過去因為工業而蓬勃發展的城市，在經歷了全球化及去工業化的挑戰之後，面臨了嚴重的經濟衰退及伴隨而來的社會問題。為了復甦城市經濟，後工業化城市開始試圖以文化發展觀光，並啟動城市的再生，格拉斯哥和畢爾包便是工業城市轉型再生的成功案例。對於後工業城市而言，發展城市觀光的目的便在於取代已非經濟重心的工業，同時創造就業機會並將閒置土地做更好的利用。本文以曾經是德國最大傳統重工業帶的魯爾工業區為研究個案，配合相關文獻回顧，以個案研究方式分三個主題探討後工業化城市的觀光發展。首先討論工業遺產，魯爾區善加利用工業時期遺留下來之遺產發展工業遺產觀光，使工業遺產能夠延續其本質，並且透過轉化的過程創造出新的利用性價值，替魯爾區帶來正面的環境、社會文化、以及經濟影響；第二個主題為大型文化節慶，以2010歐洲文化之都為例，佐以多項數據證明歐洲文化之都確實為魯爾區帶來觀光效益急遽成長，並且成功改善其城市意象及提高遊客的再訪率，建立永續發展的基石；最後以埃森市的關稅同盟礦區為例，分析魯爾區藉由各部門之間的夥伴關係與治理網絡，克服其區域上的複雜性，順利整合資源發展文化觀光。結論的部分歸納出魯爾區的觀光發展進程以及其成功的要素，並提出其未來可能面對的挑戰與反思。

Cities that had flourished from thriving industry were fraught with severe economic decline and subsequent social problems because of globalization and de-industrialization. To rebuild the economy, post-industrial cities started to promote cultural tourism to boost urban regeneration. For post-industrial cities, the goal of developing city tourism is to substitute the shrinking industry, create new job opportunities, and exploit the unused land. Taking the Ruhr Region, once the Germany's largest heavy industrial belt, as a case, discussion on three different topics is made to explore its tourism development. The discussion begins on how the Ruhr plays to its strengths to develop industrial heritage tourism, which creates new value for the legacy of industrial era through a process of transformation from production to consumption, and has positive impacts on environmental, socio-cultural, and economic aspects. Then comes the section of event, in which 2010 European Capital of Culture is taken as a representative example. Evidence has shown that the title of ECOC bings Ruhr beneficial results in both tourism development and image improvement. Finally, the topic of governance and partnership between different sectors is brought up. Through vertical and horizontal networ, Ruhr successfully integrate resources to boost cultural tourism. Conducting case study as the research approach, the study explores how post-industrial cities develop tourism and achieve the goal of sustainable development.

外文文獻
Allen, J., O’Toole, W., & McDonnell, I. (2005). Festival and special event management. Brisbane: John Wiley & Sons Australia.
Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (1999). Old cities, new pasts: Heritage planning in selected cities of Central Europe. GeoJournal, 49(1), 105-116.
Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (2000). The Tourist-Historic City: Retrospect and Prospect od Managing the Heritage City. New York, NY: Routledge.
Beaumont, N., & Dredge, D. (2010). Local tourism governance: A comparison of three network approaches. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(1), 7-28.
Bekemeier, K. (2007). Höhen aus der Tiefe. Bergehalden in Bergbauregionen Westfalens gestern und heute. Geographische Kommission für Westfalen, 160-161. https://www.lwl.org/westfalen-regional-download/PDF/S160_Bergehalden.pdf
Belfiore, E. (2002). Art as a means of alleviating social exclusion: does it really work? A critique of instrumental cultural policies and social impact studies in the UK. International journal of cultural policy, 8(1), 91-106.
Bianchini, F. (1993). Culture, conflict and cities: issues and prospects for the 1990s. In F. Bianchini and M. Parkinson (Eds.), Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: The West European Experience, (pp. 199-213). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Boniface, P., & Fowler, P. J. (1993). Heritage and tourism in "the global village". London, UK: Routledge.
