簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表
研究生： 謝小鳳
Siew-fung Sia
論文名稱： 從社會語言學觀探討馬來西亞英語之本土化
The nativization of Malaysian English: A sociolinguistic approach
指導教授： 施玉惠
Shih, Yu-Hwei
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 英語學系
Department of English
論文出版年： 2002
畢業學年度： 90
語文別： 英文
中文關鍵詞： 本土化 、馬來西亞英語 、社會語言學
英文關鍵詞： Nativization, Malaysian English, Sociolinguistics
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：211  下載：48 
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報

    • 根據學者Kachru (1981)的說法，由早期英國殖民所帶進亞洲與非洲的英語，早已對當地多元文化與多種語言的環境做出調適，並且逐漸發展成各種新興英語，有別於其來源—英式英語。Krchru (1981) 所描述的這種現象就是近年來在學術界經常被探討的英語本土化現象。作為一個後殖民國家，馬來西亞的英語發展也出現了這種現象，但與其他國家不同的是馬來西亞於1950至1970年間實施了一連串的語言政策。這些語言政策不僅使英語喪失了官方語言的地位，也使馬來語取代了英語在教育上媒介語的角色。自此以後，英語便只成為馬來西亞教育上必修的第二語言。由於其被使用的領域變少了，一般認為馬來西亞整體的英語水平也隨著下降。儘管如此，因著其所附帶的實際利益以及既有的社會地位，英語在馬來西亞的重要性仍然不減。
    綜上所述，本研究旨在探討馬來西亞英語的語言特色、功能以及當地人對本土化英語的態度。藉由語料蒐集以及問卷調查，本研究較重要的發現有三項。第一、受到當地語言、文化和社會環境的影響，馬來西亞英語的確具有一些有別於正統英語的語言特色。第二、儘管在馬來西亞語言政策的實施下，英語已經喪失了官方語以及教育媒介語的地位，當地人還是在日常生活中大量使用英語。第三、當地人傾向於贊成在非正式的場合中使用馬來西亞英語。根據問卷調查顯示，馬來西亞英語代表著一種可拉近距離的族群認同。
    基於多元種族、文化、社會環境以及語言交流的因素，馬來西亞英語的本土化是一種趨勢。因此，當正統英語仍保有其在國際間以及正式場合中的領導地位，本土化的英語早已在馬來西亞根深蒂固。這種本土英語所展現的不僅是本土風味，還具有凝聚族群的功能。未來的研究可針對各種形式的馬來西亞英語作調查，例如各種形式的語言特色，另外也可比較在馬來西亞，正統英語與馬來西亞英語的地位、功能和使用領域。

    According to Kachru (1981), the English language in Asia and Africa, introduced through earlier colonization by the British, has long adjusted itself to the multilingual and multicultural contexts there, and has gradually developed as new varieties of English distinct from its original norm (e.g. British English). The phenomenon Kachru (1981) describes is recommended as nativization of English, which has been a subject much studied in recent years. Being a post-colonial country, Malaysia is no exception to this kind of development of English. Something, however, is unique to the country—the language policies implemented there. From the late 1950s to the early 1970s, a series of language policies were adopted in Malaysia. According to the language policies, Malay was promoted as the national and official language, but on the other hand, English was removed from the official language and the medium of instruction in education. Since then, English has become a compulsory second language in education. Used in fewer domains, the general proficiency in English is said to have been declining in Malaysia. Still, the importance of English is never reduced because of its utilitarian advantages and its high social status.
    Given this unusual background, Malaysian English is investigated on its linguistic, functional and attitudinal aspects in this study. With the collected linguistic data and the questionnaire survey in Kuching, a city of Malaysia, several major findings are yielded. First, certain linguistic features are found distinctive to Malaysian English, which not only reflect the influence of local languages, but are also used to cater for socio-cultural contexts. Second, although the Malaysian language policies withdrew the official role of English, and also it’s dominant role in education, English is still frequently used by Malaysians in their daily life, as shown in this study. Third, Malaysians tend to have a positive attitude toward Malaysian English, but they prefer using the variety in more informal situations. Many comments from the informants suggest that a sense of in-group identity is attached to Malaysian English. Using this variety can thus foster an intimacy among people.
    Considering the language contact and socio-cultural contexts in a multiethnic society, the nativization of English is a trend in Malaysia. Therefore, while Standard English still firmly keeps its international and formal status, Malaysian English has already long rooted in Malaysian soil. Such a local variety of English not only reveals local flavor, but also serves to improve ethnic solidarity and intimacy. For further research, it is worth exploring the linguistic features of various sub-varieties of Malaysian English. Another direction for future investigation is the respective status, functions and domains of Standard English and different sub-varieties of Malaysian English.

