研究生: |
李佳臻 Lee, Chia-Chen |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
鐵人三項中高齡參與者體驗價值之研究 The Study of Experiential Values for Mid-aged Triathlon Participants |
指導教授: |
吳崇旗
Wu, Chung-Chi |
口試委員: |
吳崇旗
Wu, Chung-Chi 黃谷臣 Huang, Ku-Chen 朱文增 Chu, Wen-Tseng |
口試日期: | 2024/05/27 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
公民教育與活動領導學系 Department of Civic Education and Leadership |
論文出版年: | 2024 |
畢業學年度: | 112 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 145 |
中文關鍵詞: | 屬性 、結果 、方法目的鏈 |
英文關鍵詞: | Attributes, consequences, means-end chain |
研究方法: | 半結構式訪談法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202400533 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:179 下載:8 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
鐵人三項在臺灣三十多年,無論是從CHALLENGE TAIWAN、IRONMAN系列賽等經典賽事報名情況,都可以看出國人對於鐵人三項的熱情,研究者統計2023 CHALLENGE TAIWAN完賽人數,發現完賽人數中高齡(40至64歲)參與者占整體人數約七成五,可以看出中高齡是鐵人三項賽事主要人口。另外,臺灣人口結構老化,2024年臺灣人口年齡中位數達到44.97歲,過去文獻顯示,運動對於健康老化有直接相關。由於探討鐵人三項主要是以量化或質化為主,較少有使用質量兼具之研究方法,因此本研究欲參考過去同樣耐力型運動,使用「方法目的鏈」(means-end chain),探討中高齡鐵人的參與屬性、結果與價值。本研究總共有26位受訪者,透過訪談蒐集資料,再逐一進行內容分析製作出蘊含矩陣,最後呈現出階層價值圖,找到屬性、結果與價值之間連結。本研究結果顯示,屬性分成:主辦單位、賽事規劃、賽事氛圍、準備過程、運動特色、先備能力、夥伴支持與目標追求;結果分成:身體健康、自我檢視、生活習慣、技術提升、附加收穫、情緒感受、心理體悟、社交支持;價值分成:成就感、人生啟發、歸屬感。本研究屬性、結果與價值之間連結:成就感是所有結果之最終價值,其途徑來源主要為自我檢視、心理體悟、附加收穫與身體健康。生命啟發主要結果途徑來自於自我檢視、心理體悟與情緒感受。歸屬感唯一結果途徑來自於社交支持。透過本研究希望能夠給予賽事主辦單位之辦理賽事建議,也提供中高齡鐵人三項參與者了解參與鐵人三項的動機與效益。
Triathlon has been in Taiwan for more than 30 years. Researcher counted the number of finishers in 2023 CHALLENGE TAIWAN and found that the mid-aged is the main population of triathlon events. This study intends to use the "means-end chain". Discuss the participation attributes, consequences and value of mid-aged triathletes. There were a total of 26 interviewees in this study. Data were collected through interviews, and content analysis was conducted one by one to create an implication matrix. Finally, a hierarchical value map was presented to find the connection between attributes, consequences, and value. The results of this study show that the attributes are divided into: organizer, event planning, event atmosphere, preparation process, sports characteristics, preliminary ability, partner support and goal pursuit; the results are divided into: physical health, self-examination, living habits, technology improvement, additional gains, feelings, psychological understanding, and social support; the value is divided into: accomplishment, life inspiration, and belonging. The connection between the attributes, consequences and value of this study: accomplishment is the ultimate value of all results, and its main sources are self-examination, psychological understanding, additional gains and physical health. The main results of life inspiration come from self-examination, psychological understanding and feelings. The only way to feel belonging is through social support.
