國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	鍾佳青
論文名稱：	客語類別詞語意研究
指導教授：	李臻儀 Li, Jen-I
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2009
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	91
中文關鍵詞：	類別詞、語意原則、原型理論
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：230 下載：46
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

摘要

本論文以客語類別詞為主題，從語意學的角度研究客語。除了歸納類別詞的種類外，本文著重探討客語個體類別詞的語意分類原則。在各式類別詞中，尤以個體類別詞最能突顯所指個體的先天特質。
本文第一部分研究客語類別詞種類，旨在歸納其系統的完整原貌，結果發現共計有八項類別詞存在於客語中。第二部分檢視由Tai (1992, 1994) 和Allan (1977) 所提出的語意原則，何者可用來作為客語個體類別詞的語意分類依據，分類原則包括生物性、形狀、大小、質性、和個體部分特徵。本研究提出客語個體類別詞主要以物體的生物性為語意分類依據。而以個體部分特徵這項原則用來作為各語意組別中更細微的分類。
本文第三部分研究客語個體類別詞隻的語意結構。以原型理論(Prorotype Theory)為分析架構，Tai (1992, 1994) 和Allan (1977) 所提出的語意原則為分析依據。研究發現隻共有兩項語意範疇：生物性和非生物性。而非生物性這一組，又可再細分為幾個語意小組。隻擁有多種類的語意範圍的特性，可用來解釋它在日常生活中的高度使用頻率。
本文最後研究間、棟、座這三項個體類別詞的語意結構。以上三者在客語中同為用來描述建築物，屬於功能性的類別詞。經研究發現，這三者各自擁有不同的語意分類範疇，且就像形狀類別詞，這三個功能類別詞同樣能以語意原則來做詳細的語意分析。

ABSTRACT

This thesis is a study of the Hakka classifier system from the semantic perspective. It deals not only with the general classification of Hakka classifiers, but concerns the semantic principles underlying the classification of Hakka individual classifiers, which reveal most about the inherent properties of the objects.
The first part of this thesis investigates the classification of Hakka classifiers. We arrive at a general classification of it in order to get a whole picture of the system. Eight types of classifiers are identified.
The second part of the present study examines the classification of Hakka individual classifiers based on the semantic features proposed by Tai (1992, 1994) and Allan (1977) , including animacy, shape, size, consistency, and parts of object. We propose that the major semantic category for classification is animacy. Both the animal category and the non-shape category are further subcategorized based on the semantic principle-- part of object.
The third part of this research focuses on the categorical structure of zak2 (隻). It is demonstrated that zak2 has two major semantic domains: animate and inanimate. The inanimate category can be further divided into different subcategories. The numerous semantic domains that zak2 possesses may explain its high frequency in daily usage.
At last, the present study investigates the categorical structures of functional classifiers in Hakka, including gien24 (間), dung5(棟), zak2(座). All the three classifiers are building classifiers, but their prototypical members are different from each other. The result shows that they can be further analyzed in terms of specific semantic features such as shape, size, and function.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHINESE ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….I
ENGLISH ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………..III
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………..IV
LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………VII
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………VIII

Chapter One Introduction…………………………………………………………....1
1Introduction ………………………………………………………1
2 Theoretical Background………………………………………2
3 Purposes of the Study………………………………………..5
4 Sources of the Data ………………………………………….7
5 Organization of the Thesis………………………………..7

Chapter Two The Classification of Hakka Numeral Classifiers ………………9
1 Introduction ………………………………………………………9
2 The Classification of Classifier Languages…………10
3 The Function of Numeral Classifiers ………………….12
3.1 Classification ……………………………………………12
3.2 Anaphoric Use of Classifiers …………………….13
4 Previous Studies on the Categorization of Mandarin and Taiwan Min Numeral Classifiers ……………………………14
4.1 Chao (1968)…………………………………………………14
4.2 Lyu (1980)………………………………………………….16
4.3 Li and Thompson (1981)……………………………….17
4.4 Wang (2001)………………………………………………..17
4.5 Summary……………………………………………………..19
5 A Previous Study on the Categories of Hakka Numeral Classifiers—Luo (1985)………………………………………………21
6 A New Classification of Numeral Classifiers in Hakka..................................................23
7 Conclusion……………………………………………………………28

Chapter Three Classification of Hakka Individual Classifiers............................................31
1 Introduction………………………………………………………31
2 Criteria for Analysis…………………………………………31
2.1 Adams and Conklin (1973)……………………………32
2.2 Denny (1976)……………………………………………….32
2.3 Allan (1977)………………………………………......34
2.4 Tai (1994)………………………………………………...36
2.5 Wang (2001)…………………………………………………39
2.6 Summary………………………………………………………40
3 Previous Studies on the Classification of Hakka Individual Classifiers…................................41
3.1 Wu (2001)……………………………………………………41
3.2 Chen (2003)…………………………………………………43
3.3 Li (2004)……………………………………………………44
4 A New Classification of Hakka Individual Classifiers……………....................................46
4.1 Category--Animate…………………………………………48
4.2 Category--Inanimate………………………………………49
       3.4.2.1 Shape……………………………………………………..49
       3.4.2.2 Non-shape.................................50
4.3 Summary………………………………………………………………..51

