國人對健康議題越來越看重，而台灣現有機構、老人共宅等高齡住宅內之長者休閒相關活動，大多以多數長者功能考量設計活動，無法針對長者個別需求選擇休閒。此次研究目的為建構個別化休閒介入模式原則和流程以及藉由實際介入探討休閒服務模式之個別化休閒介入的可行性。研究對象為居住於高齡住宅內之65歲以上高齡者，於住宅大廳進行個別化休閒介入，休閒介入會分為四步驟進行，包括事前評估、活動規劃、活動執行以及結果評估，個案經事前評估後依照個別休閒能力進行分類，可分為休閒參與、休閒教育和治療介入三種類別，依照不同類別個案進行介入。研究參與之三位個案分別代表了三種不同休閒能力，研究參與者S1為休閒教育類別、研究參與者S2為休閒參與類別、研究參與者S3則為治療介入類別。本研究根據過去相關文獻及在實際介入後，訂定出個別化休閒介入模式之原則，並且發現休閒介入能夠部分促進休閒認知和休閒情感。建議未來若有相關研究，可適時提升研究取樣數量、與場域內能近距離觀察長輩之人員合作並增加後續休閒追蹤時間；實務面向建議高齡者本身的生心理狀態有些調整、社區、高齡住宅、機構內配有休閒專業人員、休閒課程個別化；另外在政府政策面可加強國人休閒觀念、多宣導國人提前進行退休及休閒規劃。

Taiwanese are paying more and more attention to health issues. However, leisure activities in elderly residences are not individualized for elders. The purpose of this study is to construct the principles and processes for the individualized leisure intervention model and to explore the possibility of the individualized leisure intervention in elderly residence. The participants in this study were elders over 65 years old, doing the individual leisure intervention in elderly residence. The individual leisure intervention includes 4 steps, assessment, planning, intervention and evaluation. The three participants were classified according to individual leisure abilities and can be divided into three categories: leisure participation, leisure education and therapeutic recreation. Participant S1 is in the leisure education category, participant S2 is in the leisure participation category, and participant S3 is in the therapeutic recreation category. This study formulates the principles of individualized leisure intervention model based on past relevant literature and actual intervention, and finds that leisure intervention can partially promote leisure cognition and leisure emotions. Practical suggestions include adjustments to the physical and psychological changes of the elderly, also invite leisure professionals and individualized leisure courses in communities, residences, and institutions. In addition, strengthen the concept of leisure among Taiwanese and promote doing retirement and leisure planning earlier by the government policies.

內政部不動產資訊平台 (2021，11月11日)。房屋稅籍住宅數量依屋齡區分。內政部統計資訊取得查詢。https://pip.moi.gov.tw/V3/E/SCRE0401.aspx
內政部統計處 (2021，8月19日)。內政部：110年國人平均壽命80.86歲。內政部新聞稿。https://www.moi.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4&sms=9009&s=264811
內政部統計處 (2021，8月6日)。國人平均壽命81.3歲再創新高。內政部新聞稿。取自https://www.moi.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4&s=235543
內政部營建署 (2008)。 整體住宅政策及住宅法草案介紹--高齡化社會與老人住宅之開發實現。社區發展季刊，121，14-25。
王立亭、方怡堯、何信弘、張少熙 (2020)。台北都會區不同性別高齡者休閒時間身體活動和靜態行為與健康生活品質之關係。台灣公共衛生雜誌，39(6)，696-708。https://doi.org/10.6288/TJPH.202012_39(6).109100。
王明鳳 (2015)。長者為中心的個別化照顧服務思維～以行動學具車運用於臥床老人服務方案為例。社會工作實務與研究學刊，(2)，45-71。
王駿濠、蔡佳良 (2010)。運動或身體活動介入對認知控制功能的影響。中華體育季刊，24(4)，70-81。https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2404.201012.2008。
吳老德 (2003)。高齡者住宅政策與居住安排之趨勢與啟示，立法院院聞，31(10)，90-105。