Booth, P., & Boyle, R. (1993). See Glasgow, see culture. In F. Bianchini and M. Parkinson (Eds.), Cultural policy and urban regeneration: The West European experience, (pp. 21-47). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
Bottmeyer, M. (2011, May). Land Management of Former Industrial Landscapes in The Economic Metropolis Ruhr. In Bridging the Gap Between Cultures. Symposium conducted at the meeting of FIG Working Week, Marrakech, Morocco.
Boyd, S. (2002). Cultural and heritage tourism in Canada: Opportunities, principles and challenges. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 3(3), 211-233.
Bramwell, B. (2004). Partnerships, participation, and social science research in tourism planning. In A. Lew, C.M. Hall, & A. Williams (Eds.), A companion to tourism (pp. 541–554). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
Bramwell, B., & Rawding, L. (1994). Tourism marketing organizations in industrial cities: Organizations, objectives and urban governance. Tourism Management, 15(6), 425-434.
Bramwell, B., & Rawding, L. (1996). Tourism marketing images of industrial cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), 201-221
Butler, R. W. (1974). The social implications of tourist developments. Annals of tourism research, 2(2), 100-111.
Chhabra, D., Healy, R., & Sills, E. (2003). Staged authenticity and heritage tourism. Annals of tourism research, 30(3), 702-719.
Chmielewska, M. (2010). Tourism as a way of revitalization of post-industrial landscape: the Industrial Heritage Trail in Ruhr Area (Germany). In Rahmonov O.,(red.), Anthropogenic aspects of landscape transformations, 6, 11-15.
Ćopić, S., Đorđević, J., Lukić, T., Stojanović, V., Đukičin, S., Besermenji, S., Stamenković, I., & Tumarić, A. (2014). Transformation of Industrial Heritage—an Example of Tourism Industry Development in the Ruhr Area (Germany). Geographica Pannonica, 18(2), 43-50.
De Vaus, D. (2001). Research design in social research. London, UK: SAGE.
Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) (2004). Culture at the Heart of Regeneration, London: DCMS.
Dredge, D. (2006). Networks, conflict and collaborative communities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(6), 562.
Edwards, J. A., & Llurdés, J. C. (1996). Mines and quarries: industrial heritage tourism. Annals of tourism research, 23(2), 341-363.
Edwards, M. (2002). Public sector governance—future issues for Australia. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 61(2), 51-61.
Evans, G. (2003). Hard‐branding the cultural city–from Prado to Prada. International journal of urban and regional research, 27(2), 417-440.
Evans, G. (2005). Measure for measure: Evaluating the evidence of culture's contribution to regeneration. Urban studies, 42(5-6), 959-983.
Fladmark, J. M. (1998). In search of heritage: as pilgrim or tourist? Shaftesbury, UK: Donhead Publishing.
Frances, J., Levačić, R., Mitchell, J., & Thompson, G. (1991). Introduction. In G. Thompson, J. Frances, R. Levačić, & J. Mitchell (Eds.), Markets, hierarchies and networks: The coordination of social life (pp. 1–19). London, UK: Sage.
García, B. (2004a). Cultural policy and urban regeneration in Western European cities: lessons from experience, prospects for the future. Local economy, 19(4), 312-326.
García, B. (2004b). Urban regeneration, arts programming and major events: Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004. International journal of cultural policy, 10(1), 103-118.
Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2001). Heritage tourism: A question of definition. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(4), 1049-1052.
Goch, S. (2001). Das Ruhrgebiet–Die Entstehung einer Region?. Geographische Revue, 1, 23-42.
Goch, S. (2002). Betterment without Airs: Social, Cultural, and political Consequences of De-industrialization in the Ruhr. International Review of Social History, 47(S10), 87-111.
Gómez, M. V. (1998). Reflective images: the case of urban regeneration in Glasgow and Bilbao. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 22(1), 106-121.
Graham, B., Ashworth, G. J., & Tunbridge, J. E. (2000). A geography of heritage: power, culture and economy. London, UK: Arnold.