Chapter Four The Categorical Structure of the Classifier Zak2 (隻) in Hakka ......................................54
1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………54
2 Collocation between Classifiers and Nouns…………..55
3 Zak2 (隻) in Hai-lu Hakka (Li 2004)………………………57
4 The Semantic Dimensions of Zak2 ………………………….59
4.1 Category I--[+animate, -in water]………………..60
4.2 Category II--Shape…………………………………………62
4.3 Category III--One of a Symmetrical Pair…………63
4.4 Category IV--Abstract ………………………………….64
4.5 Summary ……………………………………………………….64
5 Conclusion …………………………………………………………65

Chapter Five The Categorical Structure of Classifiers Gien24, Dung5, and Zak2…………………………………………………68
1 Introduction ………………………………………………………68
2 Matsumoto (1993) …………………………………………………69
3 The Semantic Dimensions of Gien24 (間), Dung5 (棟), and Zak2 (座) in Hakka……………………………………………………71
3.1 The Semantic Dimensions of Gien24 (間) …………71
3.2 The Semantic Dimensions of Dung5 (棟)……………74
3.3 The Semantic Dimensions of Zak2 (座) ……………76
3.4 Summary ………………………………………………………77
4 Conclusion …………………………………………………………78

Chapter Six Conclusion …………………………………………………82
1Summary of the Findings ……………………………………….82
2 Further Research …………………………………………………84