    ABSTRACT I 中文摘要 III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES VI CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 HISTORY OF ENGLISH IN MALAYSIA 1 1.1.1 Early colonial period 3 1.1.2 Middle colonial period 3 1.1.3 Post-colonial period 4 1.2 PURPOSES OF THE STUDY 7 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 7 CHAPTER TWO THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY 9 2.2 TWO DIMENSIONS OF BILINGUALISM 11 2.3 NATIVIZATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 14 2.3.1 A general review on the issue of nativized English 15 2.3.2 Previous studies on the nativization of English 21 2.3.3 Earlier studies on Malaysian English 25 2.4 TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF LANGUAGE PLANNING 30 2.4.1 Language planning in Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines 32 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 35 3.1 LINGUISTIC DATA 35 3.1.1 Data analysis 36 3.2 QUESTIONNAIRE DATA 37 3.2.1 Design of the questionnaire 37 3.2.2 Data analysis 40 3.2.2.1 Treatment of questionnaire data 40 3.2.2.2.Treatment of social variables 41 3.2.2.3 Treatment of attitudinal factors 45 3.2.3 Observation of the researcher 46 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND FINDINGS 48 4.1 FINDINGS OF THE LINGUISTIC DATA 48 4.2 GENERAL FINDINGS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE DATA 53 4.2.1 Acceptability of Malaysian English 53 4.2.2 Frequency of use of Malaysian English 57 4.2.3 Domains of English in Malaysia 60 4.2.4 Language attitudes 63 4.2.5 Learning motivations 65 4.3 FINDINGS BASED ON SOCIAL AND ATTITUDINAL VARIABLES 66 4.3.1 Gender 66 4.3.2 Age 67 4.3.3 Socioeconomic status—occupation and education level 70 4.3.4 Medium of education 72 4.3.5 Proficiency in English 74 4.3.6 Attitudinal factors 75 CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION 77 5.1 LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF MALAYSIAN ENGLISH 77 5.1.1 Syntax 78 5.1.2 Semantics 85 5.1.3 Code-mixing 87 5.1.4 Culture 90 5.1.5 Phonology 90 5.1.6 A sociolinguistic approach for Malaysian English 93 5.2 ACCEPTABILITY AND USE-FREQUENCY OF MALAYSIAN ENGLISH 97 5.3 MOTIVATIONS FOR LEARNING ENGLISH AND DOMAINS OF ENGLISH IN MALAYSIA 99 5.4 ATTITUDINAL ASPECTS OF MALAYSIAN ENGLISH 101 5.5 THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN ENGLISH 103 5.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL VARIABLES ON THE USE OF MALAYSIAN ENGLISH 103 5.6.1 Significance of age 104 5.6.2 Significance of medium of education 105 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION 107 6.1 SUMMARY OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS 108 6.2 PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS 112 6.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 114 APPENDIX I 116 APPENDIX II 120 APPENDIX III 123 APPENDIX IV 125 APPENDIX V 126 BIBLIOGRAPHY 129

    Afendras, E. A. (ed.). 1980. Patterns of Bilingualism. RELC Anthology Series 8. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Augustin, J. 1982. Regional Standards of English in Peninsular Malaysia. New Englishes. Rowley MA: Newbury House.
    Bamgbose, A. 1982. Standard Nigerian English: Issues of Identification. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Banjo, L. A. 1971. Towands a Definition of “Standard Nigerian Spoken English”. Actes du 8e Congres de la Societe Linguistique de l’Afrique Occidentale. Abidjan: Universite d’Abidjan.
    Baskaran, L. 1994. The Malaysian English Mosaic. English Today 37 (10):27-32.
    Begum, R. and T. Kadiah. 1997. Misrecognitions of Variablility in New Varieties of English: Tamil Minority Usage in Singapore English. Englishes Around the World 2. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Benson, P. 1990. A Language in Decline. English Today 24:19-23.
    Bokamba, E. G. 1982. The Africanization of English. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Brown, H. D. 1994a. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Prentice Hall Regents.
    Brown, H. D. 1994b. Teaching by Principles: an Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. Prentice Hall Regents.
    Brudiprabha, P. 1978. Language Education and Linguistic Diversity: Literacy and Indigenous Languages. Language Education in Multilingual Societies: RELC Anthology Series 4. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Brumfit, C. J. 1982. English for International Communication. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Cheshire, J. 1991. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Craig, D. R. 1982. Toward a Description of Caribbean English. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Craig, D. R. 1997. The English of West Indian University Students. Englishes Around the World 2. Amsterdam /Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Crystal, D. 1997. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Eppert, F. 1983. Transfer and Translation in Language Learning and Teaching: RELC Anthology Series 12. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Fasold, R. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
    Ferguson, C. A. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15: 325-40.
    Ferguson, C. A. and A. S. Dil. 1979. Universals of Language Planning in National Development. Language and Society: Anthropological Issues. The Hague: Mouton.