Halewood, C., & Hannam, K. (2001). Viking heritage tourism: authenticity and commodification. Annals of tourism research, 28(3), 565-580.
Hall, C. M. (1992). Hallmark tourist events: impacts, management and planning. London, UK: Belhaven Press.
Hall, C. M. (2011). A typology of governance and its implications for tourism policy analysis. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(4-5), 437-457.
Hardy, D. (1988). Historical geography and heritage studies. Area, 20(4), 333-338.
Harvey, D. (1989). The urban experience. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Heckmann, U. (2010, October). Route der Industriekultur. In ERIH Annual Conference 2010. Symposium conducted at the meeting of European Route of Industrial Heritage, Terrassa, Spain.
Hewison, R. (1987). The heritage industry: Britain in a climate of decline. London, UK: Methuen.
Hill, C. J., & Lynn, L. E. (2005). Is hierarchical governance in decline? Evidence from empirical research. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(2), 173-195.
Hospers, G. J. (2004). Restructuring Europe’s Rustbelt—The Case of the German Ryhrgebiet. Intereconomics, 39(3), 147-156.
Hughes, G. (1998). Tourism and the semiological realization of space. Destinations: Cultural landscapes of tourism, 17-32.
Jakle, J. A., & Wilson, D. (1992). Derelict landscapes: The wasting of America's built environment. MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1986). Inner-city tourism: resources, tourists and promoters. Annals of Tourism Research, 13(1), 79-100.
Jansen‐Verbeke, M. (1999). Industrial heritage: A nexus for sustainable tourism development. Tourism geographies, 1(1), 70-85.
Jenkins, C. L., & Henry, B. M. (1982). Government involvement in tourism in developing countries. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(4), 499-521.
Judd, D. R., & Fainstein, S. S. (1999). The tourist city. Yale University Press.
Keil, A., & Wetterau, B. (2013). Metropolis Ruhr. A Regional Study of the New Ruhr. Essen, Deutschland: Regionalverband Ruhr.
Kirschenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1988). Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Knaup, J., & Pannebäcker, M. Zeitreise Ruhr. Chronik. Preußische Zeit (1815-1918) Politische und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung 1815-1849. in http://www.zeitreise-ruhr.de/chronik/410-politische_wirtschaftliche_entwicklung_1815-1849.html Retrieved on Jan. 2, 2016
LaBelle, J. M. (2001). Emscher Park, Germany—expanding the definition of a park. In Crossing boundaries in park management: Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands.
Lane, B., Kastenholz, E., Lima, J., & Majewsjki, J. (2013). Industrial Heritage and Agri/Rural Tourism in Europe. Brussels, Belgium: European Parliament.
Law, C. M. (1992). Urban tourism and its contribution to economic regeneration. Urban Studies, 29(3/4), 599-618.
Law, C. M. (2002). Urban tourism: The visitor economy and the growth of large cities. Cengage Learning Emea.
Le Billon, P. (2001). The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflicts. Political geography, 20(5), 561-584.
Lennon, J. J., & Foley, M. (2000). Dark Tourism: the attraction of death and disaster. Cengage Learning EMEA.
Liu, Y. D. (2014). Cultural events and cultural tourism development: Lessons from the European capitals of culture. European Planning Studies, 22(3), 498-514.
Liu, Y. D. (2015). Event-led Strategy for Cultural Tourism Development: The Case of Liverpool as the 2008 European Capital of Culture. disP-The Planning Review, 51(2), 28-40.
Marsh, I. (2002). Governance in Australia: emerging issues and choices. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 61(2), 3-9.
Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism, economic, physical and social impacts. New York, NY: Longman.
Meethan, K. (1996). Consuming (in) the civilized city. Annals of tourism research, 23(2), 322-340.
Murphy, C., & Boyle, E. (2006). Testing a conceptual model of cultural tourism development in the post-industrial city: A case study of Glasgow. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 6(2), 111-128.
