研究生: |
王曉萍 Wang Haiao Ping |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
己婚男性的性別角色態度、婚姻滿意度及父職參與之研究-以國中學生父親為例 The Study of Male Gender-Role Attitudes, Marital Satisfaction and Paternal Involvement for the Married Men |
指導教授: |
黃馨慧
Hwang, Shin-Huey |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
人類發展與家庭學系 Department of Human Development and Family Studies |
論文出版年: | 2005 |
畢業學年度: | 93 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 151 |
中文關鍵詞: | 男性性別角色態度 、婚姻滿意度 、父職參與 |
英文關鍵詞: | male gender-role attitudes, marital satisfaction, paternal involvement |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:865 下載:233 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本研究目的在於瞭解已婚男性的性別角色態度、婚姻滿意度及父職參與之現況,並探討影響已婚男性父職參與的因素。為達上述研究目標,本研究以台北市 12 個行政區中之國中學生父親 850 名為研究對象,使用「男性性別角色態度量表」、「婚姻滿意度量表」及「父職參與量表」為研究工具,調查所得資料以描述性統計分析、t 考驗、單因子變異數分析、Pearson 積差相關、多元迴歸分析等統計方法進行資料分析,主要結果發現如下:
一、國中學生父親對其自身男性性別角色的看法持較傳統的態度。
二、國中學生父親對其目前的婚姻普遍感到滿意。
三、國中學生父親的父職參與程度大致良好。
四、國中學生父親之教育程度、妻子是否就業不同,在男性性別角色態度上有顯著差異,而家庭社經地位、子女數與男性性別角色態度間有顯著相關。
五、國中學生父親之職業狀況不同,在婚姻滿意度上有顯著差異,而家庭社經地位與婚姻滿意度間有顯著相關。
六、國中學生父親之教育程度、職業狀況、家庭結構、妻子是否就業不同,在父職參與上有顯著差異,而家庭社經地位與父職參與間有顯著相關。
七、家庭社經地位、家庭結構、男性性別角色之追求剛強態度、男性性別角色之忌諱女性化態度、婚姻滿意度,此五個變項對國中學生父親的父職參與有顯著解釋力。
本研究根據以上結果提出建議,作為已婚男性、家庭生活教育相關單位、社會環境及未來研究之參考。
The purposes of this study are to understand the married men’s male gender-role attitudes, marital satisfaction and paternal involvement as well as to explore factors that influence the married men’s paternal involvement. The subjects were 850 fathers of schoolchildren from 12 junior high schools in Taipei City. The measurements applied in this study included Male Gender-Role Scale, Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, and Paternal Involvement Scale. The data from the questionnaire were statistically analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, and multiple linear regression. The major findings of this study were as follows:
1、In general, the married men of children studying in junior high tended to have traditional male gender-role attitudes.
2、In general, the married men of children studying in junior high tended to have higher marital satisfaction.
3、In general, the married men of children studying in junior high tended to have higher paternal involvement.
4、The married men’s educational level as well as whether their wives work or not are found to lead a significant difference in male gender-role attitudes. It is also noted that the family socio-economic status has a significant correlation with male gender-role attitudes, and that children’s number has a significant correlation with male gender-role attitudes.
5、The married men’s vocational level is found to lead a significant difference in marital satisfaction. It is also noted that the family socio-economic status has a significant correlation with marital satisfaction.
6、The married men’s educational level, vocational level, family structure, and whether their wives work or not are found to lead a significant difference in paternal involvement. It is also noted that the family socio-economic status has a significant correlation with paternal involvement.
7、The family socio-economic status, family structure, male gender-role attitudes toward toughness, male gender-role attitudes toward anti-femininity, and marital satisfaction are found to predict paternal involvement.
Suggestions are made according to the results shown above for the married men, family life education organizations, social environment, and future studies.