李百麟, & 王巧利 (2012)。老人情緒與調適。危機管理學刊， 9(2)，95-104。
李宗派 (2004)。老化理論與老人保健(一)。身心障礙研究季刊，2(1)，14-29。https://doi.org/10.30072/JDR.200401.0002。
李素馨、張淑貞、侯錦雄、胡志宏 (2015)。高齡者鄰里公園休閒活動支應性之研究。造園景觀學報，20(3)，71-94。
李維靈、施建彬、邱翔蘭 (2007)。退休老人休閒活動參與及其幸福感之相關研究。人文暨社會科學期刊，3(2)，27-35。https://doi.org/10.7118/JHSS.200712.0027。
周芬姿、吳穌、陳嫣芬、羅瑞玉、林春鳳、劉德誠 (2019)。老人休閒活動設計與規劃。華都文化。
王怡芳 (2019)。台灣經驗：台灣老人住宅的過去現在與未來。載於林博文 (主編)，退休3.0 高齡教育與高教轉型。 (頁 110-170)。財團法人玄奘文教基金會。
林曉雯、陳佩君 (2005)。科學教學評量的反思與實踐 : 教師行動研究。科學教育學刊，13(（1）), 1-27。
林麗惠 (2002)。高齡者參與學習活動與生活滿意度關係之研究 [未出版之博士論文]。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所。
林儷蓉 (2012)。持續休閒參與運用於安養機構新住民適應問題之文獻探討。長期照護雜誌，16(1)，75-90。
林儷蓉、陳亞琦、饒淑梅、余雪如 (2014)。園藝生命回顧課程對日照中心失智症長者心理與認知功能效果之初探。長期照護雜誌，18(1)，81-94。https://doi.org/10.6317/LTC.18.81。
林儷蓉、陳亞琦、饒淑梅與余雪如（2014）。園藝生命回顧課程對日照中心失智症長者心理與認知功能效果之初探。長期照護雜誌，18(1)，81-94。
邱懿瑩 (2020)。老年人社會參與、社會支持及生活品質之關係研究。屏東大學體育，(6)，1-23。
紀金山 (2018)。台灣老人住宅服務與創新模式：日本經驗的啟發。靜宜大學人文社會學報，12(2)，1-60。
柳智升 (2022)。以專家觀點探討高齡友善住宅之休閒服務模式 [碩士論文，國立臺灣師範大學]。https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202201378。
洪新來、張廖麗珠、柴在屏 (2010)。高齡者休閒運動參與動機及阻礙因素之探析－以彰化地區為例。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，9(3)，46-55。https://doi.org/10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.9.3.05。
國家發展委員會 (2020)。中華民國人口推估(2020至2070年)。台灣經濟論衡，18(3)，56-61。
張淑玉 (2017)。準退休族群退休後理想居住方式之探討-以大台北地區為例[碩士論文，國立台灣師範大學]。https://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202202334。
張麗芳 (2008)。社交活動對老人的影響。護福季刊，(178)，9-14。
郭肇元 (2003)。休閒心流經驗、休閒體驗與身心健康之關係探討。[碩士論文，國立政治大學]。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/748996。
陳文喜 (1999)。政府推展老人休閒活動的預期效益分析。大專體育，(44)，127-133。https://doi.org/10.6162/SRR.1999.44.27。
陳淑雯、湯雅芳、黃瓊萱 (2002)。機構老人之活動設計。長期照護雜誌，6(1)，89-96。
陳鳳音 (2002)。機構式長期照護的品質及其相關影響因素。[碩士論文，國立台灣大學]。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/43s5en。
曾建興 (2017)。中高齡者休閒活動經驗與活躍老化行為之相關研究。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，16(3)，16-35。https://doi.org/10.6169/NCYUJPEHR.16.3.02。
黃國彥、詹火生 (1994)。銀髮族之社會資源。紅豆出版社。
黃誌坤、李百麟、陳明琡 (2018)。機構失智症長者現實導向認知刺激團體之成效。健康促進與衛生教育學報，(49)，1-25。https://doi.org/10.3966/207010632018060049001。
葉怡矜、吳崇旗、王偉琴、顏伽如、林禹良 (2005)。休閒遊憩概論: 探索生命中的休閒。 品度股份有限公司。
雷若琬 (2005)。人類發展學。麥格羅希爾。
廖雅芳 (2016)。探討老人需求滿足與幸福感之相關－以新北市某長照機構為例[未出版之碩士論文，國立臺北健康大學]。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/8zxc3j。
劉建良 (2016)。是老化還是疾病。大塊文化出版股份有限公司。
蔡岡廷 (2015)。周全性老年照護。奇美醫訊，(108)，15-16。
蔡英美、郭慈安、王俊明 (2012)。老年人生活型態、運動參與程度與功能性體適能之研究。運動與健康研究，2(1)，25-49。https://doi.org/10.29505/JEHR.201210.0003。
鄧桂芬、李玉春、楊哲銘、黃國哲 (2019)。影響台灣家庭使用長照十年計劃2.0的相關因素分析。台灣公共衛生雜誌，38(5)，521-536。
駱紳、迺欣、曾思瑜、劉豊志 (2022)。創齡。臺北市：立緒文化事業有限公司。
顏童文、郭乃禎 (2012)。高齡者休閒教育模式之研究。嘉南學報（人文類），(38)，629-646。https://doi.org/10.29539/CNABH.201212.0029。
Marilyn. (2009)。團體動力學在職能治療的應用 (劉文茜譯；一版)。合記圖書出版社。(原著出版於2005)
Atchley R. C. (1989). A continuity theory of normal aging. The Gerontologist, 29(2), 183 190. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/29.2.183.