王立亭、方怡堯、何信弘、張少熙(2020)。台北都會區不同性別高齡者休閒時間身體活動和靜態行為與健康生活品質之關係。台灣公共衛生雜誌,39(6),696-708。https://doi.org/10.6288/TJPH.202012_39(6).109100
王宏敦(2013)。詠春拳參與者之休閒價值-方法目的鏈模型應用[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
王麗容(1995)。婦女與社會政策。巨流圖書公司。
中華民國鐵人三項運動協會。本會簡史。2023年11月15日,取自http://www.ctta.org.tw/tw/about/index.aspx?kind=40。
中高齡者與高齡者就業促進法(民國 108年12月04日)。https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=N0090055
曲宏義、張立群(2006)。鐵人三項運動特性與訓練。競技運動,8(2),16-19。https://doi.org/10.29794/CCYT.200612.0003
余緒德(2004)。中華航空女性空服員休閒調適策略與壓力-健康之研究[未出之碩士論文]。國立東華大學。
阮光勳(2014)。促進質性研究的品質與可信性。國教新知,61(1),92-102。https://doi.org/10.6701/TEEJ.201403_61(1).0010
吳家碧(2004)。老年人與健身運動。大專體育,74,203-209。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2004.74.30
吳家慶(2014)。鐵人三項完全指南。麥格羅希爾。
吳崇旗、王偉琴(2020)。休閒型鐵人三項運動參與者完賽歷程體驗之探究。中華體育季刊,34(3),143-154。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.202009_34(3).0001
吳崇旗、王偉琴、林庭安(2022)。完賽就是勝利!休閒型鐵人之參賽歷程體驗。戶外遊憩研究,36(1),1-32。http://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.202303_36(1).0001
吳崇旗、林庭安(2022)。業餘超級鐵人參與動機、投入歷程與感受之研究。臺灣體育學術研究,(73),137-162。https://doi.org/10.6590/TJSSR.202212_(73).08
李新民、高敏惠(2014)。老人休閒活動參與和成功老化相關之初探。人文社會電子學報,10(1),97-122。
狄懋昌、王百川(2006)。鐵人三項運動發展與訓練淺論。大專體育,84,6-11。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.2006.84.02
林志鈞、江慧欣(2015)。銀髮族參與休閒活動型態、休閒涉入及休閒效益對成功老化之關係。育達科大學報,40,57-85。
林欣慈、蔡明昌(2015)。自我實現、心流體驗與幸福感之研究:以參與鐵人三項中老年族群為例。運動休閒管理學報,12(2),15-28。https://doi.org/10.6214/JSRM.1202.002
林庭安(2023)。鐵人三項參與者認真休閒、遊憩專門化、流暢經驗與休閒效益關係之研究[未出版之博士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
林庭君(2021)。女性鐵人三項運動參賽者心流體驗及持續涉入動機之研究[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
林晉榮、黃珍鈺(2005)。青少年憂鬱情緒與休閒運動效益之探討。中華體育,19(4),26-31。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.1904.200512.1304
林瑞興(1999)。增加身體活動量對老年人的重要性。大專體育,46,87-93。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.1999.46.23
林進財(2008)。教學原理。五南。
林喜雯(2010)。應用方法目的鏈探討登山與健行活動之體驗價值認知[未出版之碩士論文]。國立台灣大學。
林喜雯、陳惠美、陸洛(2015)。山岳活動體驗價值之探索:登山與健行之比較。臺灣運動心理學報,15(1),1-31。https://doi.org/10.6497/BSEPT2015.1501.01
林嘉志、戴松家(1996)。鐵人三項的運動生理學。中華體育,10(3),113-121。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.1003.199612.2116
林澤浩(2020)。臺灣鐵人三項產業分析[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣大學。
林聰哲、李世昌(2008)。南投縣老年人休閒參與、休閒利益與休閒滿意度之研究。運動休閒管理學報,5(1),35-56。https://doi.org/10.6214/JSRM.200806_5(1).0003