中文部分
方思文(1999)。影響台灣地區男女兩性家務參與因素之探討。國立台灣大學農業推廣學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
王大維(2000)。「父職參與」或「參與親職的父親」? 應用心理研究,7,12-18。
王行(1997)。台灣地區已婚男性對夫妻性別角色觀念之研究。東吳社會工作學報,3,47-78。
王行、莫藜藜(1995)。已婚男性的家庭價值及其對家庭的需求之探究-兼論家庭政策之規劃(I)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(報告編號:NSC84-2411-H031-002-H3),未出版。
王佩玲(1993)。父親角色與兒童發展之探討。教育研究雙月刊,23,52-57。
王美惠(1987)。已婚職業婦女家務分工、性別角色態度和社會支援與婚姻滿意的研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
王保進(2003)。視窗版 SPSS 與行為科學研究(第二版)。台北市:心理出版社。
王慶福、林幸台、張德榮(1997)。人際依附風格、性別角色取向與人際親密能力之評量。測驗年刊,44(2),63-78。
王叢桂(1997)。父職與母職認知基模及其生涯承諾關係的探討。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(報告編號:NSC86-2413-H031-001),未出版。
王叢桂(1998)。父職的實踐及其影響因素的研究-社會心理學角度的分析。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(報告編號:NSC87-2413-H031-001),未出版。
王叢桂(2000)。促進參與父職因素的探討。應用心理研究,6,131-171。
王麗玲(1996)。南區大專學生對父親家庭角色之探討。私立中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
白怡娟(2004)。雙生涯家庭中的父親對父職角色認知與實踐歷程之研究。國立高雄師範大學性別教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
伊慶春(1982)。已婚職業婦女的雙重角色:期望、衝突與調適。中央研究院三民主義研究所叢刊,9,405-430。
伊慶春(1991)。台北地區婚姻調適的一些初步研究發現。國家科學委員會研究彙刊:人文及社會科學,1(3),151-173。
朴秀美(1993)。中韓兩國都市夫妻性別角色態度﹑角色期待及角色扮演之比較研究。中國文化大學家政學系研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
行政院主計處(2005a)。89 年戶口及住宅普查結果提要分析。2005年 6 月 2 日,取自 http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Attachment/41171663571.rtf。
行政院主計處(2005b)。93年台灣地區人力運用調查統計結果摘要分析。2005年 5 月 3 日,取自 http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/513111144271.doc。
吳明珏(2005)。雙薪家庭幼兒父母親的婚姻滿意、親職壓力與共親職之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
吳黛宜(2003)。己婚男性父職態度與實踐之研究—以台北市為例。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
李文龍(2002)。時代變遷中的父親角色。親子教育,102,8-9。
李美枝(1986)。社會心理學。台北市:大洋出版社。
李美枝(1987a)。女性心理學。台北:大洋出版社。
李美枝(1987b)。性別角色面面觀。台北:聯經出版事業公司。
李思亮(2001)。己婚男性婚姻品質相關之研究—以育有學齡子女父親為對象。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
李銀河(1996)。北京市婚姻質量的調查與分析。現代化專刊,6,25-31。
李蔚虹(1988)。已婚婦女的現代化程度、性別角色與生活滿意度之研究。國立台灣師範大學社會教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
沈瓊桃(2002)。多面向婚姻滿意量表之編製。中華心理衛生學刊,15(3), 67-100。
杜宜展(2004)。父職參與意願、參與行為、參與感受及其相關因素之研究。台南師範學院國民教育研究所博士論文,未出版,台南市。
周玫琪(1994)。影響台灣地區家庭家務分工因素之探討。國立台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
周蔚(譯)(1995)。J. W. Gould & R. E. Gunther 著。當男人,做爸爸。台北市:麥格羅希爾。
林如萍(2001)。家庭生活教育:婚姻教育議題。載於中華民國家庭教育學會(主編),家庭生活教育(頁 29-55)。臺北市:師大書苑。
林佳玲(2000)。夫妻依附風格,衝突因應策略與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
林松齡(1997)。台灣中部地區已婚婦女之婚姻品質的決定因素:一個社會學理論的解釋。台大社會學刊,25,179-220。
林松齡(1999)。社會學與台灣社會。台北市:巨流。
林蓉影(民87)。性別角色態度與離異傾向。私立東吳大學社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
邱秀貞(1987)。夫妻溝通與婚姻滿足之研究—以台中市黎明社區及台中縣國宅社區為例。私立東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中市。
邱皓政(2004)。量化研究與統計分析(第二版)。台北市:五南。
柯里斯、林為正(譯)(1995)。D. Stoop 著。父愛不缺席:心理醫師剖析父親的十二種模式。台北市:智庫。
