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研究生： 謝智傑
Bryant Zhi-Jie Hsieh
論文名稱： 台灣高中英文課本寫作教材之評析
An Analysis of Writing Materials in Senior High School English Textbooks in Taiwan
指導教授： 馮和平
Feng, Ho-Ping
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年： 2007
畢業學年度： 96
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 123
中文關鍵詞： 課本教材分析/評量 、第二語言寫作 、分析架構 、教師晤談
英文關鍵詞： Textbook analysis/evaluation, L2 writing, Coding scheme, Teacher interviews
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：140  下載：37 
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    • 摘要
    本研究之主要目的為分析遠東、三民、與龍騰三個不同版本高中英文課本內的寫作教材。研究者修訂 Chan (2001) 的寫作教材分類架構來分析資料，藉以呈現此三個版本內，寫作教材的教學重點及寫作練習之主要類型。此外，本研究訪談六位高中英語教師，以了解高中教師之寫作教學信念，使用課本寫作教材的狀況，以及對此類教材之評量。
    課本分析結果指出，研究調查的三個版本寫作教材，含有顯著不同的寫作教學重點。遠東版本之寫作教學重點集中於段落的結構以及文類功能 (genres)；三民版本注重文法及段落結構，並對寫作策略有些許著墨；龍騰版本的主要重點也在文法與段落結構，但次要重點置於文類功能，而非寫作策略。以上研究結果顯示，段落結構為此三版本共同強調之重點。文法及文類 (genres) 在此三個版本當中，各有不同程度的處理。而寫作策略則是最被忽略的教學面向。總言之，分析寫作教材的教學性質，大致上為成果取向 (product-based)，而寫作的過程 (composing processes) 則傾向被邊緣化。
    在寫作練習題方面，此三個版本教材呈現有許多相似之處。三個版本都包含能提升段落結構概念之練習題，同時也都大量使用段落短文，作為學生寫作時之範本。值得一提的是，三民與龍騰版本，為了強化學生之文法結構，設計了許多單句的練習，而遠東版本則幾乎完全沒有安排此類練習。
    教師訪談結果也顯示幾項重要發現。首先，受訪教師在英文課教導寫作，主要目的為準備升學考試，其次則為協助學生訓練自我表達，以及統整英語課學習過之教材內容。而受訪教師亦表示寫作教學的目的，主要為教導學生段落組織以及文法結構。因此他們的教學重點為段落觀念、轉折詞的使用、以及文法句型。此外，在六個受訪教師之中，有五位使用課本中的寫作教材，主要是選擇性地使用簡短、而相關性夠高的教材。其中一位教師則完全不使用課本內的寫作教材，原因為這些教材與月考缺乏相關性，教材所在之位置，以及授課時間緊迫等限制。至於教師對這些寫作教材的評鑑，寫作結構上的處理在三版之中獲得較一致的正面評價。但在文法、文體、寫作策略、以及寫作練習題方面，受訪教師們則有正反不一的意見表達。整體來說，此三版寫作教材以段落結構中心為主，大致上符合教師的教學信念。
    此研究旨在增進對台灣高中英文課本內寫作教材之認識。研究結果希望協助教科書編撰者在未來補強此三版寫作教材不足之處，也期盼能幫助英語教師了解、並有效地利用課本內之寫作教材，並在需要時，適切地使用補充教材。最後，研究者也根據研究結果，提出數項相關的建議。

    ABSTRACT
    The main goal of the current study is to analyze the writing sections in three English textbook series frequently used in senior high schools—i.e. the FE, SM and LT series. For the analysis of the instructional focuses and task features of the writing sections in the three series, a coding scheme from Chan (2001) was adapted. A secondary goal of the study is to investigate the beliefs of English teachers about writing instruction, and their use and assessment of the writing sections. To this end, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six senior high school English teachers.
