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研究生：	林欣怡 Hsin-Yi Lin
論文名稱：	台灣地區中文禮貌語氣聲學訊號研究 An Acoustic Study on the Tone of Voice in the Politeness Talks in Taiwan Mandarin
指導教授：	謝國平 Tse, Kwock-Ping
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2007
畢業學年度：	95
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	108
中文關鍵詞：	禮貌理論、語氣、社會關係、熟悉度、性別、聲學訊號
英文關鍵詞：	Politeness Theory, Tone of voice, Social relationship, Familiarity, Gender, Acoustic cue
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：254 下載：17
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本研究旨在探討對話者的關係對於他們對話語氣的影響。我們研究了三個社會關係因素：說話者的性別〈男生或女生〉、聽者的性別〈男生或女生〉，還有對話者彼此熟悉的程度〈非常熟—好朋友或完全不熟—陌生人〉。我們想要瞭解的問題是，說話者在面對不同的聽話者時，是如何調整自己的語氣，而這些語氣又是如何地反應在聲學訊號上。在收集語料方面，我們利用讓受試者配對玩字卡遊戲的方式，來引發他們對話並且錄音。接著我們檢視目標聲學訊號的表現，檢視的訊號是焦點字上的：句尾延長、音頻範圍、音頻高度，還有母音空間。分析結果顯示，對話者之間的關係的確會影響他們對話時的語氣，不過在同一種語氣裡的不同的語音訊號，似乎擔負不同的功能。女性的說話者，面對朋友時會有較長的句尾延長，面對男性對話者時會有較低的音頻。男性的說話者所做的調整，則大部分都是針對異性，他們面對女性時會有較長的句尾延長和較高的音頻。而男女說話者在面對男性陌生人的時候，都會有比較大的母音空間。
所得到的結果顯示，當對話者兩人之間的關係較遠時，對話語氣未必比較正式〈較短的句尾延長，較高的音頻高度、較窄音頻範圍和較大的母音空間〉，反而是有相互配合的情況，像是面對女性聽話者時音頻較高，而面對男性時則較低。

The present study intends to investigate the influence of interlocutors’ social relationships on their tones of voice when they converse. Three social factors were involved for testing: the gender of the speaker (male or female), and the gender of the interlocutors (males or females), the degree of familiarity between the interlocutors (close friend or stranger). The questions we wanted to ask were: how speakers adjust their tones when they speak to listeners of different familiarity and gender; and how these tones of speech are practiced in the prosodic cues of their speeches. Speech for analysis was collected by having pairs of talkers playing the Word Card Display Game, and their conversation was recorded. The examined cues were final lengthening, pitch range, pitch register, and vowel space of the designed focused syllables. The results implied that interlocutors’ relationship did have influence on their tone of voice when they converse. However, different prosodic cues within a tone seem to be respondent to different social factor of the relationship. For female speakers, they would lengthen the duration for friends, and lower their pitch for males; for male speakers, their adjustments were mostly done for the listeners of the opposite gender: their durations were longer for females, and pitch higher also for females. As for the vowel space, both male and female would have larger vowel space for male strangers.
Such results reflect that farther social distance between speakers do not necessarily elicit more formal tone of voice (shorter duration, higher pitch register, narrower pitch range, and larger vowel space). Speakers in our study showed that accommodation is also a mechanism at work (ex. lower pitch register for male hearers and higher pitch register for female hearers).

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHINESE ABSTRACT……………………………………………….……………ii
ABSTRACT……………….………………………………………….……………iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………….……………iv
VITA………………………………………………………………....……………..vi
TABLE OF CONTENT……..…………………………………………………….vii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES..……………………………………………ix

Chapters:
1.    Introduction…………………………………………………………….………….1

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………….…………...1
1.2 Significance………………………………………………….…………...........3
1.3 Aims of Study……………………………………………………………..…..6
1.4 Organization…………………………………………………………...............7

2.    Literature Review…………………………………………………....…………….9

2.1    Politeness Theory……………………………………………………..........10
2.2    The Prosody in Politeness Talk in Different Cultures……………………...13

3.    Method………………………………………………………………………….27

3.1    Subjects……………………………………………………………………...28
3.2    Stimuli……………………………………………………………….............29
3.3    Equipment.…………………………………………………………………..30
3.3.1    Equipments for Conversation Elicitation—
Word Card Display Game……………………………………………30
3.3.2    Equipment for Conversation Recording……..……………………….31
3.4    Procedure……………………………………………………………..............32
3.5    Labeling.……………………………………………………………...............34
3.6    Acoustic Measurement……………………………………………….............36

