬱症家屬與患者相處過程中的逆境經驗及其復原力發展之探究。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商研究所碩士論文。
王怡澄(2009)。大學生的完美主義、自我效能與生活適應之研究。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文。
王嘉琪(2009)。大學生憂鬱情緒、自尊、污名化、自我揭露與求助態度之關係。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文。
付春江、陳美蓉(2009)。成敗操縱對輕度抑鬱者自尊影響的實驗研究。心理學探新,112(29),83-87。
包康寧(2010)。臺北市國中生依附關係、求助態度與復原力之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職碩士論文。
向芸豌(2014)。新北市國中導師堅毅性格、復原力、班級經營效能對工作壓力的影響。國立臺灣藝術大學藝術與人文教學研究所碩士論文。
朱玲慧(2010)。大學生自尊、同儕關係對復原力與幸福感的影響。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
朱森楠(2013)。國中生教育復原力模式之驗證研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系博士論文。
行娜娜(2010)。大學生完美主義與自尊的關係研究。中國電力教育,25,172-174。
佟月華、宋尚桂(2005)。大學生完美主義與自尊、主觀幸福感的關係。中國學校衛生, 26(11),916-917。
吳元蓉(2006)。大學生憂鬱、人際親密與自尊之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導諮商學系碩士論文。
吳怡欣、張景媛(2000)。青少年自我尊重模式之驗證。教育心理學報,31(2),105-127。
吳香質(2005)。服務學習對低自我概念學生復原力建構之影響。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
李秋涼(2012)。弱勢家庭國中生堅毅特質、社會支持與復原力之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
李雪芳(2011)。國中生社群網站的使用及參與對於自我概念及人際關係的影響:以Facebook為例。國立臺北大學社會學系碩士論文。
李毓貞(2005)。高中資優學生憂鬱傾向及其相關因素之探討。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育學系所碩士論文。
沙兆清(2009)。臺中地區高中生生活壓力、復原力與憂鬱傾向之關聯性研究。靜宜大學青少年兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
周奕伶(2001)。焦點解決短期諮商對低自尊個案復原力之建構。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文。
林杏足(1997)。諮商中當事人自尊改變歷程之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
林杏足(2003)。青少年自尊量表編制報告。測驗學刊,50(2),223-256。
林俊德(1998)。準諮商員初次晤談中有關完美主義思考與相關行為之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
林建光(2009)。青少年自尊類型與生涯阻隔之關係研究-以臺北市高職生為例。淡江大學教育心理與諮商研究所碩士論文。
林柏廷(2006)。國中生依附關係、自尊、完美主義與生活適應關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
林美芳(2008)。臺北市高職學生完美主義、生活壓力與憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職碩士論文。
林浥雰(2010)。青少年情緒智能、復原力與生活適應之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文。
邱皓政(2005)。量化研究與統計分析-SPSS中文視窗版資料分析範例解析。臺北:五南。
邵惠玲(2008)。青少年復原力量表編製與相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
洪文婷(2009)。大學生知覺父母期望、完美主義傾向與生涯定向之相關研究。國立嘉義大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
洪晟芝(2011)。少年社會支持、自我效能與其復原力之關係研究-以北臺灣地區少年安置機構為例。中國文化大學社會福利學系碩士論文。
徐安立(2013)。大學生父母教養方式與自尊高低之相關研究。國立臺中教育大學諮商應用心理學系碩士論文。
徐嫚淳(2007)。國中生生活壓力、自尊與其幸福感之相關研究以復原力的觀點探討。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系輔導活動教學碩士班碩士論文。