    Results of the textbook content analysis revealed that the three series featured significantly different instructional focuses. The FE series focused almost exclusively on rhetorical organization and genres. The SM series was concerned mainly with grammar and rhetorical organization, with some attention given to writing strategies. In the LT series, grammar and rhetorical organization were also the focus of instruction; yet it differed from the SM series in its additional attention to genres rather than strategies. These findings indicated that the three series all gave great salience to rhetorical organization. Grammar and genres, on the other hand, received differential degrees of treatment. The least amount of attention, as has been shown, was devoted to strategy training. These results suggest that the three series adopted a primarily product-oriented approach to writing instruction. Writing processes, for the most part, were marginalized.
    Regarding task features, the three series shared several major similarities. To start with, all three series included recognition exercises to raise students’ awareness about basic paragraph structure. Furthermore, they drew extensively on the use of reading texts as writing samples for paragraph writing tasks. Particularly worth noting was the finding that the SM and LT series, in order to reinforce linguistic structures, devoted a portion of their tasks to sentence writing practice. In the FE series, sentence writing tasks were virtually non-existent.
    The analysis of the semi-structured interviews yielded a number of important findings. First, the teachers were found to teach writing mainly for the sake of exams, to facilitate self-expression, and to help students integrate learned materials. Their underlying beliefs about writing instruction were predominantly rhetorical and linguistic, focusing on paragraph structure, transition, and linguistic patterns. Second, in terms of the use of their textbook writing sections, the majority of the teachers reported that they did use them, but on a selective basis. Their criteria for selection were found to be conciseness and relevance. One teacher, being the only exception, ignored these writing sections entirely mainly due to their irrelevance to monthly tests, their lesson final positions, and time constraints. As for supplementary materials, picture writing materials and published writing textbooks were found most favorable among the teachers. Third, with regard to the evaluation of these textbook writing sections, the treatment of rhetorical organization was most positively assessed across the three series. Responses to grammar, writing strategies, genres, and tasks, on the other hand, all turned out to be somewhat mixed. Overall, the teachers responded most positively to the rhetorical focus of the three series, indicating that their beliefs were generally consistent with results of the textbook content analysis.
    The findings of the present study will advance our understanding of the writing sections in three major high school textbook series. They will assist textbook compilers to compensate for the limitations of these teaching materials in future materials development. These findings can also aid high school teachers in making more informed decisions about how to use these textbook writing materials flexibly and draw on support materials whenever necessary. Finally, based on the findings of the current study, a number of pedagogical and practical implications are provided.

    TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT (CHINESE) i ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Background and Motivation 1 Research Questions 3 Definitions of Key Terms 4 Writing Sections 4 Instructional Units 4 Task Units 5 Genres and Text Types 5 Real-World Tasks and Pedagogical Tasks 5 Significance of the Study 6 Organization of the Thesis 7 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 Historical Sketch of L2 Composition Approaches 8 Controlled Composition 8 Current-Traditional Rhetoric 9 The Process Approach 11 English for Academic Purposes 13 Grammar 14 Controversy over Grammar Instruction 15 Support for the Role of Grammar in Writing Instruction 15 Arguments Against the Place of Grammar in Writing 17 Possible Reconciliation 18 Lexical Proficiency and Text Quality 19 Rhetorical Organization 20 Strategy-Based Instruction 21 Genre 23 Definition of the Term 23 Genre-Oriented Instruction 24 Writing Tasks 27 Real-World Tasks and Pedagogical Tasks 27 Reading-Writing Connection 27 Textbook Evaluation 29 Textbook