4.    Judgment Test……………………………………………………….....……...... 40

4.1    Subjects……………………………………………………………….…..….40
4.2    Materials………………………………………………………………….….41
4.3    Equipment..……………………………………………………………….… 43
4.4    Procedure………………………………………………………………….... 42
4.5    Results of the Judgment Test…………………………………………….…. 43

5.    Results………………………………………………………………………........46

5.1    Final Lengthening…………………………………………………….…….. 46
5.1.1 Final Lengthening…………………………………………….………..46
5.1.2 Data Selection Criteria for Duration Analysis………………….…….. 47
5.1.3 Overall ANOVA for Duration of Final Syllable……………….…….. 47
5.1.4 Results with Duration of Female Speakers…………………….……... 49
5.1.5 Results with Duration of Male Speakers……………………….………51
   5.2 Pitch………………………………………………………………….………52
      5.2.1 Pitch Range…………………………………………………….………52
      5.2.2 Data selection for pitch analysis……………………………….………53
      5.2.3 ANOVA for Pitch Range……………………………………….……...54
      5.2.4 ANOVA for Pitch Register………………………………….………56
   5.3 Vowel Space………………………………………………………….……...60
      5.3.1 Vowel Space…………………………………………………….……..60
      5.3.2 Data Selection Criteria for Vowel Space……………………….……...60
      5.3.3 Female’s Vowel Space……………….……………………….………..61
      5.3.5 Male’s Vowel Space………………………….……………….………..62

6.    General Discussion……………………………………………………..………..65

6.1    Summary of Results………………………………………………………….65
6.2    Discussion…………………………………………………...………….……68
6.2.1Duration…………………………………………………...…..………..69
6.2.2Pitch Range…………………………………………...………….......…73
6.2.3Vowel Space………………………………………...………….…….....78

7.    Conclusion……………………………………………..……………………...…80

Appendix A: Questionnaire for Judgment Test…....………..…………………..…....83
Appendix B: Profile of Subjects in Production Experiment…………………………84
Appendix C: Recording Duration of the Subjects……………………...……………87
Appendix D: Profile of Subjects in Judgment Test………………………………….88
Appwndix E: Contribution of Each Subject in Acoustic Analysis…………………..89
References…………………………………………………………….………….......93

List of Tables and Figures

Table
Table 4.1  The selected subjects by the judgment test…………………………..….45
Table 5.1  Overall ANOVA results for Final Lengthening……………………..….48
Table B.1  Profile of female subjects in the female same-gender friend group…....84
Table B.2  Profile of male subjects in the male same-gender friend group……...…85
Table B.3  Profile of male and female subjects in the different-gender friend group…………………………………………………………………….86
Table C.1 Recording duration of each friend pair……………………………………87
Table C.2 Recording duration of each stranger pair……………………………….…87
Table D.1 Profile of subjects in Judgment Test………………………………………88
Table E.1 The number of cases of the target phrases contributed by same-gender friend pairs for acoustic analysis…………………………...………………89
Table E.2 The number of cases of the target phrases contributed by same-gender strangers for acoustic analysis……………………………………………..90
Table E.3 The number of cases of the target phrases contributed by different-gender pairs for acoustic analysis, including friend pairs and stranger pairs………91
Table E.4 The number of cases of the target phrases contributed by same-gender strangers for acoustic analysis…………………………………………...…92

Figure
Figure 2.1 The mean values of politeness scores rated by 20 subjects for the
polite/casual source utterances with the “polite final prosody”
(P-prosody) and “clasual final prosody”……………………..….…20
Figure 3.1 The Equipments for Word Card Display Game………………….……….31
Figure 3.2 The layout of the equipment for recording………………………….32
Figure 3.3 The labeling window for the phrase “dian4qi4de0qi4”
‘The qi4 in electric equipment’…………………….……………….…..35
   Figure 3.4 The measurement of the duration of W1 and W2………….…………..…37
Figure 3.5 The measurement of the peak of W1 and valley of W2…………………..38
Figure 3.6 The measurement of F1 and F2 of W1 and W2…………………………...39
Figure 5.1 A scatter plot female speakers’ for W1 and W2 durations…………….…49
Figure 5.2 A scatter plot for male speakers’ W1 and W2 durations…………………51
Figure 5.3 A bar graph for female and male speakers’ pitch range in semitone……..56
Figure 5.4 A high-low graph for female and male speakers’ pitch range,
pitch peak, and pitch valley in Hertz…………………………………...58
Figure 5.5 A graph for females’ vowel space in W1…………………………………61
Figure 5.6 A graph for females’ vowel space in W2…...…….……………………....62
Figure 5.7 A graph for males’ vowel space in W1…...……….……………………...63
Figure 5.8 A graph for males’ vowel space in W2………...….……………………...64
                                

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