簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 梅恩
Gracia Maria Velasquez Melara
論文名稱: Latter Day Saints Expatriates’ Spouse Adaptation in Taiwan from an Experiential Learning and CQ Perspective
Latter Day Saints Expatriates’ Spouse Adaptation in Taiwan from an Experiential Learning and CQ Perspective
指導教授: 張媁雯
Chang, Wei-Wen
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 國際人力資源發展研究所
Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt
論文出版年: 2016
畢業學年度: 104
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 112
中文關鍵詞: Experiential learningexpatriate spousescultural intelligenceadaptationThe Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
英文關鍵詞: Experiential learning, expatriate spouses, cultural intelligence, adaptation, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202204562
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:225下載:18
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

無中文摘要.

The forces of globalization have changed the world. Individuals live in a global arena that facilitates cross-cultural interactions. Increased mobility is required from expatriates and their families. Expatriated spouses often face a multitude of challenges. They face the disruption of their support network, income, role and self-esteem and personal identity matters (Kupka & Cathro, 2007). This study addresses the unique challenges faced by Latter Day Saints (Mormon) expatriated spouses in Taiwan. It explores Latter Day Saints spouses’ learning, experiences and cultural adaptation in Taiwan using an experiential learning perspective. The purpose of this study is to explore the concrete experiences that are relevant to the spouses’ adaptation in Taiwan. Also, to examine Latter Day Saints expatriated spouses’ adaptation learning process and explore how this learning process influences their cultural intelligence. A qualitative approach and the use of narratives was utilized in this study. Twelve Latter Day Saints expatriate spouses were interviewed as a sample for this study. The interviews were transcribed and coded to obtain more insights. Prolonged engagement and persistent observation were also part of this study. Some of the main findings of this research were the experiential and emotional challenges faced by the spouses, also, positive experiences and the adaptation process. Other findings include how the spouse experienced the experiential learning cycle and cultural intelligence in Taiwan.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………II LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………….IV LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………V CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………1 Background of the Study………………………………………………………………………...1 Problem Statement……………………………………………………………………………....4 Research Questions and Purpose..................................................................................................5 Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………………..6 Definition of Terms……………………………………………………………………………...8 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW………………………………………..10 Expatriate Spouses……………………………………………………………………………..10 The Experiential Learning Process…………………………………………………………….11 Experiential Learning and Cross-Cultural Adaptation………………………………………...16 Cultural Intelligence …………………………………………………………………………..18 Qualitative Research …………………………………………………………………………..22 Narrative Research …………………………………………………………………………….24 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints -History and Values ………………………..25 CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN………………………………………….28 Research Approach…………………………………………………………………………….28 Research Framework…………………………………………………………………………..30 Participants…………………………………………………………………………………….32 Data Collection………………………………………………………………………………...33 Data Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………..39 Research Procedure…………………………………………………………………………….42 Validity and Reliability………………………………………………………………………...44 CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION………………………………..47 Significant Contributors to Cultural Adaptation………………………………………………..47 Emotional Challenges…………………………………………………………………………..48 Postive Experiences…………………………………………………………………………….59 Experiential Challenges………………………………………………………………………...50 Adaptation……………………………………………………………………………………...52 Experiential Learning and CQ………………………………………………………………....55 Experiential learning ………………………………………………………………………….56 Cultural Intelligence…………………………………………………………………………...63 Additional Findings……………………………………………………………………………70 Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………………………..73 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………………...75 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS………………………..80 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………….80 Implications…………………………………………………………………………………….81 Suggestions for Future Research……………………………………………………………….83 Limitations……………………………………………………………………………………..84 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………..86 APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND QUESTIONNAIRE………...94 APPENDIX B: CONSENT FORMS……………………………………………100 APPENDIX C: CODING LIST………………………………………………...102 APPENDIX D: ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE…………………………………..104 APPENDIX E: WORD FREQUENCY QUERY…………………………….....108 APPENDIX F: WORD CLOUD………………………………………………..109 APPENDIX G: PHOTOGRAPHS……………………………………………...110

Ang, S., Rockstuhl, T., & Tan, M, L. (2015). Cultural intelligence and competencies. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 38-48.
Auyeung, P. & Sands, J. (1996). A Cross-Cultural Study of the Learning Style of Accounting Students. Accounting and Finance, 36(2), 261 –74.
Atieno, P. (2009). An Analysis of the Strengths and Limitation of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Paradigm. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 13(1), 13-18.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thoughts and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall.
Bauer, T.N., & Taylor, S. (2001).When Managing Expatriate Adjustment, Don’t Forget the Spouse. Academy of Management Executive, 1 (1), 135–137.
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D.A., Shaffer, M.A., & Luk, D.M (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of Management Journal, 482, 25-281.