邱彥成(1996)。鐵人三項運動與其運動傷害之探討。中華體育,9(4),105-112。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.0904.199603.1614
邱啟元(2020)。以活躍老化觀點探討鐵人三項運動對於健康之影響[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
洪偉彥(2023)。陽光、活水、人文:臺東國際鐵人三項之觀光賽事發展[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
馬上鈞(2001)。休閒效益與生活壓力關係之研究--以高雄地區郊山登山者為例[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
高俊雄(1995),休閒利益三因素模式,戶外遊憩研究,8(1),15-28。https://doi.org/10.6130/JORS.1995.8(1)2
張仁杰(2012)。三項運動員之成就目標取向與運動熱情對心理堅韌性的影響[未出版之碩士論文]。國立雲林科技大學。
張育睿(2021)。鐵人三項中年選手的持續涉入與休閒效益之研究—以Challenge Taiwan為例[未出版之碩士論文]。臺北城市科技大學。
張俊一(2008)。探索老人的休閒運動經驗-社會網絡取向的質性研究[未出版之博士論文]。國立體育大學。
張俊彥、湯幸芬(2007)。休閒遊憩趨勢與展望。載於歐聖榮(編),休閒遊憩:理論與實務。前程文化。
張春興(1996)。教育心理學—三化取向的理論與實踐。東華書局。
張春興、林清山(1985)。教育心理學。東華書局。
張國彬、馬軍榮、吳東昇(2015)。鐵人三項完賽之技術實踐經驗論敘。中華體育季刊,29(4),287-294。https://doi.org/10.3966/102473002015122904005
張景盈、許績勝、許光麃(2017)。百場馬拉松跑者經驗敘說。體育學系系刊,(16),69-84。
徐慧娟、梁浙西、陳正芬、陸玓玲(2016)。建構本土性活躍老化指標架構(104107 年)105年度後續擴充。衛生福利部國民健康署研究第一年結案報告(編號:F1030902-1052),未出版。
許錦雲、楊富吉、蕭鵬卿(2017)。運動與老年人認知功能障礙。源遠護理,11(2),18-22。https://doi.org/10.6530/YYN/2017.5.7
許庭瑄(2021)。鐵人三項認真休閒者遊憩專門化進程研究[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
連央毅、陳美燕(2015)。馬拉松運動參與動機、休閒效益與滿意度之研究。休閒研究,6(1),48-69。
郭秉寬、李福恩(2015)。2014年鐵人三項國際邀請賽參與動機、涉入程度與休閒效益之研究。運動與觀光研究,4(1),11-28。https://doi.org/10.6198/Sports.2015.4(1).11-28
陳中雲(2001)。國小教師休閒參與、休閒效益與工作滿意之關係研究[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
陳向明(2002)。社會科學質的研究。五南。
陳正芬(2017)。成功老化或活躍老化?輸送基礎以及未來轉型之探討 對〈社區據點服務品質與成功老化提升程度關連性之初探:政府角色認知的調節效果〉的對話與回應。公共行政學報,53,121-129。https://doi.org/10.30409/JPA.201709_(53).0004
陳宜棻、蔡逸帆(2019)。以客為尊-以方法目的鏈探討行動銀行對顧客價值之研究。資訊管理學報,26(2),121-151。
陳宜棻、賴靖憲、方祖德(2020)。以方法目的鏈探討中高齡者旅遊價值內涵。觀光休閒學報,26(1),1-34。https://doi.org/10.6267/JTLS.202004_26(1).0001
陳宥霖、湯幸芬(2015)。從活躍老化觀點建構休閒與健康之行動應用系統。旅遊健康學刊,14(1),15-37。
陳姿妤(2016)。服務品質、知覺價值與顧客滿意度對消費者再購意願影響之研究─以梅花戲院為研究對象[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺北商業大學。
陳婉玲(2018)。學校午餐品質與知覺價值對臺南市國小教師用餐行為意圖之影響[未出版之碩士論文]。康寧大學。
陳雪芬、黃雅文(2013)。老人健康促進。華都文化。
黃仲凌(2011)。方法目的鏈模式應用於水域運動參與動機之研究。臺灣體育運動管理學報,11(4),337-361。
黃振華(2022)。現在挑戰剛好─橘色世代參與鐵人三項門檻及動機[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
黃谷臣(2022)。野外獨處課程對山野活動學習者體驗價值之影響。教育部教學實踐研究計畫,https://tpr.moe.edu.tw/。
黃谷臣、顧大維(2024)。荒野獨處經驗對山野活動課程參與者體驗價值之影響。體育學報,57(1),77-98。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.202403_57(1).0006