常欣怡(2012)。在兒童安置機構中青少年復原力與憂鬱情緒之相關研究。國立暨南國際大學社會政策與社會工作學系博士論文。
常欣怡、宋麗玉(2007)。青少年復原力概念與相關研究之探究。東吳社會工作學報,17,171-192。
常保瑞、方建東(2008)。大學生完美主義、自尊、自我和諧和自殺意念研究。重慶交通大學學報(社科版),8(4),98-101。
常麗、杜建政(2007)。內隱自尊的功能:緩衝器,還是濾波器。心理科學,30(4),1017-1019。
康淳惠(2006)。國中資優生挫折容忍力及其相關因素之探討。國立彰化師範大學特殊教育系所碩士論文。
張明宜(2000)。青少年堅毅力及其相關因素之探討。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
張芝鳳(2000)。青少年與父母以及與同儕間的依附關係對其自我價值之影響研究。國立花蓮師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
張秋香(2009)。青少年家庭環境、社會支持與復原力之相關研究。大葉大學教育專業發展研究所在職專班碩士論文。
莫茲晶(2013)。完美主義與自我調節能力之研究-以臺北高中生為例。淡江大學教育心理與諮商研究所碩士班。
許怡珮(2002)。國小學童父母教養方式、完美主義傾向與成就動機之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
許慧雯(2010)。青少年依附、自尊、自我清晰度與社會焦慮之關係探討。中原心理學系碩士學位論文。
郭珮婷(2005)。復原力理論的介紹與應用。諮商與輔導月刊,231,45-50。
陳玉芳(2005)。青少年憂鬱概念、憂鬱程度與求助態度之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文。
陳正嘉、柯慧貞、林旻沛、周鉦翔、陳廣圻(2011)。中文版多向度完美主義量表之心理計量分析。中華心理衛生學刊,24(1),61-96。
陳佩鈺、林杏足(2004)。高危險群青少年復原力之探討。輔導季刊,40(3),32-42。
陳怡君(2002)。憂鬱症患者子女之自尊及其生活適應之分析研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳怡憓(2009)。大學生人際依附風格、自尊與愛情滿意度研究。國立嘉義大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文。
陳玫玲 (1996)。國小資優生完美主義傾向與自我概念及學業成就相關之研究。國立高雄師範大學特殊教育研究所碩士論文。
陳俐君(2002)。青少年自尊、親子關係、性態度與性行為之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導諮商學系碩士論文。
陳姿廷(2003)。國中學生父母教養方式、完美主義與學業延宕之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
陳欩圻(2010)。大學生完美主義、自我差距、自我效能與課業延宕之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文。
陳美冠(2004)。犯罪青少年依附關係、解釋風格與自尊之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系輔導活動教學碩士班碩士論文。
陳若芝(2010)。國中生自尊、情緒智能與利社會行為之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職碩士論文。
陳慧如(2011)。基隆地區國中學生身體意象、自尊與性騷擾知覺之研究。銘傳大學教育研究所在職專班碩士論文。
陳馨怡(2008)。國中生感恩、復原力及創造傾向之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士論文。
曾文志(2005)。大一學生歷經創傷事件與復原力模式之文獻分析研究。慈濟通識教育學刊,2,117-162。
曾文志(2006)。復原力保護因子效果概化之統合分析。諮商輔導學報,14,1-35。
曾文志(2007)。大一學生歷經創傷事件與復原力模式之研究。教育心理學報,39(2),317-334。
曾文志(2008)。大學生的生活事件、人際長處與心理健康之復原力取向研究:仲介與調節效果的探討。教育心理學報,40(2),221-240。
曾筱恬(2010)。自尊、人際關係、復原力與大學生的憂鬱行為表現。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文。
黃筳琇(2012)。國中生復原力、求助行為、自尊與學業成就之關係。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
黃鈺婷(2006)。復原力的力量:個人與來自家庭、學校脈絡中的保護機制對青少年憂鬱症狀改變之影響。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
黃慧芬(1999)。子女知覺父母了解、關係性自我及自尊之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系碩士論文。