Bikos, L., Ciftci, A., Güneri, O., Demir, C., Sümer, Z., Danielson, S., DeVries, S., & Bilgen, W. (2007). A longitudinal, naturalistic inquiry of the adaptation experiences of the female expatriate spouse living in Turkey. Journal of Career Development, 34(1), 28-58.
Black, J.S. & Mendenhall, M. (1991). The U-curve Adjustment Hypothesis Revised: A Review and Theoretical Framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2), 225 – 47.
Boeije, H. (2010). Analysis in qualitative research. Los Angeles: SAGE.
Bogdan, R.C., & Biklen, S.K. (2007). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theories and methods. Boston: Pearson.
Boyatzis, R. & Kolb, D. (1991). Assessing Individuality in Learning: The Learning Skills Profile. Educational Psychology, 11(3), 279-295.
Brislin, R., Worthley, R., & Macnab, B. (2006). Cultural intelligence: understanding behaviors that serve people's goals. Organization Management, 3 (1), 40.
Cambridge, U. (2003).Cambridge advanced learner's dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Carpenter, M., Sanders, W., & Gregersen, H. (2001). Bundling Human Capital with organizational context: The impact of international assignment experience on multinational firm performance and CEO pay. Academy of Management Journal, 44(1). 493-511.
Cho, T., Hutchings, K., & Marchant, T. (2013). Key factors influencing Korean expatriates' and spouses' perceptions of expatriation and repatriation. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(5), 1051-1075.
Chien, T., & Mclean, G. N. (2011). Intercultural training for US business expatriates in Taiwan. Euro Industrial Training Journal of European Industrial Training, 35(9), 858-873.
Church, L. (2012). History of the Church. Retrieved from http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/topic/church-history
Cole, N. (2011). Managing Global Talent: Solving the Spousal Adjustment Problem. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(1), 1504–1530.
Collings, D.G., Scullion, H., and Dowling, P.J. (2009). Global Staffing: A Review and Thematic Research Agenda. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(6), 1253– 1272.
Creswell, J.W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.
De Marris, K. (2004). Qualitative interview studies: Learning through experience. Mahwah, NJ: Erhaum.
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2005). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.
Dey, I. (1993). Qualitative data analysis. London: Routledge.
Earley, P.C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural Intelligence: Individual Interactions across Cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Earley, P. C., & Gibson, C. B. (2002). Multinational work teams: A new perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Earley, C., & Peterson, R. (2004). The Elusive Cultural Chameleon: Cultural Intelligence as a New Approach to Intercultural Training for the Global Manager. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(1), 100-115. doi:10.5465/AMLE.2004.12436826
Erez, M., & Earley P.C, (1993). Culture, self-identity, and work. New York: Oxford University Press.
Flavell, J.H. (1987). Metacognition, motivation, and understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fontana, A., & Frey, J. H. (2005). The interview: From structured questions to negotiated text. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Gabriel, Y. (2000). Storytelling in organizations: Facts, fictions, and fantasies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gertsen, M., & Søderberg, A. (2010). Expatriate stories about cultural encounters—A narrative approach to cultural learning processes in multinational companies. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 26, 248-257.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Gove, P., & Webster, I. (1993). Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language, unabridged. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.
Gupta, R., Banerjee, P., & Gaur, J. (2012). Exploring the role of the spouse in expatriate failure: A grounded theory-based investigation of expatriate' spouse adjustment issues from India. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(17), 3559-3577.
Gupta, R., Banerjee, P., & Gaur, J. (2012). A Key Challenge in Global HRM: Adding New Insights to Existing Expatriate Spouse Adjustment Models. The Qualitative Report, 17, 1-30.
Haslberger, A. (2010). Gender differences in expatriate adjustment. European Journal of International Management, 4(1), 163-183.
Hal, E.T. (1966). The Hidden Dimension. New York: Doubleday.
Hall, D., Zhu, G., & Yan, A. (2011). Developing global leaders: To hold on to them, let them go! Advances in Global Leadership, 2(1), 327-349.
Hansen, Lynne. (2012). Second language acquisition abroad: The LDS missionary experience. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Harvey, M., Napier, N., & Moeller, M. (2009). Interpreting dual career couples’ family life-cycles: Identifying strategic windows of global career opportunity. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 17(2), 14-35.
Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P. (2006). The practice of qualitative research. London: Sage.
Hickcox, L. K. (1991). An historical review of Kolb’s formulation of experiential learning theory. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Oregon, Corvallis.
Hill, C. (2008). Global Business Today. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.
Hunt, D. (1987). Beginning with ourselves in practice, theory and human affairs. Cambridge MA: Brookline Books.
Hutchinson, S.A. (2001). The development of qualitative health research: taking stock. Qualitative Health Research, 11(4), 505-521.
