注意力缺陷過動症兒童(Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder，簡稱ADHD)表現出的行為特質常和高創造力者部分重疊，讓人費解兩者之間的關係。本研究目的為探討ADHD患者之創造力潛能表現與一般人的差異，使用擴散性思考、遠距聯想、頓悟性思考做探討向度，並使用新編創造思考測驗、兒童版中文詞彙遠距聯想測驗、頓悟性問題測驗三測驗為評量指標。研究對象為44名國小三至六年級ADHD兒童及44名一般兒童。ADHD組受試對象採用特殊教育鑑定及就學輔導委員會認定或有醫療院所診斷並接受特教資源服務之ADHD兒童為主，擷取學生目前服藥狀況將之分為服藥組及未服藥組，一般組採無任何特教服務的孩童為主，對照組受試者兒童皆配對一名ADHD兒童之性別、年紀與智力百分等級。研究結果於創造力測驗中顯示，未服藥ADHD兒童之擴散性思考優於服藥之ADHD兒童及一般兒童，無論是流暢力、變通力、獨創力，未服藥之ADHD兒童皆有顯著優異的表現，而服藥組之ADHD兒童與一般兒童則無顯著差異；三組的遠距聯想、頓悟性思考皆無顯著差異。研究結果對ADHD兒童及其相關潛能發展有貢獻。

The aim of this study is going to investigate creativity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We are going to consider “divergent thinking”, ”remote associates thinking” and “insight thinking” of them. The tools what we use include “The New Tests of Creative Thinking”、“Chinese Word Remote Associates Test-Children version (CWRAT-C) “ and “The Insight Test“. Researcher invited 44 children with ADHD and 44 normal children from Grade 3 to Grade 6. The ADHD group were identified by the Special Education Accreditation and Guidance Committee, or who was diagnosed by the Medical Center. They were divided into medication group and non-medication group from their curcent medication situation。The goal is to find out whether there is a different between their potential of creativity。The results of the study showed that the divergent thinking of children in non-medication group was better than others. There was no significant difference between the three groups in remote association and insight thinking.

一、中文部分
任純慧、陳學志、練竑初、卓淑玲（2004）。創造力測量的輔助工具：中文遠距聯想量表的編製。應用心理研究，21，195-217。
吳靜吉、陳甫彥、郭俊賢、林偉文、劉士豪、陳玉樺（1998）。新編創造思考測驗研究。教育部輔導工作六年計畫研究報告。
邱發忠、陳學志（2005）。促發思考因素對創造表現之影響。載於國立臺灣師範大學教育學院舉辦之「學習、教學、與評量」國際研討會論文集（p. 250），臺北市。
洪儷瑜（2006）。ADHD學生的教育與輔導。臺北市：心理出版社。
胡夢蕾（2006）。我國創造力與人格特質研究之回顧與探析。教育學刊，26， 215-239。
張世慧（2010）。行為改變技術。臺北市：五南。
張景媛、陳學志、黃譯瑩（2006）。融入式幽默訓練課程對中小學生創造思考與同儕關係之影響。Journal of the Educational Research，2，67-108。
教育部（2002）。創造力教育白皮書。臺北市: 教育部。
陳學志、洪素蘋、許禕芳、邱皓政、關秉寅、詹志禹（2009）。擴散性思考與聚斂性思考的交會: 有限解答之擴散性思考測驗之編製與信效度檢驗。教育科學研究期刊，54(4)，29-61。
陳龍安（1984）。創造思考教學模式的建立與驗證（未出版之博士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學教育研究所博士論文。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
黃曉嵐、蔡淑君、胡翠茵、張芝萱（譯）（2010）。創造力理論與當代議題面面觀（原作者: CK James &J. S. Robert）。臺北市：華騰。
楊坤堂（1997）。注意力不足過動異常兒童的診斷與處遇。臺北市：臺北市立師範學院特殊教育中心。
臺灣精神醫學會（譯）（2014）。DSM-5 精神疾病診斷準則手冊（原作者：American Psychiatric Association）。台北市：合記。（原著出版年：2013）
蔡明富、龔盈涵（2005）。注意力缺陷過動症學生在威廉斯創造力測驗表現之研究。國立臺南大學特殊教育學系特殊教育與復健學報，13，49-67。
衛生福利部委託國立臺灣大學醫學院附設醫院精神醫學部編製（2015）。注意力不足過動症。臺北市：衛生福利部。
鄭英耀、劉昆夏、張川木（2007）。國小自然科創造性問題解決教學效果之研究。科學教育學刊，15(5)，565-591。
謝瓊慧、孟瑛如（2010）。國小過動症學生之藥物治療調查研究。特教論壇，9，47-62。
羅珮文（2010）。如何測量兒童的封閉式創造力潛能？兒童版中文詞彙遠距聯想測驗之編製（未出版之碩士論文）。佛光大學心理學系碩士班學位論文。佛光大學，宜蘭縣。
羅珮文、游勝翔、黃博聖、陳學志、施依伶、林緯倫（2017）。兒童封閉式創造力潛能測量:[兒童版中文詞彙遠距聯想測驗]之編製及信效度研究）。測驗學刊，64(3)，237-258。

二、英文部分
Ahmann, P. A., Theye, F. W., Berg, R., Linquist, A. J., Van Erem, A. J., & Campbell, L. R. (2001). Placebo-controlled evaluation of amphetamine mixture—dextroamphetamine salts and amphetamine salts (Adderall): efficacy rate and side effects. Pediatrics, 107(1), e10-e10.