黃寶萱(2006)。復原力對離婚家庭高職學生生活適應之影響研究。國立彰化師範大學活動教學研究所碩士論文。
楊美華(2005)。完美主義性格與主觀壓力困擾、因應傾向及身心適應的關係。輔仁大學心理學系碩士論文。
楊德一(2011)。現實與虛擬的競賽─臺北市高中職青少年網路成癮之緩衝因素研究。國立臺北大學社會工作學系。
萬玗佳(2011)。臺南市國中生Facebook使用型態、自我概念與真實及網路人際關係之相關研究。國立臺南應用科技大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文。
葉美燕(2009)。臺中市國中學生的完美主義與憂鬱情緒之關係研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
葉真秀(2004)。高中生完美主義傾向、解釋風格與憂鬱程度之關係--以臺中縣市六所高中為例。國立臺中師範學院諮商與教育心理研究所碩士論文。
葉雅婷(2000)。高中生知覺其父母教養方式、 完美主義及身心健康之關係。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
董力華(2003)。大學生完美主義傾向及其相關因素研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系博士論文。
蒙光俊(2009)。大學生完美主義、社會興趣與幸福感之相關研究。國立嘉義大學輔導諮商學系碩士論文。
劉晏廷(2013)。大學生生活壓力、網路社群社會支持、與復原力之研究-以Facebook為例。臺北市立教育大學心理與諮商學系碩士論文。
劉淑惠(2006)。國中學生復原力與生活適應關係之研究—以桃園縣為例。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所學校行政碩士班。
劉樹斐(2000)。自尊的多面向對大學生憂鬱與攻擊行為的影響。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
劉樹斐(2000)。自尊的多面向對大學生憂鬱與攻擊行為的影響。國立政治大學心理學系碩士論文。
潘貴美(2007)。國中學生情緒智力與復原力之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
蔡昆憲(2007)。以正向觀點探討資訊人員職場幸福感之研究:擴展-建立理論觀點。國立高雄大學經濟管理研究所碩士論文。
蔡敏瑛(2010)。不同完美主義類型國中資優生其父母教養方式與自我效能之差異研究。資優教育研究,10(1),33-61。
鄭伊真(2011)。Rosenberg自尊量表中文版修訂分析。國立成功大學教育研究所碩士論文。
鄭秀足(2004)。國中生生活壓力、自尊與偏差行為之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商學系在職碩士論文。
盧俊宏、曾慧桓、趙文其、黃瀅靜(1999)。完美主義概念與測驗初探。大專體育雙月刊,43,43-51。
蕭文(2000)。災變事件前的前置因素與復原力在創傷後壓力症候反應心理復健上的影響。教育部主辦「九二一震災心理復健學術研討會」宣讀之論文(彰化)。
駱芳美(1989)。我國大專學生自我尊重量表之修定與年級、領導經驗、性別對自我尊重影響之調查研究。實踐學報,20,199-238。
謝巧茹(2008)。國中生之自尊、網路交友狀態與網路援助交際態度之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職碩士論文。
嚴建彰(2003)。出獄人復歸社會更生歷程之研究─從復原力的觀點探討之。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
蘇曉憶(2005)。青少年親子關係、完美主義、自尊與其憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文。
蘇曉憶、戴嘉南(2008),青少年完美主義、自尊與其憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導諮商學報,18,123-154。
黃桂(譯)(2008)。我最厲害-能力錯覺的世代(原作者:速水敏彥)。臺北:平安文化。(原著出版年:2007)
孫允寬(譯)(1996)。自尊心-六項自尊基礎的實踐法(原作者:Branden, N.)。臺灣:遠流。(原著出版年:1995)
二、西文部分
Adler, A. (1956). The neurotic disposition. In H. L. Ansbacher & R. R. Ansbacher (Eds.), The individual psychology of Alfred Adler: A systematic presentation in selections from his writings. New York: Basic Books, pp. 239-262.
Antonovsky, A. (1996). The salutogenic model as a theory to guide health promotion. Health Promotion International, 11(1), 11-19.