Bartke, A., Coschigano, K., Kopchick, J., Chandrashekar, V., Mattison, J., Kinney, B., & Hauck, S. (2001). Genes that prolong life: relationships of growth hormone and growth to aging and life span. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(8), 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/56.8.B340.
Brady, H. E., Putnam, R. D., Campbell, A. L., Elms, L., Yonish, S., & Apollonio, D. (2001). Roper social and political trends data, 1973-1994. Data set from Roper Starch Worldwide.
Brummett, B. H., Barefoot, J. C., Siegler, I. C., Clapp-Channing, N. E., Lytle, B. L., Bosworth, H. B., ... & Mark, D. B. (2001). Characteristics of socially isolated patients with coronary artery disease who are at elevated risk for mortality. Psychosomatic medicine, 63(2), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200103000-00010.
Bunketorp, L., Lindh, M., Carlsson, J., & Stener-Victorin, E. (2006). The perception of pain and pain-related cognitions in subacute whiplash-associated disorders: its influence on prolonged disability. Disability and rehabilitation, 28(5), 271 279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280500158323.
Chenitz, W. C. (1983). Entry into a nursing home as status passage: A theory to guide nursing practice. Geriatric Nursing, 4(2), 92-97.
Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003). Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Science, 14(2), 125-130.
Coleman, P. (1991). Cumming E. and Henry W., Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement. Basic Books, New York, 1961. (Reprint: Arno, New York, 1979, ISBN 0405 118147.). Ageing and Society, 11(2), 217-220. http://doi.10.1017/S0144686X00004025.
Compton, D. M. (1989). Epilogue: On shaping a future for therapeutic recreation. Issues in therapeutic recreation: A profession in transition, 482-500.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity : flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. Harper Perennial.
Cumming, E., & Henry, W. E. (1961). Growing old: The process of disengagement. Basic books Department of National Health and Welfare and the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. (1987). Toward out- come measures in occupational therapy (H39-114/1987E). Department of National Health and Welfare.
Dowd J. J. (1975). Aging as exchange: a preface to theory. Journal of gerontology, 30(5), 584-594. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/30.5.584.
Egan, G. (1990). The skilled helper: A systematic approach to effective helping (4th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Elder, G. H., & Pavalko, E. K. (1993). Work careers in men's later years: Transitions, trajectories, and historical change. Journal of Gerontology, 48(4), S180-S191.
Gall, T. L., Evans, D. R., & Howard, J. (1997). The retirement adjustment process: Changes in the well-being of male retirees across time. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 52(3), P110-P117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/52B.3.P110.
Gau, G. T. (1985). Exercise in health and disease : Evaluation and prescription for prevention and rehabilitation. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 60(8), 568-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-6196(12)60591-6.
Glei, D. A., Landau, D. A., Goldman, N., Chuang, Y. L., Rodríguez, G., & Weinstein, M. (2005). Participating in social activities helps preserve cognitive function: an analysis of a longitudinal, population-based study of the elderly. International journal of epidemiology, 34(4), 864 871. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi049.