柯澍馨、宋子雅(2002)。大陸臺商婚姻滿意度及其相關因素之研究。華岡農科學報,10,15-34。
唐先梅(1999)。從家務工作的本質談雙薪家庭夫妻家事分工。應用心理研究,4,131-173。
徐綺穗(2000)。父職及其與子女行為關係之研究。教育研究,8,193-204。
徐麗賢(2004)。大陸台商父職實踐程度與實踐需求之研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義市。
張佩韻(1999)。離婚單親父親父職角色與親子關係之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
張春興(1989)。張氏心理學辭典。台北市:東華書局。
張寶珠(1995)。婦女自我肯定、婚姻滿意、父母非理性信念之關係研究。輔導季刊,31(1),21-30。
曹中瑋(1985)。自我狀態、夫妻溝通型態與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。台北師專學報,12,1-63。
莫黎黎(1998)。已婚男性之家庭觀之探究。全國家庭教育研討會會議實錄。
莫藜藜、王行(1996)。已婚男性的家庭價值觀及其對家庭的需求之探究-兼論家庭政策之規劃(II)。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告(報告編號:NSC85-2412-H031-005-H3),未出版。
莊訓當(1996)。國中已婚教師婚姻滿意度相關因素及其調適之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
郭佳華(2001)。父親參與父職教育方案相關因素之研究。國立嘉義家庭教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義市。
郭黎灩(1988)。已婚職業婦女性別角色態度、工作角色、家庭角色關係之研究。國立台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
陳志賢(1998)。婚姻信念、婚姻溝通與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
陳幸玉(1994)。雙生涯夫妻性別角色特質、家庭職業角色與學習需求之研究。國立台灣師範大學社會教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
陳幸玉(1995)。雙生涯夫妻性別角色特質、家庭職業角色與學習需求之研究。社會教育學刊,24,179-192。
陳明君(1991)。家庭決策,夫妻溝通之自我開放程度與婚姻滿意度之相關研究。私立文化大學家政研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
陳明穗(1985)。家庭型態、夫妻知覺一致性與婚姻滿足之關係研究。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
陳政見(2000)。談父職角色。教師之友,41(1),54-60。
陳姿勳(2000)。性別、家庭生命週期與婚姻滿意度關係之探討。暨南國際大學社會政策與社會工作學系碩士論文,未出版。
陳淑貞(1993)。父親涉入子女生活及其相關因素之研究。私立中國文化大學家政學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
陳皎眉(1987)。性別角色態度、個人現代性與逃避事業成就傾向及工作滿意度之關係。台北市:台大人口研究中心婦女研究室。
陳皎眉(1988)。婦女的生活壓力、支持系統與家庭及婚姻滿足的關係。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃成果報告。
陳彰儀(1986)。不同生活型態的職業婦女之壓力與休閒型態、婚姻滿足及工作滿足三者關係之差異。國立政治大學教育與心理研究期刊,10,27-72。
陳曉慧(1999)。國小學童父親性別角色態度、親職角色與親職教育需求之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
傅瓊慧(1985)。雙生涯家庭中影響妻子婚姻滿足相關因素之研究。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
黃坤瑛(1989)。影響父職角色扮演因素之研究-「雙工作家庭」與「單工作家庭」之比較。國立台灣大學農業推廣研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
黃朗文(1998)。已婚兩性對家務分工意識型態之研究。東吳社會學報,7,81-111。
黃曼婷(2001)。家庭主婦志願工作者社會支持、婚姻滿意度、親子關係之研究。國立政治大學社會學系碩士論文,未出版。
黃鈴喬(1998)。不同依附風格夫妻之關係期望,婚姻溝通與婚姻調適之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
黃慧森(2001)。高職男生親職角色知覺與認同之研究-以屏東縣市為例。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,嘉義市。
劉秀娟(1999)。兩性關係與教育。台北:楊智。
楊琳(1997)。已婚職業婦女個人特質與婚姻調適、婚姻滿意之質性研究。中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
蔡文輝(2002)。婚姻與家庭:家庭社會學(第二版)。台北:五南。
蔡仕君(1988)。從不同家庭生命週期探討已婚職業婦女之生活滿意度。中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文,未出版。
蔡詩薏、胡淑貞(2001)。社會人口特質、家庭生命週期與夫妻滿意度及其差異之研究:一個社區的初探性研究。成功大學學報科技醫學篇,36,23-49。
潘正德(1993)。新男性的感情世界。載於謝瀛華等,男人、難--新男性研討會論文集(57-66頁)。台北:宇宙光出版社。
鄭淑君(2002)。夫妻婚姻滿意度與子女三角關係運作情形之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導與諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化市。