Ashby, J. S., & Kottman, T. (1996). Inferiority as a distinction between normal and neurotic perfection. Individual psychology, 52(3), 237-245.
Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2002). Perfectionism, dysfunctional attitudes,and self-esteem: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling and Development, 80, 197-203.
Ashby, J. S., Rice, K. G., & Martin, J. (2006). Perfectionism, shame, and depression. Journal of Counseling and Development, 84, 148-156.
Aslan, S. (2013).The prediction of separation-individual through self-esteem in Turkish adolecents. Journal of Psychological and Educational Research, 21(2), 44-60.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Barrow, J.C., & Moore, C. A. (1983). Group interventions with perfectionistic thinking. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 61, 612-615.
Baumgardner, A. H., Kaufman, C. M., & Levy, P. E. (1989). Regulating affect interpersonally: When low esteem leads to greater enhancement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 907-921.
Bell, R.Q., & Chapman, M. (1986). Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization. Developmental Psychology, 22, 595-603.
Benard, B. (1995). Fostering resilience in children. Retrieved from ERIC database. ( ED386327)
Blatt, S. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50, 1003–1020.
Branden, N. (1990). What is self-esteem? Retrieved from ERIC database. ( ED 325783)
Brooks, J. E. (2006). Strengthening resilience in children and youths: maximizing opportunities through the schools. Children & Schools, 28(2), 69-76.
Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, 14(6), 34-52.
Chang, E. C., Watkins, A. F.,& Kira, H. B. (2004). How adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism relate to positive and negative psychological functioning: Testing a stress-mediation model in black and white female college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(1), 93-102.
Clifford, M. M. (1988). Failure tolerance and academic risk-taking in ten-to twelve-year-old students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 15-27.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and social order. New York: Scribner's.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The Antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco and London: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Coopersmith, S. (1981). SEI: Self-Esteem Inventories. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Dumont, M., & Provost, M. A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343-363.
Dunkley, D. M., Ma, D., Lee, I. A., Preacher, K. J., & Zuroff, D. C. (2014) Advancing complex explanatory conceptualizations of daily negative and positive affect: Trigger and maintenance coping action patterns. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(1), 93-109.
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and emotion in psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stuart.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Clara, I. (2002). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism developmental origins and association with depression proneness. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 921-935.
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456-470.
Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Singer, A. (1995). Perfectionism and parental authority styles. Individual Psychology, 51(1), 50-60.
Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (1997). Perfectionism in obsessive-compulsive indecisiveness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(4), 291-296.
Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of prefectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 119-126.
Frost, R. O., Lahart, C. M., & Rosenblate, R. (1991). The development of perfectionism: A study of daughters and their parents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 469-489.
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-468.
Frost, R. O., Trepanier, K. L., Brown, E. J., Heimburg, R. G., Juster, H. R., Leung, A. W.,& Makris, G. S. (1997). Self-monitoring of mistakes among subjects high and low in concern over mistakes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 209-222.
Frydenberg, E., & Lewis, R. (1993). Boys play sport and girls turn to others: age, gender and ethnicity as determinants of coping. Journal of Adolescence, 16(3), 253-266.
Galambos, N. L., & Leadbeater, B. J. (2000). Trends in adolescent research for the new millennium. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24(3),289-294.
Gilman, R., & Ashby, J. S. (2003). A first study of perfectionism and multidimensional life satisfaction among adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(2), 218-235.
Gonzales, J. (2003). Cesar Chavez: A case study of a resilient child's adaption into adulthood. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED478347)
Greenwald, A. G., & Farnham, S. D. (2000). Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 1022-1038.
Grotberg, E. H. (1997). The International Resilienece Research Project. International Council of Psychologists, 55, 1-17.
Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27-33.
Hamilton, T. A. (2012).Investigating Resilience, Self-efficacy, and Attribution Theory in Relation to Teacher Retention. (Doctoral thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and theses database. (UMI No. 3587856)
Hart, B. A., Gilner, F. H., Handal, P. J., & Gfeller, J. D. (1998). The relationship between perfectionism and self- efficacy. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 109-113.