Ahmann, P. A., Waltonen, S. J., Theye, F. W., Olson, K. A., & Van Erem, A. J. (1993). Placebo-controlled evaluation of Ritalin side effects. Pediatrics, 91(6), 1101-1106.
Aliabadi, B., Davari-Ashtiani, R., Khademi, M., & Arabgol, F. (2016). Comparison of Creativity between Children with and without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Case-Control Study. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 11(2), 99.
Andreasen, N. C. (2005).The creating brain: The neuroscience of genius. Washington: Dana Press.
Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Santosh, P., Zuddas, A., Asherson, P., Buitelaar, J., ... & Sergeant, J. (2006). Long-acting medications for the hyperkinetic disorders.European child & adolescent psychiatry, 15(8), 476-495.
Barkley, R. A. (2013). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: Executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 161-173.
Barkley, McMurray, Edelbrock, & Robbins, (1990). Side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systemic, placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatrics,86(2), 184-192.
Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G., Laneri, M., Fletcher, K., & Metevia, L. (2001). Executive functioning, temporal discounting, and sense of time in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). Journal of abnormal child psychology,29(6), 541-556.
Berman, T., Douglas, V. I., & Barr, R. G.(1999). Effects of methylphenidate on complex cognitive processing in Attention–Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 90–105.
Campbell, H. L., Tivarus, M. E., Hillier, A., & Beversdorf, D. Q. (2008). Increased task difficulty results in greater impact of noradrenergic modulation of cognitive flexibility.Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,88(3), 222-229.
Carlsson, I. (2002). Anxiety and flexibility of defense related to high or low creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 14(3-4), 341-349.
Cramond, B. (1994). The relationship between attention–deficit hyperactivity disorder and creativity. Paper presented at the meeting ofthe American Educational Research Association. New Orleans, LA.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Wolfe, R. (2000). New Conceptions and Research Approaches to Creativity: Implications of a Systems Perspective for Creativity in Education, in Kurt Heller, The International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent 2nd edition, Elsevier, 81-94.
Dorfman, L., Martindale, C., Gassimova, V., & Vartanian, O. (2008). Creativity and speed of information processing: A double dissociation involving elementary versus inhibitory cognitive tasks. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(6), 1382-1390.
Douglas, V.I., Barr, R.G., Desilets, J., & Sherman, E.(1995). Do high doses of stimulants impair flexible thinking in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 877–885. doi:10.1097/00004583-199507000-00011.
Efron, D., Jarman, F., & Barker, M. (1997). Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics, 100(4), 662-666.
