摘 要
本研究探討幼兒對成人的外貌吸引與行為判斷。以151位三至五歲的幼兒爲對象，其中男生89人，女生62人；三歲組26人，四歲組69人及五歲組56人；高社經86人、中低社經62人。這些受試幼兒來自臺北市一所國小附設幼兒園和三所非營利幼兒園。透過自編的「幼兒對成人外貌的偏好測驗」以及「不同情境下幼兒對不同外貌吸引成人行爲的判斷測驗」，以一對一訪談方式收集受試幼兒對成人局部和整體的外貌偏好，和不同情境下受試幼兒對成人先做好事再做壞事、或先做壞事再做好事，那麼這個人是好人還是壞人的判斷資料。透過SPSS.23統計軟體的人數、百分比、以及卡方考驗，本研究所得結果如下：
一、七成左右的受試幼兒喜歡長髮多於短髮。
二、五成四的受試幼兒傾向喜歡雙眼皮，但選擇人數與喜歡單眼皮的
四成七沒有差距太大。
三、八成一的受試幼兒喜歡小鼻子甚於大鼻子。
四、六成八的受試幼兒喜歡薄唇甚於厚唇。
五、最多受試幼兒選擇喜歡「短髮/單眼皮/小鼻子/薄唇」的外貌。
六、年齡在成人局部外貌_嘴巴的偏好上有顯著不同。三歲組受試幼
兒對厚唇的喜愛在三個年齡組中最高。
七、性別在成人局部外貌_頭髮和嘴巴的偏好上有顯著不同。女生比
較喜歡長髮甚於短髮。而男生比較喜歡厚唇甚於薄唇。
八、家庭社經地位不同，受試幼兒對成人局部或整體外貌的偏好都沒
有顯著的差異。
九、受試幼兒對成人外貌是否具有吸引，先做好事再做壞事或先做
壞事再做好事，多數幼兒都以成人最後的行爲是好或壞來判斷他
是好人或是壞人。三歲組與五歲組的差異最明顯，三歲組以最後
行為結果來判斷的傾向較五歲組高。
關鍵詞：幼兒、外貌吸引、外貌偏好、行為判斷

Abstract

This study investigated young children's physical attraction and behavioral judgments of adults. A total of 151 children aged three to five were selected, of which 89 were boys and 62 were girls; 26 were in the three-year-old group, 69 in the four-year-old group and 56 in the five-year-old group. The subjects were from a preschool attached to a national elementary school and three non-profit preschools in Taipei City. Through the self-made "Children's Appearance Preference Test of Adults" and "Judgment Test of Young Children's Attracting Adults with Different Appearances in Different Situations", the test children's partial and overall appearance preferences of adults were collected through one-on-one interviews, and In different situations, the children tested to adults do good deeds before doing bad deeds, or do bad deeds first and then do good deeds, then the judgement data of whether this person is a good person or a bad person. Through SPSS.23 statistical software number, percentage, and chi-square test, The results of this study are as follows:
1. About 70% of the tested children prefer long hair to short hair.
2. Fifty-four percent of the children in the test tend to like double eyelids,
but the number of selected children is the same as those forty-seven
percent children who like single eyelids is not too different.
3. Eighty-one percent of children prefer a small nose to a big nose.
4. Sixty-eight percent of the children tested prefer thin lips to thick lips.
5. Most of the children tested chose to like the appearance of "short
hair/single eyelid/small nose/thin lips".
6. Age is significantly different in adult partial appearance-mouth preference.
Three-year-old subjects children's preference for thick lips is the highest
among the three age groups.
7. Gender significantly differs in adult preferences for partial appearance,
girls prefer long hair to short hair. Boys prefer thick lips to thin lips.
8. With different family socioeconomic status, the children tested had no
significant differences preference for the partial or overall appearance of
adults.
9. Whether the test children are attracted to the appearance of adults do good
things first and then do bad things or do bad things first and then do good
things, most young children judge the adults by whether the adult's final
behavior is good or bad. The difference between the three-year-old group
and the five-year-old group is the most obvious, and the three-year-old
group children judge the adults by whether the adult's final behavior is
good or bad was higher than that of the five-year-old group.

Keywords: appearance attraction, appearance preference, behavioral
judgment, young children

參考文獻
一、中文部分
李美枝（1985）。社會心理學。大洋。
林朝鳳（1986）。 皮亞傑的認知發展理論及其在幼兒教育上的意義. 教育科學研究期刊，31:1，075-105。
時蓉華（1996）。社會心理學。臺灣東華。
徐光國（1996）。社會心理學。五南。
李美枝（1997）。社會心理學。大洋。
李美枝（2000）。社會心理學：理論硏究與應用。大洋。
雷飛鴻（2001）。國語辭典。世一。
潘松濂（2001）。細説社會心理學。建安。
陳昌文、鍾玉英、奉春梅、周瑾和顏炯（2004）。社會心理學。新文京開發。
林生傳（2005）。教育社會學。巨流圖書。
何潔、徐琴美和王旭玲（2005）。幼兒的情緒表現規則知識發展及其與家庭情緒表露、社會行為的相關研究。心理發展與教育，3，49-53。
溫世頌（2006）。心理學辭典。三民。
張春興編著（2006）。張氏心理學辭典。東華。
陳皎眉、王叢桂和孫蒨如（2007）。社會心理學。雙葉。
黃毅志（2005）。教育研究中的「職業調查封閉式問卷」之信效度分析. 教育研究集刊 / Bulletin of Educational Research, 51:4, 43–71。
張蘭萍和周暉（2009）。幼兒基於資訊判斷的選擇性信任的發展-其持續性及與人際信任的關係。心理發展與教育，25(3)，9-14。
但菲、劉淩和趙琳（2013）。幼兒秩序認知發展的特點及其重要價值。 學前教育研究，7，15-19。
陳皎眉、王叢桂和孫蒨如（2014）。社會心理學（三版）。雙葉。
李占星、曹賢才、龐維國和牛玉柏 （2014）。6–10歲兒童對損人情境下行為者的道德情緒判斷與歸因。心理發展與教育，30(3)，252–257。
馬鳳玲、湯玉龍、鄭婷婷和徐芬（2014）。3~5 歲幼兒基於臉孔的信任判斷的發展。心理發展與教育，30(4)，337-344。
彭佳鎂和何慧敏（2014）。幼兒性別角色概念之探究。人類發展與家庭學報，16，24-51。https://doi.org/10.6246/JHDFS.201407_(16).0002
王巧兒（2016）。幼兒同儕關係與外貌吸引的探討（未出版碩士論文）。臺灣師範大學。
https://etds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/thesis/detail/c8631c83fb14a72afb53d839c8f98ce4/
華沙（2017）。臉的秘密：看人的科學。遠足文化。
李革（2017）。單雙眼皮的秘密。大學科普，11(2)，32-32。
武婷婷、郭成、邱桂平（2018）。大學生道德判斷中的臉孔刻板效應。Advances in Psychology, 8, 556。
唐衛海、鐘汝波、許曉旭、劉希平(2019). 臉孔吸引力和資訊正確性對幼兒選擇性信任的影響。心理學報，51(1)，71-84。
陸鋮、管浩、馬清格等（2020）。鼻唇亞單位影響顏面審美視覺效果的調查。中華醫學美學美容雜誌，3，189-192。
牛曉、張傲子、石小加、曲方炳（2020）。知人知面不知心?——基於面部特徵的社會知覺研究述評。Advances in Psychology, 10, 1244。

二、外文部分
Adams, G. R., & Crane, P. (1980). An assessment of parents' and teachers' expectations of preschool children's social preference for attractive or unattractive children and adults. Child Development, 51, 224-231.