Harter, S. (1983). Developmental perspectives on the self-system. In Paul H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (pp.275-468). N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons.
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991) Dimension of perfectionism in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(1), 98-101.
Hewitt,P. L., & Genest, M. (1990). Ideal-self: Schematic processing of perfectionistic content in dysphoric university students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 802-808.
Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6, 94-103.
Horney, K. (1950). Neurosis and human growth. New York: Norton.
Jaradat, A. M. (2013).Multidimensional Perfectionism in a Sample of Jordanian High School Students. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 23(1), 95-105.
Jindal-Snape, D. & Miller, D. (2008). A challenge of living? Understanding the psycho-social processes of the child during primary-secondary transition through resilience and self-esteem theories. Educational Psychology Review, 20, 217-236.
Johnson, D. P., & Slaney, R. B. (1996). Perfectionism: Scale development and a study of perfectionistic clients in counseling. Journal of College Student Development, 37(1), 29-41.
Josephs, R. A., Markus, H. R., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992) Gender and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 391-402.
Karatus, Z., & Cakar, F. S. (2011). Self esteem hopelessness and resiliency:An exploratory study of adolescents in Turkey. InternationalEducational Studies, 4(4), 84-91.
Kawamura, K. Y., Frost, R. O., & Harmatz, M. G. (2002). The relationship of perceived parenting styles to perfectionism. Personality & Individual Differences, 32(2), 317-327.
Kick, F. R. (1992). The self-perceptions of self-concept and self-esteem: A theoretical analysis. Retrieved from ERIC database. (ED353529)
Kling, K. C.,Hyde, J. S., Showers, C. J., & Buswell, B. N. (1999). Gender differences in self-esteem: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 470-500.
Kobasa, S. C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality, and healthy: An inquiry into hardiness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-11.
Kuhl, J. (1984). Volitional aspects of achievement motivation and learned helplessness: Toward a comprehensive theory of action control. In B. A. Maher(Ed.), Progress in Experimental Personality Research (Vol.13, pp.99-171). New York: Academic Press.
Leary, M. R. (1999). Making sense of self-esteem. Current direction in psychological science, 8(1), 32-35.
Lo, A. & Abbott, M. J. (2013). The Impact of Manipulating Expected Standards of Performance for Adaptive, Maladaptive, and Non-perfectionists. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(4), 762-778.
LoCicero, K. A., & Ashby, J. S. (2000). Multidimensional perfectionism in middle school age gifted students: A comparison to peers from the general cohort. Roeper Review, 22, 182-185.
Mead, G. H. (1960). Mind, self, and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mruk, C. (1999). Self-esteem: Research, theory, and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Springer.
Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39, 386-390.
Parker, W. D.(1997). An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children. American Education Research Journal. 34(3), 545-562.
Podesta, C. (2001). Self-esteem and the six-second secret (updated ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Pope, A. W., McHale, S. M., & Craighead, W. E. (1988). Self-esteem enhancement with children and adolescents. NY: Pergamon Press.
Preusser, K. J., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (1994). The role of self-esteem in mediating the perfectionism -depression connection. Journal of College Student Development, 35, 88-93.
Rak, C. F., & Patterson, L. E. (1996). Promoting resilience in at-risk children. Journal of Counseling & evelopment, 74(4), 368-373.
Rice, K.G., Ashby, J. S., & Gilman, R. (2011). Classifying adolescent perfectionists. Psychological Assessment, 23, 563-577.
Rice, K. G., Ashby, J. S., & Slaney, R. (1998). Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 304-314.
Rice, K. G., & Preusser, K. J. (2002). The adaptive / maladaptive perfectionism scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 355-369.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Rutter, M. (1993). Resilience: some conceptual considerations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14, 626-631.
Rutter , M. (1999). Resilience concepts and findings:implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21, 119-144 .