國家發展委員會。人口推估與人力推估。2024年3月10日,取自https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=5B78EEBCE18CBE9F。
國家發展委員會。中華民國人口推估(2022至2070)。2024年3月11日,取自https://pop-proj.ndc.gov.tw/
葉為谷、邱岳廷、賴仕祁、楊家欣(2012)。銀髮族游泳參與行為及參與動機之研究。亞洲高齡全人健康及產業發展期刊,(2),77-88。https://doi.org/10.6263%2fASHLE.201212_(2).0007
勞動部銀髮資源網。銀髮專欄。2023年12月10日,取自https://swd.wda.gov.tw/w/SWD/index。
賈永婕(2013)。51.5公里的瘋狂。高寶書版。
楊子孟、陳培季(2014)。運動賽會參與者重遊意願之研究—以2010 年桃園國際鐵人三項錦標賽為例。運動休閒管理學報,11(1),20-36。https://doi.org/10.6214/JSRM.1101.002
楊志祥(2014年4月18日)。超越重重關卡:楊志祥鐵人賽紀實。單車時代。http://cyclingtime.com/tw/documents/3726
楊濟銘、李加耀(2012)。鐵人三項選手身體感之研究。國北教大體育,6,100-110。https://doi.org/10.6659/NTUEPE.2012.6.100
劉又銓(2017)。鐵人三項參與者不同涉入對自行車品牌忠誠度的影響[未出版碩士論文]。國立屏東科技大學。
劉丁己、董燊、張家麟(2017)。從運動觀光拓展城市營銷經濟效益分析-金廈聯合舉辦世界頂級“鐵人三項”國際賽事探索。休閒運動保健學報,(13),35-45。https://doi.org/10.6204/JRSHP.201707_(13).0003
劉玉峯(2014)。臺灣鐵人三項運動選手使用營養補充品之特性。大專體育學刊,16(4),440-449。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.1604.009
劉玉峯(2017)。鐵人三項賽會經濟效益評估。大專體育學刊,19(2),111-121。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.1902.001
劉志鈺、鮑敦瑗(2012)。銀髮族游泳參與者的休閒動機與生活滿意度之研究。運動休閒餐旅研究,7(2),85-102。https://doi.org/10.29429/JSLHR.201206_7(2).05
劉秉烜(2020)。鐵人三項新手的參賽歷程研究[未出版之碩士論文]。國立臺灣師範大學。
劉昶宗、黃明義(2002)。臺灣地區鐵人三項參賽者參與動機之調查研究。大專體育學術專刊,2002(上),182-192。https://doi.org/10.6695/AUES.200205_91.0019
劉慧俐(2003)。身體活動與老人生活品質。國家衛生研究院。
潘正宏、林保源、蔡永川(2009)。臺灣鐵人三項比賽參與者對運動觀光服務品質、滿意度及重遊意願之研究-以2008宜蘭國華人壽盃為例。美和休閒運動保健學報,2,106-118。https://doi.org/10.6204/JRSHP.2009.02.09
潘柳青(2023)。探究成功老化的新途徑:中高齡參與鐵人三項運動的身心挑戰與社會網絡[未出版之碩士論文]。國立清華大學。
蔡永川(2015)。中老年人家庭支持、運動觀光涉入對運動觀光行為意圖影響之研究。體育運動與Amos統計應用期刊,4(1),22-39。https://doi.org/10.6190/Amos.2015.4(1)22-39
蔣昇杰、張瑞泰(2013)。鐵人三項運動的特性。高師大體育,11,62-80。https://doi.org/10.6305/PENKNU.2013.11.5
鄭秀燕(2013)。馬拉松選手參與動機與賽會滿意度研究─以2011建國百年「嘉市GO!」雙潭馬拉松為例[未出版碩士論文]。南華大學。
錢銘貴(2019)。銀髮族休閒阻礙、休閒動機及休閒參與關係之探討-以南部地區為例。休閒事業研究,17(4),31-46。https://doi.org/10.6746/LIR.201912_17(4).0003
龍昱廷、陳桂彬、郭信聰、徐國峯(2010)。高雄市國中教師休閒參與、休閒滿意與幸福感之相關研究。運動健康與休閒學刊,17,17-32。
羅右斯、沈易利(2020)。鐵人三項的參與動機與遊憩體驗之研究。海峽兩岸體育研究學報,13(1),87-116。
嚴培文(2019)。女性鐵人三項菁英選手-月經週期認知研究[未出版之碩士論文]。臺北市立大學。
Amiot, C. E., Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. M. (2006). Passion and psychological adjustment: A test of the person-environment fit hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 32, 220-229.
American College of Sports Medicine, Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 41(7), 1510–1530. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c
An, B., Sato, M., & Harada, M. (2024). Grit, Leisure Involvement, and Life Satisfaction: A Case of Amateur Triathletes in Japan. Leisure Sciences, 46(3), 237–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2021.1927269
Andersson, T., & Getz, D. (2020). Specialization versus diversification in the event portfolios of amateur athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 20(4), 376–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2020.1733653
Atchley, R. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist, 29(2), 183-190.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Dabholkar, P. A. (1994). Consumer recycling goals and their effect on decisions to recycle: A means‐end chain analysis. Psychology & Marketing, 11(4), 313-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220110403
Baltes, P., & Baltes, M. (1990). Psychological Perspectives on Successful Aging: The Model of Selective Optimization with Compensation. In P. Baltes, & M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences (pp. 1-34.). Cambridge University Press. http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511665684
Bernard.T., Lepers. R., Hausswirth. C., Brisswalter. J. (2009) Age-Related Decline in Olympic Triathlon Performance: Effect of Locomotion Mode, Experimental Aging Research, 36(1), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.1080/03610730903418620
Brown C. S. (2019). Motivation Regulation among Black Women Triathletes. Sports. 7(9), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7090208
Bryan, H. (1977). Leisure value systems and recreation specialization: The case of trout fisherman. Journal of Leisure Research, 9(3), 174–187.
Botschen, G., & Hemetsberger, A. (1998). Diagnosing means-end structures to determine the degree of potential marketing program standardization. Journal of Business Research, 42(2), 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00116-1
Boucher, V. G., Caru, M., Martin, S. M., Lopes, M., Comtois, A. S., & Lalonde, F. (2021). Psychological Status During and After the Preparation of a Long-distance Triathlon Event in Amateur Athletes. International journal of exercise science, 14(5), 134–148.
Bowling, A. (2008) Enhancing later life: How older people perceive active ageing?, Aging & Mental Health, 12(3), 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860802120979
Bowling, A., & Dieppe, P. (2005). What is successful ageing and who should define it?. British Medical Journal, 331(7531), 1548–1551. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7531.1548
Butterfield, S.A., Brown Jr., & Bruce R. (2002). Student-athletes' perception of high school sports participation. Physical Educator, 48(3), 123-127.
Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). American college of sports medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(7), 1510−1530. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c
Cruz, L. M. C., Chaves, A., Neves, C. M., Meireles, J., & Ferreira, M. E. C. (2023). Swim, pedals and run: Qualitative analysis of motivations for the practice of sports by amateur and professional triathletes. Movimento, 29, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.121238
Dallam, G. M., Jonas, S., & Miller, T. K. (2005). Medical considerations in triathlon competition: recommendations for triathlon organisers, competitors and coaches. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 35(2), 143–161. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535020-00004
Deci , E. L., & Ryan , R. M. (1985) . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum Press. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2005). Introduction: The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 1–32). Sage Publications Ltd.
de Matos, L. F., Bertollo, M., Stefanello, J. M. F., Pires, F. O., da Silva, C. K., Nakamura, F. Y., & Pereira, G. (2021). Motivational self-talk improves time-trial swimming endurance performance in amateur triathletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise. Psychology, 19(3), 446–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1717576
de Franco Tobar, L., Teresinha Meurer, S., & Bertoldo Benedetti, T.R. (2013). Motivational factors of senior athletes to participate in the Ironman, Science & Sports, 28(3), 63-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2013.01.001
Diggs, J. (2008). The Continuity Theory of Aging. In S. J. Loue, & M. Sajatovic (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Aging and Public Health (pp.233-235). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33754-8_103
Dionigi, R. (2002). Leisure and Identity Management in Later Life: Understanding Competitive Sport Participation Among Older Adults, World Leisure Journal, 44(3), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2002.9674274
Driver, B. L., Brown, P. J., & Peterson, G. L. (Eds.). (1991). Benefits of leisure. State College, PA: Venture.