Jun, S., & Gentry, J. (2005). An exploratory investigation of the relative importance of cultural similarity and personal fit in the selection and performance of expatriates. Journal of World Business, 40(1), 1-8.
Katz, N. (1988). Individual Learning Style: Israeli Norms and Cross-cultural Equivalence of Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19(3), 361 –79.
Kayes, D.C (2002). Experiential learning and its critics: preserving the role of experience in management education. Academy of Management Learning and Education. 1(2), 137-149.
Kayes, D. C., Kayes, A. B., & Yamazaki, Y. (2005). Essential competencies for cross‐cultural knowledge absorption. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(7), 578-589.
Kupka, B., & Cathro, V. (2007). Desperate housewives - social and professional isolation of German expatriated spouses. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(6), 951-968.
Kim, K., Kirkman, B., & Chen, G. (2006). Cultural Intelligence and International Assignment Effectiveness. Academy of Management Annual Meeting Proceeding, 2(1) 24-45.
Kim, Y. Y. (2001). Becoming intercultural: An integrative theory of communication and cross-cultural adaptation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, Y. Y. (2005). Inquiry in intercultural and development communication. Journal of Communication, 55(3), 554–577.
Kim, Y. J., & Van Dyne, L. (2012). Cultural intelligence and international leadership potential: The importance of contact for members of the majority. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61, 272–294
Kolb, A. & Kolb, D. (2004). Bibliography on Experiential Learning Theory. Retrieved from http://www.learningfromexperience.com
Kolb, A., & Kolb, D. (2005a). Learning Styles and Learning Spaces: Enhancing Experiential Learning in Higher Education. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 4(2), 193-212.
Kolb, A., & Kolb, D. (2005b). Experiential Learning Theory Bibliography. Cleveland, OH: Learning Systems, Inc.
Kolb, D. (2015). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pearson.
Konopaske, R., & Werner, S. (2005), ‘US Managers’ Willingness to Accept a Global Assignment: Do Expatriate Benefits and Assignment Length Make a Difference? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(7), 1159–1175.
Lafkas, S. (2012). Gender Role Perceptions of Mormon Women from Divorced Families: An Adult Developmental Analysis. Journal of Ethnographic & Qualitative Research, 7(2), 80-97.
Lauring, J., & Selmer, J. (2010). The supportive expatriate spouse: An ethnographic study of spouse involvement in expatriate careers. International Business Review, 19(1), 59-69.
Levine, K., & Levine, S. (2014). Teaching Expatriate Adaptation While Dealing with Reality:The Impact of a Tragedy on the Study-Abroad Experience. Journal of International Students, 4(4), 342-350.
Lewis, J. (2003). Design issues in qualitative research practice: a guide for social science students and researchers. London, England: Sage Publications.
Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. B. (1998). Narrative research: Reading, analysis and interpretation. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Lincoln, Y.S., & Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lindner, E. (2012). Yearbook of American and Canadian Churches. Retrieved from http://www.yearbookofchurches.org/
Livermore, D. A. (2015). Leading with cultural intelligence: The real secret to success. New York: American Management Association.
Mainemelis, C., Boyatzis, R. & Kolb, D.A (2002). Learning styles and adaptive Flexibility: Testing Experiential Learning Theory. Management Learning, 33(1), 5-33.
Markus, H., S. Kitayama, & R.J Heiman. (1997). Social psychology handbook for basic principles. New York: Basic Books.
Maxwell, J.A. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mcnulty, Y. (2012). ‘Being dumped in to sink or swim’: An empirical study of organizational support for the trailing spouse. Human Resource Development International, 15(4), 417-434.
McNulty, Y. (2014). Modern Expatriation Through the Lens of Global Careers, Psychological Contracts, and Individual Return on Investment. Global Business and Organizational Excellence, 33(3), 6-22.
McNulty, Y. (2005), ‘The Trailing Spouse Survey: A Four-Year Study of Accompanying Spouse Issues on International Assignments,’ unpublished manuscript.
Merriam, S. B.(2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Merriam, S. B.(2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mertens, D.M. (2005). Research methods in education and psychology (2nd ed.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Mohr, A. T., & Klein, S. (2004). Exploring the adjustment of American expatriate spouses in Germany. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(7), 1189-1206.
Morgan, D. (2007). Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1) 48-76.
Mormon, J. (2016). A Peer Reviewed Journal for Scholars of Mormonism. International journal of Mormon studies. Retrieved February 25, 2016, from http://www.ijmsonline.org/
Neuman, L. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston, MA: Pearson.
Osman-Gani, A., & Rockstuhl, T. (2008). Antecedents and consequences of social network characteristics for expatriate adjustment and performance in overseas assignments: Implications for HRD. Human Resource Development Review, 7(1), 32-57.