Schwalbe, M. L., & Staples C. L. (1991). Gender differences in sources of self-esteem. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54(2), 158-168.
Shaveson, R. J., Hubner, J. J., & Stanton, J.C. (1976). Self-concept: Validation of construct interpretations. Review of Educational Research, 46, 407-441.
Siegle, D., & Schuler, P. (2000). Perfectionism differences in gifted middle school students. Roeper Review, 23(1), 39-44.
Slaney, R. B., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., Ashby, J. S., & Johnson, D. G. (1996). The Almost Perfect Scale–Revised. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
Speirs Neumeister, K. L. (2004). Factors influencing the development of perfectionism in gifted college students. Gifted Child Quality, 48, 259-274.
Stoeber, J., Harris, R. A., & Moon, P. S. (2007). Perfectionism and the experience of pride, shame, and guilt: Comparing healthy perfectionists, unhealthy perfectionists, and non-perfectionists. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(1), 131-141.
Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B. (1995). Self-liking and self-competence as dimensions of global self-esteem: Initial validation of a measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 65, 651–672.
Tafarodi, R. W., & Swann, W. B. (1996). Individualism-collectivism and global self-esteem: Evidence for a cultural trade-off. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 651–672.
Tafarodi R. W., & Swann W. B. (2001). Two dimensional self-esteem: Theory and measurement. Personality and Individual Difference. 31, 653-673.
Tafarodi, R. W., & Vu, C. (1997). Two-dimensional self-esteem and reactions to success and failure. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 23(6), 626-635.
Tam, H. C. (2009). A comparison between self-competence and self-liking: Effects of individualism-collectivism cultural priming and sense of achievement.(Master’s thesis, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong). Retrived from http://lbms03.cityu.edu.hk/oaps/ss2009-4708-thc673.pdf
Tangney, J. P. (2002). Perfectionism and the self-conscious emotions: Shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. In P. L. Hewitt & G. L. Flett (Eds.). Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 99-215). Washington, DC:American Psychological Association.
Terry-Short, L. A., Owens, R. G., Slade, P. D., & Dewey, M. E. (1995). Positive and negative perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 663–666.
Thoits, P. A. (1986). Social support as coping assistance. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54 (4), 416-423.
Thoits, P. A. (1995). Stress, coping and social support process: Where are we? What next? Journal of Health Social Behavior, 12, 53-79.
Vogel, D. L., & Wei, M. (2005). Adult Attachment and Help-Seeking Intent: The Mediating Roles of Psychological Distress and Perceived Social Support. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 5(3), 347-357.
Waller, M. A. (2001). Resilience in ecosystemic context: Evolution of the concept. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), 290-297.
Walsh, F. (2003). Family resilience: A framework for clinical practice. Family Process, 42(1),1-18.
Wang, K. T. (2010). The Family Almost Perfect Scale: Development, psychometric properties, and comparing Asian and European Americans. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 1(3), 186-199. doi: 10.1037/a0020732
Watkins, P. C. (2004). Gratitude and subjective well-being In R. A. Emmons, & M. E. McCullough (Eds). The psychology of gratitude (pp. 167-192). New York: Oxford University Press.
Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Young, S. K.* (2006). Maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping as mediators between attachment and subsequent depression: A prospective analyses. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 67-79.
Whisman, M.A., & Kwon, P. (1993). Life Stress and Dysphoria: The Role of Self-Esteem and Hopelessness. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65, 1054-1061.
Whiteman, V. L., & Shokey, C. T. (1978). Validation testing of rational behavior inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurements, 38, 1143-1148.
Wu, T.-F.*, & Wei, M. (2008). Perfectionism and negative mood: The mediating roles of validation from others versus self. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 276-288.
Yoon, J., & Lau, A. S. (2008).Maladaptive perfectionism and depressive symptoms among Asian Amierican college students: Contributions of interdependence and parental relations. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14(2), 92-101.