Evaluation Research Conducted Abroad 30 Research on Textbook Evaluation in Taiwan 32 CHAPTER THREE: METHOD 35 Research Design 35 Selection of Textbooks for Analysis 35 Instrument 36 Grammar and Lexis 38 Rhetorical Organization 39 Composing Strategies 39 Genres 39 Tasks 40 Data Collection Procedures 41 Collection of Textbook Writing Materials 41 Collection of Teacher Interview Data 41 Data Sources and Data Analysis Procedures 41 Analysis of Textbook Writing Materials 42 Coding Procedures 42 Inter-Coder Reliability 44 Procedures for Analyzing the Writing Sections in the Three Series 45 Analysis of Instructional Units 45 Analysis of Task Units 45 Analysis of Interview Data 45 Philosophy 46 Practice 46 Evaluation 46 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS 47 Textbook Writing Instructional Materials 47 Coverage of Writing Sections 47 General Organization and Focuses of the Three Series 48 The FE Series 48 The SM Series 49 The LT Series 50 Overall Distributions of the Instructional and Task Variables 52 Instructional Variables 52 Task Variable 55 Specific Instructional and Task Subcategories 56 Grammar and Lexis 56 Rhetorical Organization 59 Composing Strategies 62 Genres 63 Tasks 65 Word-Level Tasks 65 Sentence-Level Tasks 66 Paragraph-Level Tasks 67 Non-Writing Tasks 69 Interview Results 71 Philosophy 72 Rationale for Writing Instruction 72 Focuses of Writing Instruction 74 Favored Instructional Materials 76 Factors Shaping the Teachers’ Beliefs 77 Practice 79 General Composition Instruction 79 Textbook Material Use 79 Supplementary Materials 81 Evaluation 82 Presentation of the Five Variables 82 The FE Series 82 The SM Series 83 The LT Series 85 Suggestions 86 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION 89 Discussion of the Instructional Variables in the Three Series 89 Instructional Focuses and Underlying Composition Pedagogies 89 Textbook Writers’ Underlying Beliefs About Writing Instruction 90 Cross-Examination of Instructional Focuses 92 Dominance of the Rhetorical Approach 92 General Neglect of Strategy Training 94 Controversy Surrounding Grammar Instruction 96 Differential Impacts of the Genre Approach 98 Discussion of the Task Variable in the Three Series 100 Discussion of Interview Results 103 Teacher Philosophy 103 For Exams, Expression, Reinforcement, and Communication 103 Focuses on Rhetorical Forms, Grammar, Reading, and Practice 105 The Influences of Training, Conferences, Exams, and Materials 106 Practice 107 Evaluation 109 The FE Series 109 The SM Series 110 The LT Series 113 Discussion of the Textbook Writers, the Teachers, and the Researcher 115 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS 117 Summary of Major Findings 117 Textbook Analysis 117 Teacher Interviews 118 Implications 120 Limitations of the Study 122 Directions for Further Research 123 REFERENCES 124 Appendix A: Writing Textbook Coding Scheme 132 Appendix B: Teacher Interview Questions 143 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Proportions of Writing Materials in the Three Textbook Series 47 Table 2. Organization and Focuses of Writing Sections in the FE Series 48 Table 3. Organization and Focuses of Writing Sections in the SM Series 49 Table 4. Organization and Focuses of Writing Sections in the LT Series 51 Table 5. Distributions of the Instructional Variables in the Three Series 53 Table 6. Distributions of the Task Types in the Three Series 55 Table 7. Grammar and Lexis in the Three Series 57 Table 8. Rhetorical Organization in the Three Series 59 Table 9. Composing Strategies in the Three Series 62 Table 10. Genres in the Three Series 63 Table 11. Top Three Task Subcategories in the Three Series 65 Table 12. Word-Level Tasks in the Three Series 66 Table 13. Sentence-Level Tasks in the Three Series 66 Table 14. Paragraph-Level Tasks in the Three Series 68 Table 15. Non-Writing Tasks in the Three Series 70 Table 16. Background Information on the Six Teacher Interviewees 71 Table 17. Rationale for Writing Instruction 72 Table 18. Focuses of Writing Instruction 74 Table 19. Favored Writing Materials 76 Table 20. Factors Shaping the Teachers’ Beliefs 77 Table 21. Criteria for Material Use 80 Table 22. Supplementary Writing Materials 81 Table 23. Writing Pedagogies in the Three Textbook Series 89 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. The Coding Scheme 38 Figure 2. Procedures for Coding Instructional Units 43 Figure 3. Procedures for Coding Task Units 44 Figure 4. Proportions of the Instructional Variables in the Three Series 54

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