    Firth, J. R. 1952. Linguistic Analysis as a Study of Meaning. Selected Papers of J. R. Firth (1968). London: Longman.
    Fishman, J. 1967. Bilingualism with and without Diglossia; Diglossia with and without Bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues 23(2): 29-38.
    Fishman, J. 1972a. Language Maintenance and Language Shift as a field of Inquiry: Revisited. Language in Socioculture Change. Stanford: Stanford University.
    Fishman, J. 1972b. The Relationship Between Micro and Macro-sociolinguistics in the Study of Who Speaks What Language to Whom and When. Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
    Fishman, J. 1972c. Language and Nationalism. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
    Fishman, J. 1976. Bilingual Education: an International Sociological Perspective. Rowley, Mass.: Newbury House.
    Fishman, J. 1982. Sociology of English as an Additional Language. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Foster, J. J. 1998. Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
    Gonzalez, A. 1997. Philippine English: a Variety in Search of Legitimation. Englishes Around the World 2. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Gupta, A. F. 1997. Colonisation, Migration, and Functions of English. Englishes Around the World 1. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Guy, G. R. 1988. Language and Social Class. Linguistics: the Cambridge Survey (IV Language: the Socio-cultural Context). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Haugen, E. 1938 (1972). Language and Immigration. The Ecology of Language. Essays by Einar Haugen. Stanford: Standford University Press.
    Haugen, E. 1953. The Norwegian Language in America, 2 vols. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    Haugen, E. 1956. Bilingualism in the Americas: a Bibliography and Research Guide. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
    Haynes, L. M. 1982. Caribbean English: Form and Function. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Hinkle, D. E., W. Wiersma and S. G. Jurs. 1994. Applied Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
    Ho, M. L. and J. Platt. 1993. Dynamics of a Contact Continuum Singaporean English. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Hockett, C. F. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics. London: Macmillan.
    Holmes, J. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Longman.
    Hsu, J. 1994. Language Contact and Convergence: Englishization of Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan. Ph.D. diss., University of Illinois at Urban-Champaign.
    Jernudd, B. 1973. Language Planning as a Type of Language Treatment. Language Planning: Current Issues and Research. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
    Kachru, B. B. 1969. English in South Asia. Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 5 (South Asia). The Hague: Mouton.
    Kachru, B. B. 1976. Models of English for the Third World: White Man’s Linguistic Burden or Language Pragmatics? TESOL Quarterly 10 (2):221-39.
    Kachru, B. B. 1981. The Pragmatics of Non-Native Varieties of English. English for Cross-Cultural Communication. Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
    Kachru, B. B.. 1982a. Models for Non-Native Englishes. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Kachru, B. B. (ed.). 1982b. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Kennedy, C. 1984. Language Planning and Language Education. London: George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd.
    Kirk-Green, A. 1971. The Influence of West African Languages on English. The English Language in West Africa. London: Longman.
    Labov, W. 1972a. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    Labov, W. 1972b. Language in the Inner City. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
    Lehiste, I. 1988. Lectures on Language Contact. Cambridge: MIT Press.
    Leopold, W. 1939-1949. Speech Development of a Bilingual Child, 4 vols. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press.
    Le Page, R. B. 1984. Retrospect and Prognosis in Malaysia and Singapore. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 45:113-26.
    Lin, C. 1992. Statistics in psychology and Education. Taipei: Tung Hua Book Co.
    Llamzon, T. A. 1978. The Dimensions of Cultural Pluralism in Language Education. Language Education in Multilingual Societies: RELC Anthology Series 4. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Llamzon, T. A. and B. L. Koh. 1980. Patterns in the Acquisition of Bilingual Ability and Language Use in Three Southeast Asian Countries. Patterns of Bilingualism: RELC Anthology Series 8. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Lowengerg, P. H. 1991. Variation in Malaysian English: The Pragmatics of Languages in Contact. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Lu, G. 2000. Language Shift Among the Old and New Hakka Immigrants in Taiwan. Manuscript, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan.
    McConnell-Ginet, S. 1988. Language and Gender. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey (IV Language: The Socio-cultural Context). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Mehrotra, R. R. 1982. International Communication Through Non-Native Varieties of English: The Case of Indian English. English for International Communication. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Nababan, P. W. J. 1978. Linguistic Interference in Multilingual Situations. Language Education in Multilingual Societies: RELC Anthology Series 4. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Nadkarni, M. V. 1978. Cultural Pluralism as a National Resource: Strategies for Language Education. Language Education in Multilingual Societies, RELC Anthology Series 4. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Nelson, C. 1982. Intelligibility and Non-Native Varieties of English. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Newbrook, M. 1997. Malaysian English: Status, Norms, Some Grammatical and Lexical Features. Englishes Around the World 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Co.