Einöther, S. J., Baas, M., Rowson, M., & Giesbrecht, T. (2015). Investigating the effects of tea, water and a positive affect induction on mood and creativity. Food Quality and Preference, 39, 56-61.
Farah, M. J., Haimm, C., Sankoorikal, G., & Chatterjee, A. (2009). When we enhance cognition with Adderall, do we sacrifice creativity? A preliminary study. Psychopharmacology, 202(1-3), 541-547.
Fenollar Cortés, J., Servera, M., Becker, S. P., & Burns, G. L. (2014). External validity of ADHD inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo dimensions in Spanish children with ADHD. Journal of attention disorders, 21(8), 655-666.
Ferreiro, C., & Triggle, D. J. (2009). Ritalin and other methylphenidate-containing drugs. New York: Infobase Publishing.
Fond, G., Micoulaud-Franchi, J. A., Macgregor, A., Richieri, R., Miot, S., Lopez, R., & Repantis, D. (2015). Neuroenhancement in healthy adults, part I: pharmaceutical cognitive enhancement: a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Research & Bioethics,6(2), 1-15.
Fugate, C. M., Zentall, S. S., & Gentry, M. (2013). Creativity and working memory in gifted students with and without characteristics of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder lifting the mask. Gifted Child Quarterly, 57(4), 234-246.
Funk, J. B., Chessare, J. B., Weaver, M. T., & Exley, A. R. (1993). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, creativity, and the effects of methylphenidate. Pediatrics, 91(4), 816-819.
González-Carpio Hernández, G., & Serrano Selva, J. P. (2016). Medication and creativity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD). Psicothema,28(1), 20-25.
Gowan, J. C., Khatena, J., & Torrance, E. P. (Eds.). (1979). Educating the ablest: A book of readings on the education of gifted children. FE Peacock Publishers.
Guilford, J. P. (1968). Intelligence, creativity, and their educational implications. San Diego: RR Knapp.
Gvirts, H. Z., Mayseless, N., Segev, A., Lewis, D. Y., Feffer, K., Barnea, Y., ... & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2016). Novelty-seeking trait predicts the effect of methylphenidate on creativity. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(5), 599-605.
Healey, D. M., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2008). The relationship between ADHD and creativity. The ADHD Report, 16(3), 1-5.
Healey, D., & Rucklidge, J. J.(2006). An investigation into the relationship among ADHD symptomatology, creativity, and neuropsychological functioning in children. Child neuropsychology, 12(6), 421-438.
Heilman, K. M. (2005). Creativity and the Brain. New York: Psychology Press.
Hernández. G. G.,& Selva. J. P. S.(2016). Medication and creativity in Attention Defcit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD). Psicothema, 28(1), 20-25.doi: 10.7334/psicothema2015.126.
Hocevar, D. (1979). Ideational fluency as a confounding factor in the measurement of originality. Journal of Educational Psychology,71(2), 191-196.
Isen, A. M., Labroo, A. A., & Durlach, P. (2004). An influence of product and brand name on positive affect: Implicit and explicit measures. Motivation and Emotion, 28(1), 43-63.
Jensen, P. S., Martin, D., & Cantwell, D. P. (1997). Comorbidity in ADHD: implications for research, practice, and DSM-V. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,36(8), 1065-1079.
Kalil, K. M., Gregory, J., & Makled, M. (2014). Systematic review of risk factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Analytical Research in Clinical Medicine, 2, 159-166.
Kaufman, J. C. (2009).Creativity 101. New York: Springer.
Kaufman, J. C., & Sternberg, R. J. (2007). Resource review: creativity. Change,39(4), 55-58.
Kaufman, J. C., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2010). The Cambridge handbook of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kim, K. H. (2006). Can we trust creativity tests? A review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). Creativity research journal, 18(1), 3-14.
Kratochvil, C. J., Heiligenstein, J. H., Dittmann, R., Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., Wernicke, J., ... & Michelson, D. (2002). Atomoxetine and methylphenidate treatment in children with ADHD: a prospective, randomized, open-label trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(7), 776-784.
Kwiatkowski, J., Vartanian, O., & Martindale, C. (1999). Creativity and speed of mental processing. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 17(2), 187-196.
Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Schaughency, E. A., Atkins, M. S., Murphy, H. A., Hynd, G., & Lorys-Vernon, A. (1988). Dimensions and types of attention deficit disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(3), 330-335.
Martindale, C. (1999). Biological bases of creativity. Handbook of creativity, 2, 137-152.
Martindale, C., Anderson, K., Moore, K., & West, A. N. (1996). Creativity, oversensitivity, and rate of habituation. Personality and individual differences, 20(4), 423-427.
Matejík, M., Kováč, T., & Kondáš, O. (1988). The creativity-anxiety relationships in pupils. Studia Psychologica, 30(1),25-30.
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of personality and social psychology,52(6), 1258-1265.
Mednick, S. (1962). The associative basis of the creative process. Psychological review, 69(3), 220-232.
Mendelsohn, G. A. (1976). Associative and attentional processes in creative performance. Journal of Personality, 44, 341–369.
Millstein, R. B., Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. J. (1997). Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 2(3), 159-166.
Mims, M. M. (2012). Caffeine's Effect on Creative Production (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University).
Nie, Y. G., & Zheng, X. (2005). A study on the developmental characteristics of children’s and adolescent’s creative personality. Psychological Science, 2, 356–361.
Nigg, J. T., John, O. P., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Willicut, E. G., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pennington, B. (2002). Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: links between personality traits and clinical symptoms. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(2), 451-469.
Ohlsson, S. (1992). Information-processing explanations of insight and related phenomena. Advances in the psychology of thinking,1, 1-44.
Runco, M. A. (2008). Creativity and education. New Horizons in Education, 56, 107-115.
Sang, B., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., & Yu, J. (2002). A comparative study of the creative thinking and academic adaptivity of ADHD and normal children. Psychological Science, 25, 31–33.
Segev, A., Gvirts, H. Z., Strouse, K., Mayseless, N., Gelbard, H., Lewis, Y. D., ... & Bloch, Y. (2016). A possible effect of methylphenidate on state anxiety: A single dose, placebo controlled, crossover study in a control group. Psychiatry research, 241, 232-235.
Silvia, P. J., & Kimbrel, N. A. (2010). A dimensional analysis of creativity and mental illness: Do anxiety and depression symptoms predict creative cognition, creative accomplishments, and creative self-concepts? Psychology of aesthetics, creativity, and the arts,4(1), 2-10.
Solanto, M. V., & Wender, E. H. (1989). Does methylphenidate constrict cognitive functioning? Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(6), 897-902.
Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Handbook of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2001). Complex cognition: The psychology of human thought. New York: Oxford University Press.
Swartwood, M. O., Swartwood, J. N., & Farrell, J. (2003). Stimulant treatment of ADHD: effects on creativity and flexibility in problem solving. Creativity Research Journal, 15(4), 417-419.
Tardif, T. Z., & Sternberg, R. J. (1988). 17 What do we know about creativity? The nature of creativity: Contemporary psychological perspectives, 429-440.
Thomas, K., & Chan, J. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of research on creativity. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Vartanian, O., & Goel, V. (2007). Neural correlates of creative cognition. Evolutionary and neurocognitive approaches to aesthetics, creativity and the arts, 195-207.
Vartanian, O., Martindale, C., & Kwiatkowski, J. (2007). Creative potential, attention, and speed of information processing. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1470-1480.
Vessey, I., & Glass, R. (1998). Strong vs. weak approaches to systems development. Communications of the ACM, 41(4), 99-102.
Waddell, C. (1998). Creativity and mental illness: is there a link?. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 43(2), 166-172.
Wakefield, J. F. (1989). Creativity and cognition some implications for arts education. Creativity Research Journal, 2(1-2), 51-63.
Weisberg, R. W. (1995). Prolegomena to theories of insight in problem solving: A taxonomy of problems.
Weisberg, R. W. (2006). Creativity: Understanding innovation in problem solving, science, invention, and the arts. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2006). Uninhibited imaginations: creativity in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 40(6), 1121-1131.
White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2011). Creative style and achievement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 673-677.