戴智慧(1985)。己婚職業婦女的生活壓力與休閒型態、婚姻滿意、生理健康、心理健康及工作滿意五者的關係。政治大學心理研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
謝秀芬(1998)。台灣女性的家庭角色觀與工作觀之研究。東吳社會工作學報,4,1-34。
謝延仁(2004)。兒童保護案件中施虐父親其父職角色之研究--以身體虐待或疏忽者為例。東海大學社會工作學系碩士論文,未出版,台中市。
謝銀沙(1992)。已婚婦女個人特質、婚姻溝通與婚姻調適之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
鍾鳳嬌(1988)。母親就業、性別角色、事業觀、生活滿意度與國中生性別特質、生活適應之關係。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,高雄市。
簡春安(1991)。國內婦女生活滿意度調查報告。當代社會工作,創刊號,87-99。
譚智華(譯)(1996)。R. Bly 著。鐵約翰:一本關於男性啟蒙的書。台北:張老師文化。
英文部分
Ahmann, E., & Kelly, J. (2001). Dad and daughters: Grassroots adcocacy. Pediatric Nursing, 27, 391-393.
Ahmeduzzaman, M., & Roopnarine, J. L. (1992). Sociodemographic factors, functioning style, social support, and fathers’ involvement with preschoolers in African-American families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 699-707.
Amato, E. R., & Rivera, F. (1999). Paternal involvement and children’s behavior problems. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 67, 375-384.
Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (1995). Changes in gender role attitudes and perceived marital quality. American Sociological Review, 60(1), 58.
Anderson, K. G. (1999). Paternal care, divorce and step fathers: Analyses of parental behavior by Anglo, Hispanic, and Xhosa men in Albuquerque, New Mexico and Cape Town, South Africa. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. The University of Mexico.
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
Belsky, J., Youngblade, L., Rovine, M., & Volling, B. (1991). Patterns of marital change and parent-child interaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 487-498.
Berry, R. E., & Williams, F. L. (1987). Assessing the relationship between quality of life and marital and income satisfaction: A path analytic approach. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 107-116.
Blee, K. M., & Tickamyer, A. R. (1995). Racial differences in men’s attitudes about women’sgender roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57(1), 21-31.
Block, J. H. (1973). Conceptions of sex role: Some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.
Booth, A., & Amato, P. R. (1994). Parental marital quality, parental divorce, and relations with parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 21-34.
Bradford, W. W. (2002). Religion, convention and paternal involvement. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64,780-792.
Brannon, R. ( 1976). The male sex role: Our culture’s blueprint for manhood, what it’s done for us lately. In David, D. & Brannon, R. (Eds). The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role. MA: Addison Wesley.
Brannon, R. & Juni, S. (1984). A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity.
Psychological Documents, 14(1).