    Newmark, W. 1976. How Not to Interfere with Language Learning. International Journal of American Linguistics 40.
    Newmeyer, F. J. (ed.). 1988. Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey (IV Language: The Socio-cultural Context). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Pascasio, E. M. 1980. Language Attitudes and Motivations of Filipino Bilinguals towards Pilipino and English: The Philippine Context. Patterns of Bilingualism: RELC Anthology Series 8. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Platt, J. 1977. A Model for Polyglossia and Multilingualism (with Special Reference to Singapore and Malaysia). Language in Society 6:361-78.
    Platt, J. and H. Weber. 1980. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, Features, Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
    Platt, J., H. Weber and M. L. Ho. 1983. Varieties of English Around the World: Singapore and Malaysia. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Platt, J. 1991. Social and Linguistic Constraints on Variation in the Use of Two Grammatical Variables in Singapore English. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Prator, C. H. 1968. The British Heresy in TESL. Language Problems of Developing Nations. New York: Wiley.
    Preshous, A. 2001. Where You Going Ah? An Account of the Origin and Development of Malaysian English. English Today 65 (17):46-53.
    Pride, J. B. (ed.). 1982. New Englishes. Rowley MA: Newbury House.
    Pride, J. B. and J. Holmes (eds.). 1972. Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
    Quirk, R. 1981. International Communication and the Concept of Nuclear English. English for Cross-cultural Communication. Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd
    Richards, J. G. 1979. Rhetorical and Communicative Styles in the New Varieties of English. Language Learning 29 (1):1-25.
    Richards, J. G. 1982. Singapore English: Rhetorical and Communicative Styles. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Rubin, J. and R. Shuy (eds.). 1973. Language Planning: Current Issues and Research. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
    Sahgal, A. 1991. Patterns of Language Use in a Bilingual Setting in India. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Schneider, E. W. (ed.). 1997. Englishes Around the World 2 vols.. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
    Sebeok, T. A. 1969. Current Trends in Linguistics Vol. 5 (South Asia). The Hague: Mouton.
    Sey, K. A. 1973. Ghanaian English: An Exploratory Survey. London: Macmillan.
    Shaw, W. D. 1981. Asian Student Attitudes Towards English. English for Cross-Cultural Communication. Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd. Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
    Shih, Y. 1986. Conversational Politeness and Foreign Language Teaching. Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co., Ltd.
    Smith, L. E. (ed.). 1981. English for Cross-Cultural Communication. Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
    Spencer, J. (ed.). 1971. The English Language in West Africa. London: Oxford.
    Sridhar, K. K. 1982. English in a South Indian Urban Context. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Sridhar, K. K. 1985. Sociolinguistic Theory and Non-Native Varieties of English. Lingua 68:39-58.
    Sridhar, K. K. 1991. Speech Acts in an Indigenised Variety: Sociocultural Values and Language Variation. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Strevens, P. 1981. Forms of English: An Analysis of the Variables. English for Cross-cultural Communication.
    Strevens, P. 1982. The Localized Forms of English. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.
    Tay, M. W. J. 1991. Southeast Asia and Hong Kong. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Ting, S. 2001. When Is English Not the Right Choice in Sarawak? A Discussion of Language Choices in a multilingual Region of Malaysia. English Today 65 (17):54-7.
    Trudgill, P. 1974. Sociolinguistics: An Introduction. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
    Yap, A. 1978. Language Education in Multilingual Societies. RELC Anthology Series 4. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Yeh, H. 1989. The Initiation Strategy in Language Choice: A Case Study in Taipei. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan.
    Waston, J. K. P. 1984. Cultural Pluralism, Nation-Building and Educational Policies in Peninsular Malaysia. Language Planning and Language Education. London: George Allen & Unwin.
    Weinreich, U. 1951. Research Problems in Bilingualism with Special Reference to Switzerland. Ph.D. diss., Columbia University.
    Weinreich, U. 1953. Language in Contact. New York: Linguistic Circle of New York.
    Weinreich, U. 1974. Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems. The Hague: Mouton.
    Whitworth, G. C. 1907. Indian English: An Examination of the Errors of Idioms Made by Indians in Writing English. Letchworth: Garden City Press.
    Williams, F. 1974. The Identification of Linguistic Attitudes. Linguistics 136:21-34.
    Wong, I. F. H. 1981. English in Malaysia. English for Cross-Cultural Communication. Hong Kong: The Macmillan Press Ltd.
    Wong, I. F. H. and S. C. Lim. 1983. Language Transfer in the Use of English in Malaysia: Structure and Meaning. In Eppert (ed.), Transfer and Translation in Language Learning and Teaching: RELC Anthology Series 12. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
    Zuengler, J. E. 1982. Kenyan English. The Other Tongue. Oxford: Pergamon Press Ltd.

    QR CODE