Fotopoulos, C., Krystallis, A., & Ness, M. (2003). Wine produced by organic grapes in Greece: Using means-end chains analysis to reveal organic buyers' purchasing motives in comparison to the non-buyers. Food Quality and Preference, 14(7), 549-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-3293(02)00130-1
Etter, F., Knechtle, B., Bukowski, A., Rüst, C.A., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2013) Age and gender interactions in short distance triathlon performance, Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(9), 996-1006, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.760747
Gengler, C. E., & Reynolds, T. J. (1995). Consumer understanding and advertising strategy: Analysis and strategic translation of laddering data. Journal of Advertising Research, 35(4), 19–33.
Gutman, J. (1982). A means-end chain model based on consumer categorization processes. Journal of Marketing, 46(2), 60-72.
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Galanis, V., Zourbanos, N., & Theodorakis, Y. (2014). A Self-talk Intervention for Competitive Sport Performance. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 26(1), 82-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2013.790095
Hill, E., Goldenberg, M., & Freidt, B. (2009). Benefits of hiking: A means-end approach on the Appalachian Trail. Journal of Unconventional Parks, Tourism & Recreation Research, 2(1), 19-27.
Iwasaki, Y., & Bartless, J. G. (2006). Culturally meaningful leisure as a way of coping with stress among aboriginal individuals with diabetes. Journal of Leisure Research.38(3), 321-338.
Jenkin, C. R., Eime, R. M., Westerbeek, H., & van Uffelen, J. G. (2018). Sport for Adults Aged 50+ Years: Participation Benefits and Barriers. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 26(3), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2017-0092
Johansen, B. J., Brynjulfsen, T., Seiler, H. L., Torstveit, M. K., & Stølevik, S. B. (2021) Experiences of Older Adults Preparing for Their First Triathlon: “A Qualitative Study of the Participation in an Endurance Training Intervention.”, International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 16(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2021.1872824
Kassarjian, H. (1977). Content analysis in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 4(1), 8-18.
Klenosky, D.B., Gengler, C.E., & Mulvey, M.S. (1993). Understanding the factors influencing ski destination choice: A Mean-End analytic approach. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(4), 362-379.
Knechtle, B., Rüst, C. A., Knechtle, P., Rosemann, T., & Lepers, R. (2012). Age-related changes in ultra-triathlon performances. Extreme physiology & medicine, 1(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-7648-1-5
Lamont, M., & Kennelly, M. (2012). A Qualitative Exploration of Participant Motives Among Committed Amateur Triathletes. Leisure Sciences, 34(3), 236–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.669685
Lepers, R., & Maffiuletti, N. (2011). Age and gender interactions in ultraendurance performance: insight from the triathlon. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43 (1), 134-139. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e57997
Lepers, R., & Stapley, P.J. (2011). Age-related changes in conventional road versus off-road triathlon performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology,111, 1687–1694. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1805-z
Lin, Y. H., Chen, Y. C., Tseng, Y. C., Tsai, S. T., & Tseng, Y. H. (2020). Physical activity and successful aging among middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Aging, 12(9), 7704–7716. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103057
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd. Ed.). Harper & Row.
Ma, S. M., Ma, S. C., & Chen, S. F. (2022). The influence of triathletes’serious leisure traits on sport constraints, involvement, and participation. Leisure Studies, 41(1), 100–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2021.1948592
McCarville, R. (2007). From a fall in the mall to a run in the sun: One journey to Ironman triathlon. Leisure sciences, 29(2), 159-173.
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2015). Psychological determinants of whole-body endurance performance. Sports Medicine. 45, 997-1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0319-6
Mulvey, M. S., Olson, J. C., Celsi, R. L., & Walker, B. A. (1994). Exploring the Relationships between Means-End Knowledge and Involvement. Advances in Consumer Research, 21(1), 51-57.
Myburgh, E., Kruger, M., Saayman, M. (2014). Segmentation by age of triathletes participating in Ironman South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 3(2), 1-22.