Neumann, U., Trettin, L., & Zakrzewski, G. (2012). Tourismus im Ruhrgebiet: Chancen für kleine Unternehmen? Essen, Deutschland: Rheinisch-Westfälisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung.
Organization for Economic and Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2009). The Impact of Cultural on Tourism. Paris, France: OECD.
Paddison, R. (1993). City marketing, image reconstruction and urban regeneration. Urban studies, 30(2), 339-349.
Page, S. (1995). Urban Tourism. London, UK: Routledge.
Park, H. Y. (2014). Heritage Tourism. New York, NY: Routledge.
Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation (Vol. 4). Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage.
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications, inc.
Pierre, J. (2000). Introduction: Understanding governance. In J. Pierre (Ed.), Debating governance: Authenticity, steering and democracy (pp. 1–12). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Pierre, J., & Peters, B.G. (2000). Governance, politics and the state. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The Experience Economy: Work is Theatre & Every Business a Stage. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business Press.
Prentice, R. C. (1993). Tourism and heritage attractions. London, UK: Routledge.
Provan, K. G., & Kenis, P. (2008). Modes of network governance: Structure, management, and effectiveness. Journal of public administration research and theory, 18(2), 229-252.
Quinn, B. (2009) Festivals, events and tourism, in: T. Jamal & M. Robinson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Tourism Studies (pp. 483–503). London: Sage.
Rampton, N., McAteer, N., Mozuraityte, N., Levai, M., & Akçalı, S. (2011). Ex-Post Evaluation of 2010 European Capitals of Culture: Final report for the European Commission Directorate General for Education and Culture. Birmingham, UK: ECORYS.
Revill, G. (1994). Promoting the Forest of Dean: art, ecology and the industrial landscape. Place promotion: The use of publicity and marketing to sell towns and regions. Chichester: John Wiley, 233-45.
Richards, G. (1996). Production and consumption of European cultural tourism. Annals of tourism research, 23(2), 261-283.
Richards, G., & Palmer, R. (2012). Eventful cities: cultural management and urban revitalization. London: Routledge.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban studies, 41(10), 1931-1951.
Roche, M. (1994). Mega-events and urban policy. Annals of Tourism research, 21(1), 1-19.
Rodwin, L., & Sazanami, H. (Eds.). (1991). Industrial change and regional economic transformation: the experience of Western Europe. London: HarperCollins Academic.
Rowthorn, R. E., & Ramaswamy, R. (1997). Deindustrialization: causes and implications. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund
Ruhr Tourismus GmbH (RTG). (2012). Tourismusmarketing für die Metropole Ruhr: Strategie und Maßnahmen für 2012-2016. Lünen, Deutschland: Druckerei Schmidt GmbH & Co.KG.
Russo, A. P., & van Der Borg, J. (2002). Planning considerations for cultural tourism: a case study of four European cities. Tourism management, 23(6), 631-637.
Sandercock, L., & Lysiottis, P. (1998). Towards cosmopolis: Planning for multicultural cities.
Schilcher, D. (2007). Growth versus equity: The continuum of pro-poor tourism and neoliberal governance. Current Issues in Tourism, 10(2-3), 166-193.
Schramm, W. (1971). Notes on Case Studies of Instructional Media Projects.
Scott, N., Baggio, R., & Cooper, C. (2008). Network analysis and tourism: From theory to practice (Vol. 35). Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Scott, N., Cooper, C., & Baggio, R. (2008). Destination networks: four Australian cases. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 169-188.
Sharp, J., Pollock, V., & Paddison, R. (2005). Just art for a just city: public art and social inclusion in urban regeneration. Urban Studies, 42(5-6), 1001-1023.
Short, J. R., Benton, L. M., Luce, W. B., & Walton, J. (1993). Reconstructing the image of an industrial city. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83(2), 207-224.
Smith, M. K. (Ed.). (2006). Tourism, culture and regeneration. UK: Cabi.
Smith, M. (2003). Issues in cultural tourism studies. London: Routledge.
Stake, R. E. (1978). The case study method in social inquiry. Educational researcher, 7(2), 5-8.
Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable tourism management. UK: Cabi.
The International Committee for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage (TICCIH). (2003). The Nizhny Tagil Charter. Nizhny Tagil, Russia: TICCIH.
Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism. Bristol: Channel View Publications.
Timothy, D. J., & Boyd, S. W. (2003). Heritage Tourism. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Unesco. (1972). Convention concerning the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage: adopted by the General conference at its seventeenth session, Paris, 16 November 1972. Unesco.
Unesco. (2003). Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/convention
United Nations Environment Programme. Division of Technology, Industry, and Economics. Production and Consumption Unit, Vourc'h, A., & Denman, R. (2003). Tourism and Local Agenda 21: The Role of Local Authorities in Sustainable Tourism. United Nations Environment Programme.
Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze. London: Sage.
van den Berg, L. D., van der Borg, J., & van der Meer, J. V. (1995). Urban tourism: performance and strategies in eight European cities. UK: Avebury.
van Houtum, H., & Lagendijk, A. (2001). Contextualising regional identity and imagination in the construction of polycentric urban regions: the cases of the Ruhr area and the Basque country. Urban studies, 38(4), 747-767.
Walsh, K. (1992). The representation of the past: museums and heritage in the post-modern world. London, UK: Routledge.
Wirtschaftsförderung metropoleruhr GmbH (wmr). (2008). Konzept Ruhr: Strategie zur nachhaltigen Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung in der Metropole Ruhr. Duisburg, Deutschland: WAZ Druck GmbH & Co KG.
Worpole, K., & Greenhalgh, L. (1999). The Richness of Cities: Urban Policy in a New Landscape. Final Report. Comedia.
Yee, A. S. (2004). Cross‐National Concepts in Supranational Governance: State–Society Relations and EU Policy Making. Governance, 17(4), 487-524.
Yin, R. K. (1989). Case Study Research: Design and methods, applied social research method series. 5. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: design and methods. California: SAGE
Zimmermann, E. W. (1951). World resources and industries. New York, NY: Harper.
Zukin, S. (1995). The cultures of cities (Vol. 150). London: Blackwell.
Zukin, S. (2004, September). Dialogue on urban cultures: Globalization and culture in an urbanizing world. In World Urban Forum, Barcelona (pp. 13-17).

中文文獻
李蕾蕾（2002）。逆工業化與工業遺產旅遊開發：德國魯爾區的實踐過程與開發模式。世界地理研究，11(3)，57-65。
周文欽（1990）。研究方法概論。臺北市：國立空中大學。
傅朝卿（2004）。工業遺產再生論–探索世界工業文化遺產之保存與永續經營。載於王玉豐主編，揭開昨日工業的面紗 : 工業遺址的保存與再造（頁18–29）。高雄市：科學工藝博物館。
曾梓峰（2004）。工業文化遺產再利用與地方活化發展–德國魯爾區再發展的經驗。載於王玉豐主編，揭開昨日工業的面紗 : 工業遺址的保存與再造（頁30–44）。高雄市：科學工藝博物館。
楊東峰、殷成志（2013）。如何拯救收縮的城市：英國老工業城市轉型經驗及啟示。國際城市規劃 ISTIC PKU CSSCI，28(6).
葉乃嘉（2008）。研究方法的第一本書。臺北市：五南圖書出版有限公司。
葉至誠、葉立誠（2002）。研究方法與論文寫作。臺北市：商鼎文化。
葉浩（譯）（2007）。觀光客的凝視（原作者：Urry, J.）臺北市：書林。（原著出版年：2002）
劉以德（2012a）。從歐洲經驗看文化觀光之永續發展。巴黎視野，21，13-19。
劉以德（審訂）（2012b）。文化節慶管理。（原作者:Richards, G. & Palmer, R.）臺北市：桂魯。（原著出版年：2010）
劉以德（審訂）（2014）。文化觀光學。（原作者：Smith, M. M.）臺北市：桂魯。 （原著出版年：2009）