Hersch, G. I., Lamport, N. K., & Coffey, M. S. (2005). Activity analysis: Application to occupation. SLACK Incorporated.
Hill, R. (2015). Assessment, Planning, Implementation and Evaluation (APIE). Essentials of Nursing Practice. Routledge.
Kelly, J. R., & Godbey, G. (1992). The sociology of leisure. Venture Publishing Inc.
Kyttä, M. (2004). The extent of children's independent mobility and the number of actualized affordances as criteria for child-friendly environments. Journal of environmental psychology, 24(2), 179-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00073-2.
Lan, T. Y., Chang, H. Y., & Tai, T. Y. (2006). Relationship between components of leisure physical activity and mortality in Taiwanese older adults. Preventive medicine, 43(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.016.
Law, M., Cooper, B., Strong, S., Stewart, D., Rigby, P., & Letts, L. (1996). The person-environment-occupation model: A transactive approach to occupational performance. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841749606300103.
Lee, L. L., & Mobily, K. E. (1988). The NTRS philosophical position statement and a concept of three freedoms. Journal of Expanding Horizons in Therapeutic Recreation, 3(3), 41-46.
Lemon, B. W., Bengtson, V. L., & Peterson, J. A. (1972). An exploration of the activity theory of aging: activity types and life satisfaction among in-movers to a retirement community. Journal of gerontology, 27(4), 511–523. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/27.4.511.
Liu, W., Unick, J., Galik, E., & Resnick, B. (2015). Barthel Index of activities of daily living: item response theory analysis of ratings for long-term care residents. Nursing research, 64(2), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNR.0000000000000072
Maclean, F., Carin-Levy, G., Hunter, H., Malcolmson, L., & Locke, E. (2012). The usefulness of the person-environment-occupation model in an acute physical health care setting. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75(12), 555-562. https://doi.org/10.4276/030802212X13548955545530
Orimo, H. (2006). Reviewing the definition of elderly. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 6(3), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2006.00341.x.
Palmore, E. B. (1985). How to Live Longer and Like It1. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 4(2), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/073346488500400202
Payne, L., Orsega-Smith, E., Roy, M., & Godbey, G. C. (2005). Local park use and personal health among older adults: an exploratory study. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 23(2).
Pollock, Nancy. (1993). Client-centered assessment. The American journal of occupational therapy : official publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 47(4), 298-301. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.47.4.298.
Quick, H. E., & Moen, P. (1998). Gender, employment and retirement quality: A life course approach to the differential experiences of men and women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(1), 44-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi049.
Reed, K. L., & Sanderson, S. N. (1999). Concepts of occupational therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Rogers, C. R. (1979). The foundations of the person-centered approach. Education, 100(2), 98-107.
Rogers, C. R., et al. (1967). The therapeutic relationship and its impact: A study of psychotherapy with schizophrenics. University of Wisconsin Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.
Sannomiya, M., Hwang, B. J., & Suzuki, Y. (2019). The considerations of the bases of daily living at dwelling unit in elderly housing with supportive services. Journal of Architecture and Planning , 84 (755) , 75-85. https://doi: 10.3130/aija.84.75.
Strong, S., Rigby, P., Stewart, D., Law, M., Letts, L., & Cooper, B. (1999). Application of the person-environment-occupation model: A practical tool. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(3), 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/000841749906600304.
Stumbo, N. J., & Peterson, C. A. (1998). The leisure ability model. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 32, 82-96.
Tardif, S., & Simard, M. (2011). Cognitive stimulation programs in healthy elderly: a review. International journal of Alzheimer’s disease, 63(1), 398-410.https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/378934
Turpin, M. J., & Iwama, M. K. (2011). Using occupational therapy models in practice: A fieldguide. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Veblen, T. (2017). The Theory of the Leisure Class. Routledge
Warner, H. R., & Hodes, R. J., (2000). Hype, Hope, and Reality: Telomere Length, Telomerase, and Aging. Generations: Journal of the American Society on Aging, 24(1), 48–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44878461.
World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing : a policy framework. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (2006). Basic Documents, 45th ed., Supplement. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43134
World Health Organization. (‎2007)‎. Global age-friendly cities: a guide. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/43755
Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of psychiatric research, 17(1), 37-49.