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………86
                                

References
Adams, Karen. 1986. Numeral classifiers in Austroasiatic. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 241-262. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Adams, Karen & Conklin Nancy. 1973. Toward a theory of natural classification. Paper presented at the 9th annual regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, 1-10.
Ahrens, Kathleen & Chu-Ren Huang. 1996. Classifiers and semantic type coercion: Motivating a new classification of classifiers. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of the Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information, and Computation, 1-10. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2000. Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Allan, Keith. 1977. Classifiers. Language 53.2: 285-310.
Berlin, Brent & Paul Kay. 1969. Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Burling, R. 1965. How to choose a Burmese numeral classifiers. In M. Spiro (ed.), Context and Meaning in Cultural Anthropology, 243-65. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
陳韻伃 [Chen, Yunyu]. 2003. A Contrastive Analysis of Taiwanese and Hakka Measure Words. M. A. Thesis. Jiayi: National Chung Cheng University.
陳彤曲 [Chen, Tongcyu]. 2000. A Semantic Study of the Classifier Chiah 隻in Taiwan Southern Min. 台灣語言教學與研究 [Language Teaching and Researching in Taiwan] 10: 51-61.
Cheng, Lisa & Rint Sybesma. 1999. Bare and no-so-bare nouns and the structure of NP. Linguistic Inquiry 30.4: 509-542.
Collins, B. 1962. Tonga Grammar. London: Longmans.
Denny, Peter. 1976. What are noun classifiers good for? Paper presented at the 12th annual regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, 122-132.
Dixon, Robert. 1986. Noun classes and noun classification in typological perspective. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 105-12. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Downing, Pamela. 1996. Numeral Classifier Systems: The case of Japanese. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Erbaugh, Mary. 1986. Taking stock: The development of Chinese noun classifiers historically and in young children. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 399-436. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ervin, Susan M. & H. Landar. 1963. Navajo word associations. American Journal of Psychology 76: 49-57.
Goddard, Cliff. 1998. Semantic Analysis: A Practical Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press
Hoijer, H. 1945. Classificatory verb stems in Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics 11:12-23.
徐瑞珠 [Hsu, Juanchu]. 2005. A Study on Jhuolan Hakka in Miaoli. M.A. Thesis. Kaohsiung: National Kaohsiung Normal University.
黃怡慧 [Huang, Yihuei]. 2005. A Study on Taiwan Si-hia Hakka. M.A. Thesis. Kaohsiung : National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Huang, Hung-shen. 2004. The Reality of Shape Classifiers in Taiwan Mandarin. M.A. Thesis. Hsinchu: National Tsing-hua University.
Hundius, Harald & Ulrike Kolver. 1983. Syntax and semantics of numeral classifiers in Thai. Studies in Language 7.2: 165-214.
Jackson, Howard & Ze Amvela Etienne. 2000. Words, Meaning, and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. New York: Cassell.
Johnson, Mark. 1987. The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Kuo, Yi-chun. 1998. A Semantic and Contrastive Analysis of Mandarin and English Measure Words. M. A. Thesis. Jiayi: National Chung Cheng University.
賴文英 [Lai, Wunying]. 2004. A Study on Fong-shun Hakka in Sinwu County. M.A. Thesis. Kaohsiung: National Kaohsiung Normal University.
Lakoff, George. 1986. Classifiers as a reflection of mind. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 241-262. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lakoff, George. 1987. Woman, Fire and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson. 1981. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Li, Charles & Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Mei-ling. 1998. Classifiers in Taiwan Min. M. A. Thesis. Jiayi: National Chung Cheng University.
李偉哲 [Li, Weiche]. 2004. Hai-lu Classifiers: An Interactive View. M. A. Thesis. Hsinchu : National Tsing Hua University.
Lin, Ching-yi. 2002. A Production Experiment of Mandarin Classifier Selection. M. A. Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
劉丁衡 [Liou, Dinhheng]. 2002. 客家語文文法 [Hakka Syntax]. Taipei: Peng’s Hakka Culture Research Association.
Loke, Kit-ken. 1994. Is ge merely a ‘general classifier’? Journal of the Chinese Language Teacher Association 29.3: 35-50.
Loke, Kit-ken. 1997. The grammaticalization and regrammaticalization of Chinese numeral classifier morphemes. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25.1: 1-20.
盧彥杰 [Lu, Yanjie]. 1998. The Vocabulary Study of Hailu Hakka Dialect in Hsinchu. M.A. Thesis. Hsinchu: National Hsinchu University of Education.
陸師成 [Lu, Shihcheng]. 1988. 辭彙 [Cih Huei]. Taipei: Wun Hua Bookstore Co.
呂淑湘 [Lyu, Shusiang]. 1980. 現代漢語八百詞 [Xian Dai Han Yu Ba Bai Ci]. Taiwan: Commercial Press.
羅肇錦 [Luo, Jhaojin]. 1985.客語語法 [Hakka Grammar]. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Matsumoto, Yo. 1993. Japanese numeral classifiers: A study of semantic categories and lexical organization. Language 31.4: 667-713.
Myers, James. 2000. Rules vs. analogy in Mandarin classifier selection. Language and Linguistics 1.2: 187-209.
Myers, James & Jane Tsay. 2000. The acquisition of the default classifier in Taiwanese. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics, 87-106. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
彭盛星 [Peng, Chengsing]. 2004. The Study of Wu-hua Hakka in Taiwan. M.A. Thesis. Hsinchu: National Hsinchu University of Education.
彭德修 [Peng, Desiou]. 1994. 大家來學客家話 [Let’s Learn Hakka]. Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
Pinker, Steven. 1989. Learnability and Cognition. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Rosch, Eleanor. 1973. Natural categories. Cognitive Psychology 4: 328-50.
Saeed, John I. 2003. Semantics. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
邵敬敏 [Shao, Jinming]. 1993. 量詞的語義分析及其與名詞的雙向選擇 [The collocation between classifiers and nouns]. 中國語文 [Chinese Language Monthly] 32: 181-188.
徐兆泉 [Syu, Jhaocyuan]. 2001. 客家笑科 [Hakka Jokes]. Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc.
徐兆泉 [Syu, Jhaocyuan]. 2003. Hakka Dictionary of Taiwan. Taipei: SMC Publishing Inc. SMC Publishing Inc.
Tai, James H-Y. 1992. Variation in classifier system across Chinese dialects: Towards a cognition-based semantic approach. Chinese Language and Linguistics vol. 1: Chinese Dialects, 587-608. Taipei: Academia Sinica. SMC Publishing Inc.
Tai, James. 1994. Chinese classifier systems and human categorization. In O. Tzeng & M. Chen (eds.), In Honor of Professor William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change, 474-494. Taipei: Pyramid.
Tai, James & Fangyi Chao. 1994. A semantic study of the classifier zhang. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 29.3:67-78.
Tai, James & Lianqing Wang. 1990. A semantic study of the classifier tiao (條). Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 25.1: 35-56.
Tai, James & Liwun Wu. 2006. Categorical structure of the classifier mi24 ‘tail’ in Sixian Hakka. Language and Linguistics 7.2: 501-21.
Tang, Jane. 1990. Chinese Phrase Structure and the Extended X’-Theory. Doctoral Dissertation. New York: Cornell University.
Taylor, John R. 1989. Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. New York: Oxford University Press
Taylor, John R. 2003. Linguistic Categorization. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tversky, Barbara & Kathleen Hemenway. 1984. Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology 113.2: 169-193.
Wang, Leslie Fu-mei. 2001. Classifiers in Taiwan Min. M. A. Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
William, Foley. 1997. Anthropological Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations. New York: Macmillan.
Wu, Li-wen. 2001. A Study of Measures in Taiwan Si Xian Hakka. M. A. Thesis. Jiayi: National Chung Cheng University.
姚榮松 & 羅肇錦 [Yao, Rongsong & Jhaojin Luo]. 1998. Studies on Colloquial Taiwanese (Southern Min, Hakka) and Mandarin in Chinese Equivalents. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文