國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	余瑞瑩 Anne Jui-Ying Yu
論文名稱：	中文否定詞「沒有」的言談功能 Discourse Functions of Negative Meiyou in Taiwan Mandarin
指導教授：	畢永峨 Biq, Yung-O
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2004
畢業學年度：	92
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	133
中文關鍵詞：	否定詞、言談標記、語法化、主觀性、單一性
英文關鍵詞：	negative, discourse markers, grammaticalization, subjectivity, unidirectionality
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：237 下載：42
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

摘要
本文探討中文否定詞沒有在口說語料中的言談功能。有別於以往對於否定詞的研究多半侷限於詞語在單句中的語意及句法結構分析，本文透過日常的口說語料分析沒有在言談中所扮演的角色。研究語料分日常對話及電視節目兩大類，長達2.5小時，共收集到266筆語料。文中分析結果與語法化(grammaticalization)、主觀性(subjectivity)及單一性(unidirectionality)等觀念有關。
沒有的言談功能分別以局部(local)及全面(global)的言談層面討論。沒有在這兩個層次中分別擔任的功能主要分為六大類：(1)否定(negation)、(2)緩和(mitigation)、(3)規避(evasion) (局部言談層次)、(4)修正(revision)、(5)話輪轉換(turn-taking)以及(6)話題轉換(topic-shift) (全面言談層次)。否定功能用以否定前一語句的表層或隱含意義，緩和功能用以減輕隱含於前句中的讚揚或詢問者對於答案的期望，或是減緩即將出現的語句(通常帶有要求)的力量強度(force)。規避功能針對上一句的問題給予回答，然而之後連接的回答內容卻與問題無關，顯示說話者對於問題無法給予明確答案。修正功能分為兩類，一類是說者對本身之前的談話內容自我修正，另一類是說者對其他說話者的談話內容加以修飾。話輪轉換功能用以幫助說者保有或贏得發言權；話題轉換功能用以區隔緊接的談話內容與前段內容。文中亦進一步將沒有的言談功能重新歸類為五大類，將規避功能視為修正功能的一種。此五大類功能顯示沒有跳脫原本純粹為結構成分(如名詞、動詞或形容詞)的否定詞用法，而具備言談標記(discourse marker)的功能，表達前後語段的關聯。沒有的言談功能仍存有否定的語意，但此語意為隱含，並表達說話者的主觀態度。此隱含及主觀的否定語意須從文中推測。沒有言談功能的產生可以以Traugott對語意發展所提出的理論架構解釋。

Abstract
This thesis investigates the various uses of the Chinese negative meiyou in spoken discourse. Through the approach of Conversation Analysis (CA), the discourse functions of meiyou, which are usually disregarded in sentence-based studies of negatives, are examined as they occur in different contexts. The spoken data are collected from daily conversation and TV programs. The length of the data is 2.5 hours, and 266 tokens of meiyou are identified. Notions such as grammaticalization, subjectivity and unidirectionality are employed to account for the analysis.
The functions of meiyou are analyzed at two levels of discourse: local and global. At these two levels, six functions of meiyou are identified: (1) negation, (2) mitigation, (3) evasion (local), (4) revision, (5) turn-taking, and (6) topic-shift (global). The negation use is oriented toward the meaning that is explicitly stated or implicitly suggested in the first-pair-part. The mitigation use is either oriented toward the credit in the speech or the speaker’s expectation for a significant response, which is implied in the prior turn, or oriented toward the force of the upcoming speech. The evasion use is oriented toward the question in the prior turn, and suggests the speaker’s inability of offering an appropriate response. The revision function is for the speaker’s self-correction or rephrase of other interlocutors’ talk. The turn-taking function is for turn management, and the topic-shift function is for the departure of the upcoming speech from the prior talk. These six functions are further reduced into five sub-types, with the evasion function re-categorized as a type of revision. These five functions suggest that meiyou has gone beyond being a constituent negator and manifests various discourse uses in which negation is implicit and subjective, which are accounted for by Traugott’s framework.

Table of Contents
Chinese abtract............................................i
English abstract..........................................ii
Acknowledgements.........................................iii
List of Abbreviations......................................v
Transcription Notations...................................vi
List of Tables............................................ix
List of Figures............................................x
Chapter One: Introduction
1 Motivation and aims....................................1
2 Methodology............................................3
2.1 Data collection......................................3
2.2 Transcription conventions............................3
3 Organization of this thesis............................4
Chapter Two: Literature Review
0 Introduction...............................................6
1 Relevant studies in negation/negatives.................6
1.1 Studies of negation in Mandarin Chinese..............7
1.2 Studies of negation in other languages..............11
1.3 Interim summary.....................................14
2 Related studies in discourse markers..................15
2.1 Schiffrin (1987)....................................15
2.2 Fraser (1990).......................................19
2.3 Schourup (1999).....................................21
2.4 Traugott (1995b)....................................23
2.5 Interim summary.....................................24
3 Related studies of the discourse functions of negatives.................................................25
3.1 Chang (1997)........................................26
3.2 Cheshire (1999).....................................27
3.3 Interim summary.....................................29
4 Theoretical framework.................................30
4.1 Metaphorical mapping process and semantic change....................................................32
4.2 Metonymy in semantic change.........................33
4.3 Traugott’s (1988, 1989) framework..................34
4.4 Subjectivity and subjectification...................36
4.5 Unidirectionality...................................38
4.6 Interim summary.....................................39
5 The influence of Taiwanese on Taiwan Mandarin.........40
6 Studies of the lexical meaning of meiyou..............40
7 Summary...............................................44
Chapter Three: Discourse Function of Meiyou
0 Introduction..........................................46
1 Meiyou at the local level of talk.....................46
1.1 Negation marking....................................48
1.2 Mitigation marking..................................52
1.3 Evasion marking.....................................65
1.4 Interim summary.....................................71
2 Meiyou at the global level of talk....................72
2.1 Revision marking....................................73
2.2 Turn-taking marking.................................84
2.3 Topic-shift marking.................................90
2.4 Interim summary....................................108
3 General discussion...................................110
3.1 The comparison among the discourse functions of
meiyou...................................................110
3.1.1 The functions of meiyiou at the local level of
talk.....................................................110
3.1.2 The functions of meiyou at the global level of
talk.....................................................114
3.1.3 The comparison between the local and the
global uses of meiyou....................................116
3.1.4 Distribution of the discourse functions of
meiyou...................................................118
3.1.5 Interim summary..................................120
3.2 The functions of meiyou accounted for in terms of
Traugott's framework.....................................120
4 Summary..............................................123
Chapter Four: Conclusion
1 General findings.....................................127
2 Implications of the study............................131
3 Suggestions for further research.....................132
                                

References
呂叔湘. 1980. 現代漢語八百詞. 北京市:商務印書館.
劉月華, 潘文娛, 故韡. 1983. 實用現代漢語語法. 台北:師大書苑.
鄭良偉主編. 1989. 國語常用虛詞及其台語對應詞釋例. 台北:文鶴出版公司.
鄭良偉. 1997. 台語、華語的結構及動向 III: 台、華語的時空、疑問與否定. 台北:遠流出版公司.
Brown, Penelop and Stephen C. Levinson. 1978. Universals in language usage:Politeness phenomena. In Questions and
Politeness, ed. by Esther N. Goody, 59-289. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Penelop and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness:
Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Bybee, Joan and Joanne Scheibaman. 1999. The effect of usage on degrees of constituency: The reduction of don't in
English. Linguistics 37:575-96.
Chafe, Wallace. 1987. Cognitive constraints on information
flow. In Coherence and Grounding in Discourse, ed. by
Russell S. Tomlin, 21-51. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Chafe, Wallace. 1994. Discourse, Consciousness, and Time.
Chicago: UCP.
Chang, Miao-Hsia. 1997. Discourse Functions of Negatives Bo and M in Taiwanese. Ph.D. Dissertation. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Cheng, Robert L. 1985. A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan
Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61:352-77.
Cheshire, Jenny. 1999. English negation from an
interactional perspective. In Negation in the History of
English, ed. by Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade and
Gunnel Tottie and Wim van der Wurff, 29-53. New York:
Mouton de Gruyter.
Chu, Chauncey C. 1999. A Cognitive-functional Grammar of
Mandarin Chinese. Taipei: Crane Publisher.
Du Bois, John W, Stephan Schuetze-Coburn, Susanna Cumming, and Danae Paolino. 1993. Outline of discourse
transcription. In Talking Data, ed. by Jane A.
Edwards and Martin D. Lampert, 45-89. Hillsdale, N.J.: L.
Erlbaum.
Finegan, Edward. 1995. Subjectivity and subjectivisation: An introduction. In Subjectivity and Subjectivisation:
Linguistic Perspectives, ed. by Susan Wright & Dieter Stein, 1-15. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fraser, Bruce. 1990. An approach to discourse markers.
Journal of Pragmatics 14:383-95.
Givon, Talmy. 1978. Negation in language: Pragmatics,
function and ontology. In Syntax and Semantics 9:
Pragmatics, ed. by Peter Cole, 69-112. New York: Academic Press.
Grice, Paul. 1975. Logic and conversation. In Syntax and
Semantics 3: Speech Act, ed. by Peter Cole and Jerry L.
Morgan, 41-58. New York: Academic Press.
Grundy, Peter. 2000. Doing Pragmatics. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Hopper, Paul J. 1987. Emergent grammar. BLS 13:139-57.
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Traugott. 1993.
Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Horn, Laurence R. and Yasuhiko Kato (ed.). 2000. Negation
and Polarity:Syntactic and Semantic Perspectives. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Jespersen, Otto. 1917. Negation in English and Other
Languages. Copenhagen: A. F. Hst.
Leech, Geoffery N. 1983. Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Li, Charles N. and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin
Chinese: A Functional Grammar. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Overstreet, Maryann. 1999. Whales, Candlelight, and Stuff
Like That. New York:Oxford University Press.
Pomerantz, Anita. 1978. Compliment responses: Notes on the
cooperation of multiple constraints. In Studies in the
Organization of Conversational Interaction, ed. by Jim
Schenkein, 79-112. New York: Academic Press.
Sacks, Harvey and Emanuel A. Schegloff and Gail Jefferson.
1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-
taking for conversation. Language 50:696-735.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1985. Conversation coherence: The role
of well. Language 61:640-67.
Shiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1990. The principles of
intersubjectivity in conversation and communication.
Semiotica 80:121-51.
Schourup, Lawrence. 1999. Discourse markers. Lingua 107:227-65.
Shen, Rhoda Chien-ju. 1994. Two Connectives-Jiou and Ranhou in Chinese Narrative Monologues. M.A. Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.
Sinclair, John. McH. and David. C. Brazil. 1982. Teacher
Talk. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sinclair, John. McH. and Richard. M. Coulthard. 1975.
Towards an Analysis of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Sweetser, Eve E. 1988. Grammticalization and semantic
bleaching. BLS 14:389-405
Sweetser, Eve E. 1990. From Etymology to Pragmatics:
Metaphorical and Cultural Aspects of Semantic Structure.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tao, Hongyin. 1996. Units in Mandarin Conversation.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Thomas, Jenny. 1995. Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. New York: Longman.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1982. From propositional to textual
and expressive meanings: Some semantic-pragmatic aspects
of grammaticalization. In Perspectives on Historical
Linguistics, ed. by Winfred P. Lehmann & Yakov Malkiel,
245-71. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1988. Pragmatic strengthening and
grammaticalization. BLS 14:406-16.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1989. On the rise of epistemic
meanings in English: An example of subjectification in
semantic change. Language 65:31-55.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1995a. Subjectification in
grammaticalization. In Subjectivity and Subjectivisation:
Linguistic Perspectives, ed. by Susan Wright & Dieter
Stein, 31-54. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1995b. The role of discourse markers in a theory of grammaticalization. Paper presented at the Twelfth Interaction Conference on Historical Linguistics, Manchester, UK, August 1995.
(http://www.stanford.edu/~traugott/ect-papersonline.html)
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2003. Constructions in
grammaticalization. In Handbook of Historical
Linguistics, ed. by Richard Janda & Brian Joseph. Oxford:
Blackwell.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Ekkehard Knig. 1991. The
semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited. In
Approaches to Grammaticalization, Vol 1, ed.
by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine, 189-218.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. and Richard B. Dasher. 2002.
Regularity in Semantic Change. New York: Cambridge
University.
Wiedenhof, Jeroen. 1993. Standard Mandarin. In Typological Studies in Negation, ed. by Peter Kahrel and Rene van den Berg, 93-124. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Yamanashi, Masa-aki. 2000. Negative inference, space
construal, and grammaticalization. In Negation and
Polarity: Syntactic and Semantic Perspectives, ed. by
Laurence R. Horn and Yasuhiko Kato, 243-54. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Yang, Mei-hui. 1992. Na in Chinese Spoken Discourse. M.A.
Thesis. Taipei: National Taiwan Normal University.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文