Patton, M. Q., & Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Phillips, R., & Cragun, R. (2011). Mormons in the United States 1990-2008: Socio-demographic trends and regional differences. Hartford, CT: Trinity College.
Pless, N. M., Maak, T., & Stahl, G. K. (2011). Developing Responsible Global Leaders Through International Service-Learning Programs: The Ulysses Experience. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(2), 237-260.
Plum, E., Achen, B., Dræby, I., & Jensen, I. (2008). CI: Cultural intelligence: The art of leading cultural complexity. London: Middlesex University Press.
Polkinghorne, D. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human sciences. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Rahman, L., & Rao, V. (2004). The Determinants of Gender Equity in India: Examining Dyson and Moore’s Thesis with New Data. Population and Development Review, 30, 239–268.
Richards, L. (2005). Handling qualitative data. London: Sage.
Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Rockstuhl, T., Seiler, S., Ang, S., Dyne, L., & Annen, H. (2011). Beyond General Intelligence (IQ) and Emotional Intelligence (EQ): The Role of Cultural Intelligence (CQ) on Cross-Border Leadership Effectiveness in a Globalized World. Journal of Social Issues, 67(4), 825-840.
Rosenblatt, V., Worthley, R., & Macnab, B. (2013). From Contact to Development in Experiential Cultural Intelligence Education: The Mediating Influence of Expectancy Disconfirmation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 12(3), 356-379.
Shaffer, M.A., Harrison, D.A., Gilley, M.K., and Luk, D.M. (2001). Struggling for Balance Amid Turbulence on International Assignments: Work Family Conflict, Support and Commitment. Journal of Management, 27, 99–121.
Sherman, T. (2015). Behaving toward language in the Mormon mission: The Czech case. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 232, 33-57.
Singh, K. (2012). What are the types of Observation? Retrieved from http://www.mbaofficial.com/mba-courses/research-methodology/what-are-the-types-of-observation/
Sobre-Denton, M., & Hart, D. (2008). Mind the gap: Application-based analysis of cultural adjustment models. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(6), 538-552.
Søderberg, A. (2006). Narrative interviewing and narrative analysis in a study of a cross-border merger. Management International Review, 46(4), 397-416.
Soin, K. (2006). Making the Case for Narrative Methods in Cross-Cultural Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 9(1), 55-77.
Stamps, R. (2002). The Cultural Impact of Mormon Missionaries on Taiwan. Brigham Young University Studies, 41(4), 103-114.
Statistical Report for 2015 April General Conference (2014). Retrieved December 5, 2015, from http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/2014-statistical-report-for-2015-april-general-conference
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., and Tesluk, P.E. (2002). An Examination of Crossover and Spillover Effects of Spousal and Expatriate Cross-Cultural Adjustment on Expatriate Outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 655– 666.
Tan, J.-S., & Chua, R. Y.J. (2003). Training and developing cultural intelligence. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Teague, J. (2015). Corporate Preparation for the Cross-Cultural Adaptation Experience of the Accompanying Expatriate Spouse. Journal of International Business Research, 14(2), 139-151.
The Family a Proclamation to the World. (1995). Retrieved December 5, 2015, from https://www.lds.org/topics/family-proclamation?lang=eng
Toronto, J. (2006). Strangers in a Strange Land: Assessing the Experience of Latter-day Saint Expatriate Families .Brigham Young University Studies, 45(2), 25-45.
Triandis, H. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31, 20 – 26. doi:10.1177/1059601105275253
Tung, R. (2007). Selection and Training Procedures of U.S., European, and Japanese Multinationals. California Management Review, 25(2), 57-71.
Vance, L. (2002). Evolution of Ideals for Women in Mormon Periodicals, 1897–1999. Sociology of Religion, 63(1), 91-112.
Van Der Zee, K., Ali, A., & Salomé, E. (2005). Role interference and subjective well-being among expatriate families. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 14(3), 239-262.
Van Dyne L.,& Ang, S. (2008). Handbook of Cultural Intelligence. New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Yamazaki, Y., & Kayes, D. (2004). An Experiential Approach to Cross-Cultural Learning: A Review and Integration of Competencies for Successful Expatriate Adaptation. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(4), 362-379.
Yamazaki, Y., & Kayes, D. (2007). Expatriate learning: Exploring how Japanese managers adapt in the United States. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(8), 1373-1395.
Yee, K., Van Dyne, L., & Ang, S. (2009). From Experience to Experiential: Cultural Intelligence as a Learning Capability for Global Leader Development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 8(4), 511-526.
Young, B. (2015). Journals. Retrieved February 25, 2016, from https://byustudies.byu.edu/
Yuen, C. & Lee, S.N. (1994). Applicability of the Learning Style Inventory in an Asian Context and Its Predictive Value. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54(2): 541 –549.

下載圖示
QR CODE