Brinkerhoff, D. V., & White, L. K. (1978). Mariginal population. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 259-267.
Brownson, C. G. (2002). Working Father’s participation in parenting: an exploration of dominant discourses and paternal participation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Calhoun, C. J., Donald, L. J., & Suzanne, K. C. (1996). Sociology. NY: Mcgraw-Hill Inc.
Cicone, M. V., & Ruble, D. N. (1978). Beliefs about males. Journal of Social Issues,
34(1).
Cochran, D. L. (1997). African American fathers: A decade review of the literature. Families in Society, 78, 340-350.
Coltrane, S. (1995). The future of fatherhood: Social demographic and Economic influences on men’s family involvements. In W. Marsiglio (Ed.), Fatherhood (pp. 255-274). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cooksey, E. C. & Craig, P. H. (1998). Parenting from a distance: The effects of paternal characteristics on contact between nonresidential fathers and their children. Demography, 35, 187-200.
Cooney, T. M. (1994). Young adults’ relations with parents: The influence of recent parental divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 45-56.
Cooney, T. M., & Pedersen, F. A. (1993). Timing of fatherhood: Is “on-time” optimal? Journal of Marriage & Family, 55, 205-305.
Cournoyer, R. J., & Mahalik, J. R. (1995). Cross-sectional study of gender role conflict examining college-aged and middle-aged men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(1), 11-19.
Crouter, A. C., Helms-Erikson, H., Updegrahh, K., & Mchale, S. M. (1999). Conditions underlying parents’ knowledge about childhood: Between and within family comparison. Child Development, 70, 246-256.
De Luccie, M. F. (1995). Mothers as gatekeepers: A model of maternal mediators of father involvement. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156, 115-131.
Dickstein, S., & Parke, R. D. (1988). Social referencing in infancy: A glance at fathers and marriage. Child Development, 59, 506-511.
Doherty, W. J., Kouneski, E. F., & Ericson, M. F. (1998). Responsible fathering: An overview and conceptual framework. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 60(2), 277-293.
Down, N. E. (1995). Redefining Fatherhood. New York: New York University Press.
Eggebeen, D. J., & Knoester, C. (2001). Does fatherhood matter for men? Journal of Marriage & Family, 63, 381-394.
Fagot, B. I., & Leinbach, M. D. (1995). Gender knowledge in egalitarian and traditional families. Sex Roles, 32(7/8), 513-526.
Furr, L. A. (1998). Fathers’ characteristics and their children’s scores on college entrance exams: A comparison of intact and divorced families. Adolescence, 33(131), 533-542.
Garrett, C. W. (2002). Obstacles to paternal involvement: Effects of upbringing and experience on perceptions of preparedness and importance. Unpublished master’s thesis, State University of California, Long Beach, California.
Gerson, K. (1993). No man’s land. New York: Basic Books.
Glenn, N. D., & Weaver, C. N. (1978). A multivariate, multisurvey study of marital happiness. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 40, 269-280.
Gottman, J., & DeClaire, J. (1997). The heart of parenting: How to raise an emotionally intelligent child. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Guelzow, M. G., Bird, G. W., & Koball, E. H. (1991). An exploratory path analysis of the stress process for dual-career men and women. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 151-164.
Harris, K. M., Furstenberg, F. F., & Marmer, J. K. (1998). Paternal involvement with adolescents in intact families: The influence of fathers over the life course. Demography, 35, 201-216.
Hawkins, J. L. (1968). Association between companionship hostility and marital satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 30, 647-650.
Hofferth, S. L., & Anderson, K. G. (2003). Are all dads equal? Biology versus marriage as a basis for paternal investment. Journal of Marriage & Family, 65, 213-232.
Hollingshead, A. B. & Redlich, F. C.(1958). Social class and mental illness: a community study. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Huber, J., & Spitze, G. (1981). Wives’ employment, household behavior and sex role attitude. Social Forces, 60(1), 150-169.
