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研究生：	鄭惠文 Huei-Wen Cheng
論文名稱：	運用寫作評量軟體批改高中生英文作文之研究 Utilizing Automated Writing Evaluation Software in Correcting High School Students' Compositions
指導教授：	陳浩然 Chen, Hao-Jan
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2012
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	81
中文關鍵詞：	錯誤回饋、自動寫作評量、英文作文
英文關鍵詞：	error feedback, automated writing evaluation, English composition
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：237 下載：30
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在英文學習領域中，隨著網際網路的發達與全球化的影響，英文寫作扮演日益重要的角色。學生期盼能有更多的練習，以便因應將來各種需要以英文寫作的場合。但在台灣的高中裡，因班級人數眾多，批改作文及給予適當回饋建議對英文老師是一大負擔。近年來有些寫作評量軟體可以提供學生立即的批改與回饋，可以減輕老師的負擔。但隨著越來越多人使用這些軟體，有必要針對系統優缺點進行進一步研究。本研究檢驗一個新的寫作評量軟體Correct English所提供的寫作錯誤回饋並發現此軟體的優點與缺點。研究對象為90位來自兩所公立高中的高三學生。本研究收集此軟體針對146篇高中學生作文所提供的各種寫作錯誤回饋並加以分析；並進一步比較軟體提供的回饋與老師提供的回饋之間的差異。結果顯示此軟體提供了40種不同的回饋訊息，但大約有三分之一的回饋是錯誤訊息。此外，與老師提供的回饋相比，此系統仍然無法偵測許多學生的常見錯誤，如介系詞、時態、詞性與冠詞等；也無法提供句子改寫的功能。本研究建議使用此類寫作評量軟體的老師須注意其在教學上的使用。融合老師的引導與詳細的指示，英文老師便能善用現有的軟體功能來幫助學生寫作。

In respect of English learning, the ability of writing well has been more and more important with the advances of the Internet and the trend of globalization. Learners expect to have more practices to prepare themselves for various occasions in which they have to write in English. However, for high schools in Taiwan, with more than 40 students in a class, grading and giving feedback on students’ writing has been a burden for English teachers in Taiwan. In recent years, there have been some automated writing evaluation (AWE) systems developed to provide learners with computerized feedback. These systems seem to be an alternative way to help teachers in the process of correcting essays since AWE systems promise to provide immediate score and feedback. Targeting at a newly-developed AWE system, this study aims to investigate the employment of the AWE system in correcting high school students’ compositions and find out whether the system can provide usable feedback for its users to revise their writing.
A total of 90 12th grade students from two senior high schools in Taipei were recruited in the study. Each of the students was asked to write two compositions on the assigned topics. An automated writing evaluation program called Correct English was used to generate the computerized feedback messages. At the same time, two human raters corrected and commented on the compositions. Afterwards, the computer-generated feedback messages on writing errors were compared with those of human raters’.
The results showed that Correct English provided 40 types of error feedback. Among the error feedback messages provided by the AWE system, one third of them were false alarms, which would confuse the learners. In addition, compared with the errors identified by human raters, there were still many common errors left untreated by the AWE system, such as errors in prepositions, verb tense, word form, and articles. Besides, human raters rewrote the sentences or provide suggestions when there were unclear or ungrammatical expressions, but the AWE system was not able to offer feedback on sentence level.
Based on the major findings of this study, it is suggested that language teachers should pay attention to the use of AWE systems in class. Teacher’s guidance, specific instructions and follow-up activities should be incorporated so that instructors can make the best use of the available functions to assist learners to become better writers.

List of Tables………………………………………………………………………vi
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………viii
Chapter One Introduction    1
1.1 Background    1
1.2 Purpose of the study    4
1.3 Research Questions    4
1.4 Significance of the Study    5
1.5 Organization of the Thesis    5
Chapter Two Literature Review    7
2.1 Issues in error correction    7
2.1.1 The case against grammar correction    7
2.1.2 The case for grammar correction    8
2.1.3 To correct or not to correct?    9
2.2 Brief Introduction of the Development of Automated Writing Evaluation    10
2.3 Previous studies of using AWE systems in EFL contexts    12
2.3.1 Previous studies on students’ perceptions    12
2.3.2 Previous studies concerning AWE grammar feedback accuracy    18
2.3.3 Previous studies about the comparison between AWE and peer feedback    21
2.4 Overall Strengths and Weaknesses of AWE Systems    24
2.5 Summary of Chapter Two    26
Chapter Three Methodology    27
3.1 Subjects    27
3.2 Instrument    28
3.3 Procedure    32
Chapter Four    34
4.1 Types and numbers of corrective feedback identified by Correct English and human raters    34
4.2 The analysis of the error feedback types provided by Correct English    36
4.2.1 The top twenty error types identified by Correct English and their accuracy rates    37
4.2.2 Discussion of the performance of Correct English    48
4.2.3 Other findings in the error feedback provided by Correct English    51
4.3 The analysis of the error feedback types identified by human raters    53
4.3.1 The analysis of the top twenty error types identified by human raters and the comparison with feedback provided by Correct English    54
4.3.2 Comparison of the top twenty error feedback types provided by human raters and Correct English    60
4.3.3 Discussion of the error feedback messages provided by human raters and Correct English    61
4.4 Summary of Chapter Four    63
Chapter Five    65
5.1 Summary    65
5.2 Pedagogical Implications    66
5.3 Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for Further Research    68
REFERENCES    70
Appendix: Teacher’s Rewrite    75

List of Tables

Table 1. The Number and Error Types Provided by Correct English and Human Raters    35
Table 2. The Types and Numbers of Error Messages Provided by Correct English    36
Table 3. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Spelling Errors by Correct English    37
Table 4. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Clause Errors by Correct English    38
Table 5. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Subject-Verb agreement Errors by Correct English    39
Table 6. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Word Form Errors by Correct English    39
Table 7. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Punctuation Errors by Correct English    40
Table 8. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Noun Phrase Consistency Errors by Correct English    40
Table 9. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Infinitive or –ing Forms by Correct English    41
Table 10. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Verb Group Consistency Errors by Correct English    42
Table 11. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Weak / Non-standard Modifiers by Correct English    42
Table 12. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Adverb Placement Errors by Correct English    43
Table 13. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Capitalization Errors by Correct English    43
Table 14. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Missing/ Unnecessary/ Incorrect Articles by Correct English    44
Table 15. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Wordy Expressions by Correct English    44
Table 16. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Redundant Expressions by Correct English    45
Table 17. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for A vs. An Errors by Correct English    46
Table 18. Examples of False Alarms for Vague quantifiers by Correct English    46
Table 19. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Preposition Errors by Correct English    47
Table 20. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Nouns: Mass or Count Errors by Correct English    47
Table 21. Examples of Correct Detection for Open vs. Closed Spelling Errors by Correct English    48
Table 22. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Word Confusion by Correct English    48
Table 23. Summary of the Accuracy Rates of the Top Twenty Error Feedback Messages by Correct English    49
Table 24. Examples of Correct Detection and False Alarms for Homonyms by Correct English and Human Raters    51
Table 25. Examples of False Alarms for Passive Voice Usages by Correct English    52
Table 26. Examples of False Alarms for Clichés by Correct English    52
Table 27. The Types and Numbers of Error Messages Identified by Human Raters    53
Table 28. Examples of Teacher’s Rewrite by Human raters and the Comparison with Feedback by Correct English    55
Table 29. Examples of Word Confusion Errors Identified by Human Raters    57
Table 30. Examples of Misused Words Detected by Human Raters    57
Table 31. Examples of Detection of Idiomatic Expressions Errors by Correct English and Human Raters    58
Table 32. Examples of Detection for Relative Pronoun Errors by Human raters    59
Table 33. Examples of Detection for Word Order by Human raters and Correct English    59
Table 34. Examples of Detection for Run-on Sentences by Human raters    59
Table 35. Examples of Detection for Unclear Meaning by Human raters    60
Table 36. The Top Twenty Types and Numbers of Error Messages Identified by Correct English and Human Raters    60
Table 37. The Number and Error Types Shared by Correct English and Human Raters    ……………………………………………………………………………62










List of Figures

Figure 1. Basic Check Marked by Correct English    ….29
Figure 2. Grammar and Usage Feedback Provided by Correct English    30
Figure 3. Style Choice Suggested by Correct English    30
Figure 4. The Function of Writing Help in Correct English    31
Figure 5. The Function of Reference in Correct English    32
Figure 6. Occurrence of the Error Types Provided by Correct English    37
Figure 7. The Distribution of Accuracy Rate for the Top Twenty Error Types Detected by Correct English    50
Figure 8. Occurrence of the Error Types Provided by Human Raters…………….54

                                

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