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (1997). Social psychology (2nd ed.). Longman.
Baktay-Korsos, G. (1999). The long hair effect. Review of Psychology, 6(1-2), 37-42.
Baron, R. A., Branscombe, N. R., & Byrne, D. (2008). Social psychology (12th ed.). Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Baron, R. A., Byrne, D., & Branscombe, N. R. (2009). 社會心理學 (梁家瑜譯）。心理出版社。（原著出版於2006年）
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. MIT Press.
Baudouin, J.-Y., & Tiberghien, G. (2004). Symmetry, averageness, and feature size in the facial attractiveness of women. Acta Psychologica, 117(3), 313–332.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.07.002
Beat, S. (2004). 影響人類的行為奧祕（王薇譯）。晨星。
Bereczkei, T., & Mesko, N. (2006). Hair length, facial attractiveness, personality attribution: A multiple fitness model of hairdressing. Review of psychology, 13(1), 35-42.
Bruce, V., Doyle, T., Dench, N., & Burton, M. (1991). Remembering facial configurations. Cognition, 38, 109-144.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277（91）90049.
Bruner, J. S., & Goodman, C. C. (1947). Value and need as organizing factors in perception. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 33-44.
Chang, L. J., Doll, B. B., van ’t Wout, M., Frank, M. J., Sanfey, A. G. (2010). Seeing is believing: Trustworthiness as a dynamic belief. Cognitive Psychology, 61(2), 87-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.03.001
Cunningham, M. R. (1986). Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: Quasi-experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(5), 925-935.
Dion, K. K. (1972). Physical attractiveness and evaluation of children's transgressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(2), 207- 213.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033372
Dion, K., Berscheid, E., & Walster, E. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290.
Foder, J. A. (2008). The modularity of mind（模組心智）（張欣戊譯）。五南。（原著出版於1983年）
Gibson, J. J. (1950). The perception of the visual world. Houghton Mifflin Co.
Griffey, J. A. F., & Little, A. C. (2014). Infant's visual preferences for facial traits associated with adult attractiveness judgements: Data from eye- tracking. Infant Behavior and Development, 37(3), 268-275.
Harter, S. (1983). Developmental perspectives on the self-system. In P. H. Mussen (Series Ed.) & E. M. Hetherington (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 275–385). Wiley
Haifield, E., & Sprecher, S. (1986). Mirror, mirror: The importance of looks in everyday life. Suny.
Heidekrueger, P. I., Szpalski, C., Weichman, K., Juran, S., Ng, R., Claussen, C., Ninkovic, M., & Broer, P. N. (2017). Lip Attractiveness: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. Aesthetic surgery journal, 37(7), 828–836. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjw168
Hugh Hartshorne, Mark A. May, and Julius B. Maller. (1929). Studies in service and self-control (Volume II). McMillan.
Hwang, H. S., & Spiegel, J. H. (2014). The Effect of “Single” vs “Double” Eyelids on the Perceived Attractiveness of Chinese Women. Aesthetic Surgery Journal, 34(3), 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090820X14523020
Johnson, M. H., Dziurawiec, S., Ellis, H., & Morton, J. (1991). Newborns’ preferential tracking of face-like stimuli and its subsequent decline. Cognition, 40, 1-19.
Keefe, B. D., Dahelyova, M., Perrett, D. I. & Barraclough, N. E. (2013). Adaptacion improves face trustworthiness discrimination. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1– 7.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00358
Kiang, L., & Harter, S. (2004). Social cultural values or appearance and attachment processes: An integrated model of eating disorder symptomatology. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Langlois, J. H., Ritter, J. M., Roggman, L. A., & Vaughn, L. S. (1991). Facial diversity and infant preferences for attractive faces. Developmental Psychology, 27(1), 79-84.
https://doi.org/10. 1037/0012-1649. 27. 1. 79
Langlois, J. H., Roggman, L. A., & Rieser-Danner, L. A. (1990). Infants’s differential social responses to attractive and unattractive faces. Developmental Psychology, 26, 153-159.