Johnston, C. (1996). Parent characteristics and parent-child interactions in families of nonproblem children and ADHD children with higher and lower levels of oppositional-defiant behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24, 85-104.
Kalmijn, M. (1999). Father involvement in childrearing and the perceived stability of marriage. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 409-421.
Kamo, Y. (1993). Determinants of marital satisfaction: A comparison of the united states and Japan. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 10(4), 551-568.
Kaufman, G. (2000). Do gender role attitudes matter?Journal of Family Issues, 21(1), 128-145.
Kessler, R. C., & McRae, R. A. Jr. (1982). The effect of wives’ employment on the mental health of married men and women. American Sociological Review, 47, 216-227.
Krampe, E. M. & Fairweather, P. D. (1993). Father presence and family formation. Journal of Family Issue, 14, 572-591.
Lamb, M. E. (1987). The Father’s role: Cross-cultural perspectives. New York: Erlbaum.
Lamb, M. E. (1997). Fathers and child development: An introductory overview and guide. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 1-18). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Lamb, M. E., & Elster, A. B. (1985). Adolescent mother-infant-father relationships. Developmental Psychology, 21, 768-773.
Landale, N. S., & Oropesa, R. S. (2001). Father involvement in the lives of mainland Puerto Rican children: Contributions of nonresident, cohabiting and married fathers. Social Forces, 79, 945-968.
Levant, R. F., Hirsch, L. S., Celentano, E., Cozza, T. M., Hill, S., MacEachern, M., et al. (1992). The male role: An investigation of contemporary norms. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 14(3), 325-337.
Lewis, R. A., & Spanier, G. B. (1979). Theorizing about the quality and stability of marriage. In W. R. Burr (Eds.), Contemporary theories about the family (pp. 268-294). New York: Free Press.
Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1-41.
Macionis, John. J. (1997). Sociology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Manosevitz, M. (1971). Education and MMPI MF scores in homosexual and heterosexual males. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 36, 395-399.
Marcucci, P. A. (2001). When dad is a firefighter: Paternal involvement, parental satisfaction and child’s well-being. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Californian school of professional psychology Berkeley/Alameda.
Markman, H. J., & Kraft, S. (1989). Men and women in marriage: Dealing with gender differences in marital therapy. Behavior Therapist, 12, 51-56.
Marsiglio, W. (1991). Paternal engagement activities with minor children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 973-986.
Measor, J., & Sikes, P. J. (1993). Gender and Schools. NY: Cassel.
Mendelson, E. A. (1987). An exploratory investigation of male gender role development during early adulthood. Dissertation Abstracts International, 48, 2119-2120B.
Miller, B. C. (1976). A multivariate developmental model of marital satisfaction. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 643-657.
Miller, N. B., & Kannae, L. A. (1999). Predicting marital quality in Ghana. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30(4), 599-615.
Norton, R. (1983). Measuring marital quality: a critical look at the dependent variable. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 141-151.
O’Donnell, J. M. (2001). Paternal involvement in kinship foster care services in one father and multiple father families. Child Welfare, 80, 453-475.
O’Neil, J. M., Stillson, R. W., & Owen, S. V. (1991). Predictors of adult men’s gender-role conflict: race, class, unemployment, age, instrumentality expressiveness, and personal strain. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(4), 458-464.
Oakley (1972). Sex, gender and society. London: Temple Smith.
Olson, D. H. (1997). PREPARE/ENRICH counselor manual. St. Paul, MN: Life Innovations, Inc.
Olson, D. H., & McCubbin, H. I. (1983). Families. California: Sage.
Palkovitz, R. (1984). Paternal attitudes and fathers’ interactions with their five-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 20, 1054-1060.
Palkovitz, R. (1997). Reconstructing “involvement” expanding conceptualizations of men’s caring in contemporary families. In A. J. Hawkins & D. C. Dollahite (Eds.), Generative fathering: Beyond deficit: Perspectives (pp. 200-216). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Park, R. D. (1996). Fatherhood. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Peterson, R. R. & Gerson, K. (1992). Determinations of responsibility for child care arrangements among dual-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 527-536.
