研究生: |
黃資芳 |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
外籍生對華語讚美語之語用與文化差異之研究 |
指導教授: | 葉德明 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2002 |
畢業學年度: | 90 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 121 |
中文關鍵詞: | 讚美 、華語教學 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:413 下載:247 |
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一個以華語為外語的語言學習者,也許已能把語法結構駕馭的十分純熟,也可以發出趨近於母語者的語音,然其語言使用卻可能還是與母語使用者格格不入,這並非是語言結構的問題,而是與標的語及母語的文化背景息息相關。本論文選擇「讚美」這一項目,以實驗的方法去分析學習者如何應對「讚美」的行為,其中包括如何表達讚美及偏好對何種事物或行為發出讚美,另一方面並牽涉到一部份台灣人所習用的表面似乎呈現褒意但實際不然的非讚美的辨識。
本文將外國組的受訪者限定為學習華語一年或500小時以上的外籍學生,以免因其基礎知識不夠而聽不懂讚美語或僅止於會說「謝謝」的地步。研究方法為找尋不同國籍及性別但母語為華語以外其他語言的外籍學生二十名為受訪者,以封閉式的問卷(選擇題)來做訪談,為比較起見,另擇母語為華語的台灣人二十名做同一份問卷以資對照,而後分析其結果作出歸納和統計,以觀察與前人研究是否一致或存在何種程度的出入。
全文一共分為五章。第一章旨在說明研究的動機、目的、重要性,並提出五個假設及三大研究範圍。第二章收集中英文資料裡,前人所作過相關的讚美語研究,分成五個部份來討論。第三章的重點是陳述本研究的實驗過程及問卷設計,並對受訪者的資料作出整理。在第四章將研究結果分成兩大部份,即文化背景與社會背景的影響來呈現,其中文化方面分為學習時間、國籍與僑居地三部份;而社會背景則有性別、年齡、學歷、職業四個層面。最後一部份是結論,並提出一些對華語的讚美教學的建議。
中文部份:
1. 王建勤主編. 1997. 《漢語作為第二語言的習得研究》.北京: 北京語言文化大學出版社.
2. 王萸芳.2000. 《中文會話中讚美語及其回應之語言特徵》.國科會補助專題研究計畫成果報告.
3. 周思源主編. 1997. 《對外漢語教學與文化》.北京: 北京語言文化大學出版社.
英文部份:
1. 王文賢. 1992. American cultural values and compliments: a crosscultural study. 碩士論文.台北: 台灣師大英研所.
2. 李泰賢. 1995. Compliment and teasing. 碩士論文.台北: 台灣師大英研所.
3. 詹曉蕙. 1998. Compliment response in Mandarin Chinese: A sociolinguistic analysis. 碩士論文.台北: 政治大學語言所.
4. Barnlund, Dean C., and Shoko Araki. 1985. Intercultural encounters: The management of compliment by Japanese and Americans. Journal of cross-cultural psychology 16. 9-26.
5. Billmyer, Kristine A. 1990. The effect of formal instruction on the development of sociolinguistic competence: The performance of compliments. Doctoral Dissertation.
6. Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
7. Chen, Rong. 1993. Responding to compliments: A contrastive study of politeness strategies between American English and Chinese speakers. Journal of pragmatics 20. 49-75.
8. Chang, Yin-ling. 1989. Chinese compliment in Chinese Cultural Context. Article for the Third Annual Conference on Pragmatics and Language Learning. Illinois: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
9. George Yule. 1996. Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Herbert, Robert K. 1988. The ethnography of English compliment and compliment response: A contrastive sketch. In W. Oleksy (Ed.), Contrastive Pragmatics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
11. Herbert, R., and Straight, H. 1989. Compliment-rejection versus compliment-avoidance: Listener-based versus speaker-based pragmatic strategies. Language and Communication, 9. 35-47.
12. Herbert, R. 1990. Sex-based differences in compliment behavior. In Language in Society, 19. 201-224.
13. Herbert, R. 1991. The sociology of compliment work: An ethnocontrastive study of Polish and English compliments. In Multilingua, 10. 381-402.
14. Holmes, Janet. 1986. Compliments and compliment response in New Zealand English. Anthropological Linguistics 28.4. 485-508.
15. Holmes, J. and Brown, D. F. 1987. Teachers and students learning about compliments. TESOL Quarterly, 21. 523-546.
16. Holmes, J. 1988. Paying compliment: A sex-preferential politeness strategies. Journal of Pragmatics, 12. 445-465.
17. Knapp, M., Happer, R., and Bell R. 1984. Compliments: A descriptive taxonomy. Journal of Communication, 34. 12-31.
18. Lee., C. 1990. Cute yaw haiya-nah! Hawaii Creole English compliments and their response: Implications for cross-cultural pragmatics failure. University of Hawaii Working Paper in ESL, 9. 115-161.
19. Lei Ye. 1995. Pragmatics of Chinese as native and target language: Complimenting in Mandarin Chinese. 207-295. Hawaii: University of Hawaii.
20. Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B. 1989. Praising and complimenting. In W. Oleksy (Ed.), Contrastive pragmatics. 73-100. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
21. Manes, Joan, and Wolfson, Nessa. 1981. The compliment formula. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), Conversational Routine. 115-132. The Hague: Mouton.
22. Manes, Joan. 1983. Compliment: A mirror of cultural values. In N. Wolfson and E. Judd (Eds.), Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition. 96-102. Massachusetts: Newbury House.
23. Pomerantz, A. 1978. Compliment response: Notes on the co-operation of multiple constrains. In J. Schenkein (Ed.), Studies in the organization of conversational interaction. 79-112. New York: Academic Press.
24. Shih, Yu-hwei. 1994. Conversational politeness and foreign language teaching. Taipei: Crane.
25. Wolfson, N. 1981. Compliments in cross-cultural perspective. TESOL Quarterly, 15. 117-124.
26. Wolfson, N. 1989. Perspectives: Sociolinguistics and TESOL. Cambridge, MA: Newbury House.
27. Zuo, H. 1988. Verbal interactions of compliment in American English and Chinese. In W. Hu (Ed.), Intercultural communication: What is means to Chinese learners of English. 117-136. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation.