研究生: |
張祐齊 Chang, Yu-Chi |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
「語法塊」作為華語教學語法的基本單位:以「了」為例 "Grammar Chunks" as Basic Units of Pedagogical Grammar: Take Chinese Grammar- "Le" as an Example |
指導教授: |
曾金金
Tseng, Chin-Chin |
口試委員: |
李子瑄
Li, Zi-Xuan 洪嘉馡 Hong, Jia-Fei 曾金金 Tseng, Chin-Chin |
口試日期: | 2022/01/17 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2022 |
畢業學年度: | 110 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 161 |
中文關鍵詞: | 二語習得 、教學語法 、了 、教材分析 、中介語分析 |
英文關鍵詞: | second language acquisition, pedagogical grammar, "le", textbook analysis, interlanguage analysis |
研究方法: | 教材分析 、 中介語分析 、 偏誤分析 、 對比分析 、 篇章分析 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202200328 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:195 下載:43 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究基於線上互動語料的觀察,提出「語法塊」作為一個包含語言結構、意義、語境資訊「整體概念」的教學語法單位,說明「語法塊」和語言結構、語境、語法功能的關聯。藉由觀察實習教師與漢語第二語言學習者的線上互動語料,以第二語言習得的觀點,探討「語法塊」是否更適合作為華語教學語法的基本單位,並可避免使用「語法點」作為教學單位所衍生的問題。以「語法塊」作為教學語法的基本單位應用在語法教學與教材編寫上,可以提供學習者漢語語法的各語言平面資訊,解決學習者的理解困難,並幫助其在自然對話中使用該語法。
本研究以漢語語法「了」為例,從高級程度華語個案學習者收集了共計九次課堂,時長約十二小時中介語語料中,觀察學習者對「了」的「語法塊」習得歷程,研究其語法難易、語義認知、教學排序等第二語言的語法習得上的問題。並提出以「語法塊」作為教學語法的基本單位,應符合三項前提:一、語境前提:「語法塊」在特定語境有對應意義;二、結構前提:「語法塊」的共現頻率高、黏著性強;三、第二語言習得前提:「語法塊」可以與學習者母語的概念對應。
本研究更對照教材中所收錄的「了」相關「語法項目」,總結出五個用以評估教材描述是否符合學習者二語習得需求的具體指標,分別為:一、對語言結構的說明;二、對語言基本語義、語言功能的說明;三、是否提供典型例句;四、對使用語境的說明;五、提供對應的外語翻譯或外語說明。
Based on the observation of online interactive corpus, this study proposes "grammar chunk" as a pedagogical grammar unit containing "whole concept" of language structure, meaning, and contextual information.
By observing the online interactive corpus of a trainee teacher and a Chinese as second language learner, and from the perspective of second language acquisition, this research observes the online interactive corpus of trainee teacher and Chinese as a second language learner, to indicate the "grammar chunk" is more suitable as the basic unit of pedagogical grammar and can avoid the problems derived from using "grammar" as Chinese grammar unit.
Taking "grammar chunk" as the basic unit of pedagogical grammar and applied in grammar teaching and textbook compilation, it can provide learners with information on each language level of Chinese grammar, solve learner’s difficulties in understanding, and help them use the grammar in natural dialogues.
Taking the Chinese grammar "le" as an example, this study collected a total of nine classes from an advanced-level Chinese case, with a duration of about 12 hours of interlanguage corpus and observed the learner's acquisition of the "grammar chunks" of "le" to study learner's grammar acquisition problems, including the second language's grammar difficulty, semantic cognition, and learning order of grammar.
It also proposes that using "grammar chunk" as the basic unit of pedagogical grammar should meet three premises: First, contextual premise: "grammar chunk" has corresponding meaning in a specific context; Second, structural premise: co-occurrence of "grammar chunk" have a high frequency and strong adhesion; Third, the premise of second language acquisition: "grammar chunk" can correspond to concepts in the learner's native language.
In this study, it compares the actual used "le"-related "grammar chunks" in the online interactive corpus to the "le"-related "grammar items" included in the textbook, five specific indicators are summarized to evaluate whether the description of the textbook meets the learner's second language acquisition needs. They are: First, explanation of language structure; Second, explanation of the basic semantics and functions of the language; Third, whether to provide typical example sentences; Fourth, explanation of the context of use; Fifth, whether to provide corresponding foreign language translation or foreign language explanation.
中文部分
丁崇明(2009)。現代漢語語法教程。北京:北京大學出版社。
孔令躍(2018)。對外漢語教學語塊研究評述①。華語教學與研究,(1)。
王力(1943)。中國現代語法。香港中華書局。
朱德熙(1981)。語法講義。北京:商務印書館。
邢志群(2013)。對外漢語教學法。台北:文鶴出版有限公司。
呂文華(1999) 。對外漢語教學語法體系研究。北京:北京語言文化大學。
呂文華(1987)。漢語教材語法項目的選擇和編排。語言教學與研究第三期。北京:北京語言文化大學。
呂叔湘(1980)。現代漢語八百詞。北京:商務印書館。
呂叔湘(1982)。中國文法要略。台北:文史哲出版社。
呂叔湘(2002)。漢語語法論文集。北京:商務印書館。
佟秉正(1984)。語法教學之理論與實踐—動詞詞尾「-了」與語氣助詞「了」之教學。第一屆世界華語文教學研討會論文集語法組,175-188。
吳穎純(2015)。虛詞「了」在初級教材中的教學設計—以圖示語境設計為例。台北:國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文(未出版)。
屈承熹(1999)。漢語認知功能語法。台北:文鶴出版有限公司。
屈承熹(2010)。漢語功能篇章語法:從認知、功能到篇章結構。台北:文鶴出版社。
范曉(1996)。三個平面的語法觀。北京:北京語言學院出版社。
胡裕樹(1981)。現代漢語。上海:上海教育出版社。
陳俊光(2007)。對比分析與教學應用。台北:文鶴出版有限公司。
陳俊光(2010)。篇章分析與教學應用。台北:文鶴出版有限公司。
曾金金、盧廣誠、林秋芳(2011)。語法模板與意象圖示在華語句型多媒體教學之應用─以「了」和「還沒」為例的行動學習模式。
董子昀、陳浩然、楊惠媚(2015)。以「華語學習者語料庫」為本的「了」 字句偏誤分析。中文計算語言學期刊, 20(1),76-95。
靳洪剛(2004)。語言定式教學法在中文習得和中文教學中的作用 (The role of formulaic speech in teaching and learning patterned Chinese structures). Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 39(1),45-62。
靳洪剛(2005)。第二語言習得與語言形式為中心的結構教學探討。中文教師學會學報,1。
靳洪剛(2016)。從語言組塊研究談語言定式教學法 (From formulaic sequences studies to teaching in chunks approach)。國際漢語教育 (International Chinese Language Education),1(10),22-36。
溫曉虹(2008)。語言習得與語法教學。漢語學習,1。
趙元任(1968)。中國話的文法 (A Grammar of Spoken Chinese)。美國:加州大學出版社。
劉月華、潘文娛、故韡(1983)。實用現代漢語語法。北京:商務印書館。
劉月華、潘文娛、故韡(2001)。實用現代漢語語法(增訂本)。北京:商務印書館。
鄧守信(2005)。漢語語法論文集。台北:文鶴出版有限公司。
鄧守信(2009)。對外漢語教學語法。台北:文鶴出版有限公司。
管韻(2010)。現代漢語完成體 [了] 的探討與教學。台北:國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文(未出版)。
英文部分
Bloom, B. S. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives. Vol. 1: Cognitive domain. New York: McKay, 20(24), 1.
Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles of language learning and teaching (Vol. 4). New York: Longman.
Conklin, K., & Schmitt, N. (2012). The processing of formulaic language. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 32, 45-61.
Corder, S. P. (1967). The significance of learner's errors.
Ellis, N. C. (2001). Memory for language (pp. 33-68). na.
Ellis, N. C. (2003). Constructions, chunking, and connectionism: The emergence of second language structure. The handbook of second language acquisition, 14, 63.
Ellis, N. C. (2012). Formulaic language and second language acquisition: Zipf and the phrasal teddy bear. Annual review of applied linguistics, 32, 17-44.
Fillmore, L. W. (1976). The second time around: Cognitive and social strategies in second language acquisition. Stanford University.
Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (1983). Language Transfer in Language Learning. Issues in Second Language Research. Newbury House Publishers, Inc., Rowley MA 0l969.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1967). ‘Notes on transitivity and theme in English: part 2’, Journal of Linguistics 3, 199–244.
Halliday, M. A. (1985). Systemic background. Systemic perspectives on discourse, 1, 1-15.
Han, Z., & Selinker, L. (2005). Fossilization in L2 learners. In Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp. 479-494). Routledge.