Neuman, W. L. (2000). Social research methods qualitative and quantitative approaches. Teaching Sociology, 30(3). https://doi.org/10.2307/3211488
O'Toole, M. L., & Douglas, P. S. (1995). Applied physiology of triathlon. Sports Medicine, 19 (4), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199519040-00003
Peter, J. P., & Olson, J. C. (1999). Consumer behavior & marketing strategy. Irwin/McGraw-Hill.
Pieters, R., Baumgartner, H., & Allen, D. (1995). A means-end chain approach to consumer goal structures. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(3), 227-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00023-U
Poczta, J., Almeida, N., & Malchrowicz-Mośko, E. (2021). Socio-Psychological Functions of Men and Women Triathlon Participation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11766. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211766
Qiu, Y., Tian, H., Lin, Y., & Zhou, W. (2020). Serious leisure qualities and participation behaviors of Chinese marathon runners. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 55(5), 526-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690218822303
Ragheb, M. G., & Beard, J. G. (1982). Measuring leisure attitude. Journal of Leisure Research.14(2), 155-167.
Ragheb, M. G., & Griffith, C. A. (1982). The Contribution of leisure participation and leisure satisfaction to life satisfaction of older persons. Journal of Leisure Research.14, 295-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1982.11969527
Reynolds, T. J., & Olson, J. C. (2001). Understanding Consumer Decision Making: The Means-End Approach to Marketing and Advertising Strategy. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410600844
Reynolds, T. J., Dethloff, C., & Westberg, S. J. (2001). Advancements in laddering. In T. J. Reynolds & J. C. Olson (Eds.), Understanding consumer decision making: The means-end approach to marketing and advertising strategy (pp. 91–118). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Reynolds, T. J., & Gutman, J. (2001). Laddering theory, method, analysis, and interpretation. Psychology Press, 40-79.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433
Scott, D. (2012). Serious leisure and recreation specialization: An uneasy marriage. Leisure Sciences, 34(4), 366-371.
Singh, S. (2021, Feb.) Triathlon Clothing Market Research Report Information By Type (Tri Tops, Tri Shorts, Tri Suits), By Application (Men Women) and Region (Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific, South America and the Middle East and Africa) - Forecast till 2030. Market Research Future. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/triathlon-clothing-market-7995
Sinisgalli, R., de Lira, C. A. B., Vancini, R.L., Puccinelli, P. J. G., Hill, L., Knechtle, B., Nikolaidis, P. T., & Andrade, M.S. (2021). Impact of training volume and experience on amateur Ironman triathlon performance. Physiology & Behavior, 232, 113-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113344
Stenner, B. J., Buckley, J. D., & Mosewich, A. D. (2020). Reasons why older adults play sport: A systematic review, Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(6), 530-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.11.003.
Stebbins, R. (1992). Amateurs, professionals, and serious leisure. Montréal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. In C. Rojek, S. M. Shaw, & A.J. Veal (Eds.), A Handbook of Leisure Studies (pp. 448-456). Palgrave Macmillan London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230625181
Stebbins, R. (2015). Leisure and positive psychology: Linking activities with positiveness. Palgrave Macmillan London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56994-3
Stiefel, M., & Knechtle, B. (2014) Master triathletes have not reached limits in their Ironman triathlon performance. Medicine & Science In Sports, 24(1), 89-97.
Stones, M. J., & Hartin, A. (2017). Aging and Half-Ironman Performance, Experimental Aging Research, 43(2), 178-191, https://doi.org/10.1080/0361073X.2017.1276378
Vallerand, R. J. (2007). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and physical activity: A review and a look at the future. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 59–83). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.ch3
Valenzuela, P.L., García, A.C., Morales, J. S., Santos-Lozano, A., & Lucia, A. (2019). Athletic “Oldest-Old”: Alive and Kicking, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 20(8), 949-951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.03.031.
Vleck, V. E., Bentley, D. J., Millet, G. P., Cochrane, T. (2010). Triathlon event distance specialization: Training and injury effects. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(1), 30–36.
Winner, R.D., & Domimick, J.R. (1994). Mass Media Research: An Introduction. Belmont.