Pleck, J. H. (1997). Paternal involvement: Levels, sources, and consequences. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (3rd ed., pp. 66-103). New York: Wiley.
Powell, T. (1995). Dysfunctional marital beliefs and marital satisfaction: A multicultural analysis. Unpublished master’s thesis, State University of Ball.
Roach, A. J., Frazier, L. P., & Bowden, S. R. (1981). The marital satisfaction scale: development of a measure for intervention research. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 537-546.
Rockville, M. (2000). Factors associated with fathers’ care giving activities and sensitivity with young children. Journal of Family Psychology, 14, 200-219.
Rogers, S. J., & Aamto, P. R. (1997). Is marital quality declining?The evidence from two. Social Forces, 75(3), 1089-1111.
Ropenoe, D. (1996). A world without fathers. The Wilson Quarterly, 20, 12-29.
Ross, C. E. (1987). The division of labor at home. Social Forces, 65, 816-833.
Rossi, A., & Rossi, P. (1990). Of human bonding: Parent-child relations across the life course. New York: de Gruyter.
Russell, G. (1986). Primary caretaking and role-sharing fathers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The father’s role : Applied Perspectives (pp. 29-57). New York: Wiley.
Russell, G., & Radin, N. (1983). Fatherhood and family policy. NJ: Lawerence Erlbaum Associates.
Sanderson, S., & Thompson, V. L. (2002). Factors associated with perceived paternal involvement in childrearing. Sex Roles: A journal of Research, 46, 99-111.
Schaefer, R. T., & Robert, P. L. (1995). Sociology. NY: Mcgraw-Hill Inc.
Schumm, W. R., Paff-Bergen, L. A., Hatch, R. C., Obiorah, F. C., Copeland, J. M., Meens, L. D. et al. (1986). Concurrent and discriminate validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 381-387.
Seward, R. R., Seward, J. A., & Yealtts, D. (1997). Fathers caring for children: expectations, conduct, and guidance. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED417844).
Sherriffs, A. C., & McKee, J. P. (1957). Qualitative aspects of beliefs about men and
women. Journal of Personality, 25, 451-464.
Simmerman, S., Blacher, J., & Baker, B. L. (2001). Fathers’ and mothers’ perceptions of father involvement in families with young children with disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 26, 325-338.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28.
Spence, J. T., Deaux, K., & Helmreich, R. L. (1985). Sex roles in contemporary American society. In Lindzey G., & Aronson E. (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology Vol. 1.( pp. 149-178). New York: Random House.
Sperling, V. (2000). Marriages in Russia: couples during the economic transition. Gender & Society, 14(5), 700.
Stillson, R., O’Neil, J. M., & Owen, S. V. (1991). Predictors of adult men’s gender role conflict: Race, class, unemployment, age, instrumentality-expressiveness, and personal strain. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 458-464.
Sun, M. E. & Roopnarine (1996). Mother-infant, father-infant interaction and involvement in childcare and household labor among Taiwanese families. Infant Behavior and Development, 19, 121-129.
Thompson Jr., E. H. & Pleck, J. H.(1987). The structure of male role norms. In Michael S. Kimmel(Ed.), Changing men : New directions in research on men and masculinity (pp. 25-36). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thornton, A., Alwin, D. F., & Cambum, D. (1983). Causes and Consequences of Sex-Role Attitudes and Attitudes Change. American Sociological Review, 48, 211-227.
Voydanoff, & Donnelly, P. (1999). The intersection of time in activities and perceived unfairness in relation to psychological. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 739-752.
Yang, H. J. (1998). A prospective longitudinal study of consistency and change in parental influence on children’s academic achievement. The Sciences & Engineering, 58, 6262.
Ying, Y. (1991). Marital satisfaction among San Francisco Chinese-Americans. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 37, 201-213.
Yogman, M. W., Kindlon, D., & Earls, F.(1995). Father involvement and cognitive/behavioral outcomes of preterm infants. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(1), 58-66.