Harris, Z. (1952). Discourse analysis. Language, 1–30
Klein, W., Li, P., & Hendriks, H. (2000). Aspect and assertion in Mandarin Chinese. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 18(4), 723-770.
Knowles, E. (2006). The Oxford dictionary of phrase and fable. OUP Oxford.
Krashen, S., & Scarcella, R. (1978). ON ROUTINES AND PATTERNS IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND PERFORMANCE 1. Language learning, 28(2), 283-300.
Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition. Second Language Learning, 3(7), 19-39.
Krashen, S.D. (1981) Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning, Oxford: Pergamon Press
Krashen, S. (1982). Principles and practice in second language acquisition.
Krashen, S. D. (1982). Child-Adult Differences in Second Language Acquisition. Series on Issues in Second Language Research. Newbury House Publishers, Inc., Rowley, MA 01969.
Lado, R. 1957. Linguistics Across Cultures. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Li, C. N., & Thompson, S. A. (1989). Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar (Vol. 3). Univ of California Press
Li, B., Fan, H., & Lee, P. L. P. (2017). Chinese aspect marker-le and its acquisition by American English speakers. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 4(1), 1-21.
Lyons, J. (1968). Introduction to theoretical linguistics (Vol. 510). Cambridge university press.
Meulemans, T., & Van der Linden, M. (1997). Associative chunk strength in artificial grammar learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(4), 1007.
Nattinger, J. R., & DeCarrico, J. S. (1992). Lexical phrases and language teaching. Oxford University Press.
Newby, D. (2004). Pedagogical grammar. Routledge encyclopedia of language teaching and learning, 459-461.
Newby, D. (2008). Pedagogical grammar: A cognitive+ communicative approach. W. Delanoy & L. Volkmann (eds.), 29-41.
Odlin, T. (1989). Language transfer: Cross-linguistic influence in language learning. Cambridge University Press.
Odlin, T. (ed.) (1994) Perspectives on Pedagogical Grammar, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Pawley, A., & Syder, F. H. (1983). Natural selection in syntax: Notes on adaptive variation and change in vernacular and literary grammar. Journal of pragmatics, 7(5), 551-579.
Reber, A. S. (1967). Implicit learning of artificial grammars. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 6(6), 855-863.
Ross, C., He, B., Chen, P. C., & Yeh, M. (2018). Modern Mandarin Chinese: The Routledge Course Textbook Level 1. Routledge.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage.
Taguchi, N. (2007). Chunk learning and the development of spoken discourse in a Japanese as a foreign language classroom. Language Teaching Research, 11(4), 433-457.
Wardhaugh, R. (1970). The contrastive analysis hypothesis. TESOL quarterly, 123-130.
Widdowson, H. G. (1995). Discourse analysis: a critical view. Language and literature, 4(3), 157-172.
Wray, A. (2002). Formulaic language and the lexicon. Cambridge University Press, 110 Midland Ave., Port Chester, NY 10573-4930 (45 British pounds).
教材
王淑美、盧翠英、陳夜寧(2008)。新版實用視聽華語(一)。新北:正中書局股份有限公司。
王淑美、盧翠英、陳夜寧(2008)。新版實用視聽華語(二)。新北:正中書局股份有限公司。
北京語言學院(1977)。漢語課本。北京:商務印書館。
北京大學外國留學生中國語文專班(1958)。漢語教科書。北京大學。
范慧貞、劉秀芝、蕭美美(2008)。新版實用視聽華語(三)。新北:正中書局股份有限公司。
范慧貞、劉秀芝、蕭美美(2008)。新版實用視聽華語(四)。新北:正中書局股份有限公司。
范慧貞、劉秀芝、蕭美美(2008)。新版實用視聽華語(五)。新北:正中書局股份有限公司。
鄧守信主編、王佩卿、陳慶華、黃桂英(2015)。當代中文課程(一)。新北:聯經出版公司。
鄧守信主編、王慧娟、孫懿芬、劉崇仁(2015)。當代中文課程(二)。新北:聯經出版公司。
鄧守信主編、王瓊淑、盧翠英、盧德昭(2016)。當代中文課程(三)。新北:聯經出版公司。
鄧守信主編、丁國雲、胡睦苓、陳淑美(2016)。當代中文課程(四)。新北:聯經出版公司。
鄧守信主編、何沐容、洪芸琳、鄧巧如(2018)。當代中文課程(五)。新北:聯經出版公司。
鄧守信主編、王文娟、洪秀蓉、陳靜子(2018)。當代中文課程(六)。新北:聯經出版公司。