Langlois, J. H., & Roggman, L. A. (1990). Attractive faces are only average. Psychological Science, 1(2), 115-121.
Langlois. J. H., Roggman, L. A. & Musselman, L. (1994). what is average and what is not average about attractive faces? Psychological Science 5, 214-220.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.t600503.x
Lemay, E. P., Clark, M. S., & Greenberg, A. (2010). What is beautiful is Good because what is beautiful is desired: Physical attractiveness stereotyping as projection of interpersonal goals. Personality and Social PsychologyBulletin, 36(3), 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209359700
Little, A. C., Jones, B. C., & DeBruine, L. M. (2011). Facial attractiveness: Evolutionary based research. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences, 366(1571), 1638-1659.
Otta, E., Abrosio, F. F. E., & Hoshino, R. L. (1996). Reading a smiling face: Message conveyed by various forms of smiling. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 82(3c), 1111-1121.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3c.1111
Patzer, G. L. (1983). Source credibility as a function of communicator physical attractiveness. Journal of Business Research, 11(2), 229-241.
Perrett, D. I., Burt, D. M., Penton-Voak, I. S., Lee, K. J., Rowland, D. A., & Edwards, R. (1999). Symmetry and human facial attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20(5), 295-307.
Premack, D., & Woodruff, G. (1978). Does chimpanzee have a theory of mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1, 515-526.
Przylipiak, M., Przylipiak, J., Terlikowski, R., Lubowicka, E., Chrostek, L., & Przylipiak, A. (2018). Impact of face proportions on face attractiveness. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 17(6), 954–959. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.12783
Ramsey, J. L., Langlois, J. H., Hoss, R. A., Rubenstein, A. J., & Griffin, A. M. (2004). Origins of a stereotype: Categorization of facial attractiveness by 6- month-old infants. Developmental Science, 7(2), 201-211.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. (2006). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg (Ed), Handbook of child psychology (6th edition): Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 571-645). Wiley.
Runeson, S., & Frykholm, G. (1983). Kinematic specification of dynamics as an informational basis for person-and-action perception: Expectation, gender recognition, and deceptive intention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 112(4), 585–615.
Saegusa, C., & Watanabe, K. (2015). Judgments of facial attractiveness as a combination of facial parts information over time: Social and aesthetic factors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 42(2), 173-179.
https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000149
Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2015). 發展心理學上下冊（林淑玲和李明芝譯）。學富文化。（原著出版於2015年）
Slovic, P. (1995). The construction of preference, American Psychologist, 50, 364–371.
Smith, E., & Mackie, D. (2001). 社會心理學（莊耀嘉、王重鳴譯）。桂冠。（原著出版於1995年）
Tatarunaite, E., Playle, R., Hood, K., Shaw, W., & Richmond, S. (2005). Facial attractiveness: A longitudinal study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 127(6), 676-682.
Thornhill, R., & Gangestad, S. W. (1999). Facial attractiveness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(12), 452-460.
Todorov, A., Baron, S., & Oosterhof, N.N. (2008). Evaluating face trustworthiness: A model based approach. Social, Cognitive, & Affective Neuroscience, 3, 119–127.
Webster, M., & Driskell, J. E. (1983). Beauty as status. American Journal of Sociology, 89(1), 140-165.
Wincenciak, J., Dzhelyova, M., Perrett, D. I., & Barraclough, N. E. (2013). Adaptation to facial trustworthiness is different in female and male observers. Vision Research, 87, 30–34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2013.05.007
Wrightsman, L .S . (1964). Measurement of philosophies of human nature. Psychological Reports, 14, 743-751.
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Montepare, J. M. (2008). Social psychological face perception: Why appearance matters. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1497–1517.