右部節點提升結構是跨語言的現象，有三種主要的分析法：橫越式位移、音韻刪略、多重支配。本研究旨在探討漢語右部節點提升結構，並與英語對應句做比較，進而提出分析。漢語和英語在此結構呈現以下相同的特徵：右部限制、非詞組性、並列結構限制、嚴格解/鬆散解、不對稱負極詞認可、關係修飾語認可。而兩語言在此結構上的不同之處，則是漢語表現出不對稱孤島效應以及不對稱介詞懸空。本研究發現，漢語右部節點提升結構的特徵，可由音韻刪略來得到完善解釋。

Right Node Raising (RNR) construction is observed cross-linguistically and is generally analyzed under three main approaches, namely the across-the-board (ATB) movement approach, the PF-deletion approach, and the multidominance approach. The goal of the thesis is to examine Chinese RNR by comparing it with the English counterpart and offer an account for Chinese RNR. We observe that Chinese RNR shares some properties with the English counterpart as follows: Right Edge Restriction, non-constituency, Coordinate Structure Constraint, strict/sloppy readings, asymmetric licensing of NPI, and licensing of relational modifiers. On the other hand, Chinese RNR is different from English RNR in terms of asymmetric island effects and asymmetric P-stranding. We propose that Chinese RNR is derived by the PF-deletion approach. Under our analysis, all the properties of Chinese RNR can be accounted for.

Abbott, B. 1976. Right node raising as a test for constituenthood. Linguistic Inquiry 7:
639-642.
Abels, K. 2004. Right node raising: ellipsis or across the board movement? In Proceedings
of NELS 34, ed. Keir Moulton and Matthew Wolf, 45-60.
An, D.H. 2007. Syntax at the PF interface: prosodic mapping, linear order, and deletion.
Doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut.
Aoun, J, and Y.-H. A, Li. 1993. Syntax of scope. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Bachrach, A., and Katzir, R. 2009. Right node raising and delayed spellout. In Interphases:
Phase-theoretic investigations of linguistic interfaces, ed. Kleanthes Grohmann,
283-316. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barros, M., and Vicente, L. 2009. Backward... ellipsis. Handout presented at Ms. Rutgers
University and Universität Potsdam.
Barros, M., and Vicente, L. 2010. Pronominal reference in multidomination structures.
Barros, M., and Vicente, L. 2011. Right node raising requires both ellipsis and
multidomination. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 3(1):15.
Bošković, Ž. 2004. Two notes on right node raising. University of Connecticut Working
Papers in Linguistics 12, ed. M. Rodríguez-Mondoñedo and M.E. Ticio, 13-24.
Bresnan, J. 1971. On sentence stress and syntactic transformations. Language 47: 257-281.
Chao, Y. R. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California
Press.
Cheng, H. T. J. 2009. Right node raising: some perspectives from Mandarin Chinese. In
Proceedings of the 21st North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL) 2,
ed. Yun Xiao, 482-493.
Cheng, H. T. J. 2012. Right node raising: some perspectives from Mandarin Chinese. In
Current issues in Chinese linguistics, ed. Yun Xiao et al., 59-82. Cambridge Scholars
Publishing.
Cheung, L. Y. L. 2009. Dislocation focus construction in Chinese. Journal of East Asian
Linguistics 18(3): 197-232.
Chiu, L. 2011. The phrasal empty categories in Mandarin Chinese. Doctoral dissertation,
National Tsing Hua University.
Chomsky, N., and Lasnik, H. 1993. The theory of principles and parameters. In Syntax: an
international handbook of contemporary research 1, ed. Joachim Jacobs et al., 506-569.
Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Chomsky, N. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, N. 2000. Minimalist inquiries. In Step by step: Essays in honor of Howard Lasnik, ed. R. Martin et al., 89-155. Cambeidge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chung, D. 2004. A multiple dominance analysis of right node sharing constructions.
Language Research 40: 791-811.
Chung, D. 2008. Some remarks on Ahn and Cho’s (2006) dual analysis of Korean RNR.
Linguistic Research 25(3):149-169.
Citko, B. 2005. On the nature of merge: external merge, internal merge, and parallel merge.
Linguistic Inquiry 36(4): 475-496.
Citko, B. 2008. More evidence for multidominance. Talk given at the conference on Ways
of Structure Building, University of the Basque Country.
Citko, B. 2011. Multidominance. In Handbook of linguistic minimalism, ed. Boeckx, C.,
119-142. New York: Oxford University Press.
Culicover, P., and Rochemont, M. 1992. Adjunct extraposition from NP and the ECP.
Linguistic Inquiry 23: 496-501.
de Vries, M. 2013. Multidominance and locality. Lingua 134: 149-169.
Epstein, S., and Seely, T. D. 2002. Rule application as cycles in a level-free syntax. In
Derivation and explanation in the minimalist program, ed. S. Epstein and T. D. Seely,
65-84. Oxford: Blackwell.
Fiengo, R., and May, R. 1994. Indices and identity. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Féry, C., and Hartmann, K. 2005. The focus and prosodic structure of German right node
raising and gapping. The Linguistic Review 22(1): 69-116.
Fox, D. 2002. Antecedent-contained deletion and the copy theory of movement. Linguistic
Inquiry 33(1): 63-96.
Fox, D., and Nissenbaum, J. 1999. Extraposition and scope: a case for overt QR. In
Proceedings of WCCFL 18, ed. S. Bird et al., 132-144. Somerville, Mass.: Cascadilla
Press.
Fox, D., and Pesetsky, D. 2005. Cyclic linearization of syntactic structure. Theoretical
Linguistics 31(1-2): 1-45.
Gazdar, G. 1987. Unbounded dependencies and coordinate structure. In The Formal
Complexity of Natural Language, ed. Savitch, Walter J. et al., 183-226. Netherlands:
Springer Science & Business Media.
Giannakidou, A., and Merchant, J. 1996. On the interpretation of null indefinite objects in
Greek. Studies in Greek Linguistics 17: 141-155.
Gorsz, P. G. 2007. Raising from the right node? Ms., MIT.
Grosz, P. G. 2014. Movement and agreement in right‐node‐raising constructions. Syntax
18(1):1-38.
Grosu, A. 1973. On the nonunitary nature of the coordinate structure constraint. Linguistic
Inquiry 4: 88-92.
Goodall, G. (1987). Parallel structures in syntax: coordination, causatives, and restructuring. Cambridge University Press.
Guo, J. 1999. From information to emotion: the affective function of right-dislocation in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmantics 31: 1103-1128.
Ha, S. 2006. Multiple dominance can’t, but ellipsis can account for right node raising. In
Proceedings from the Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 42(1), 17-31.
Ha, S. 2008a. Contrastive focus: Licensor for right node raising. In Proceedings of the North
East Linguistics Society (NELS) 37 (1), ed. Emily Elfner and Martin Walkow, 247-260.
Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Ha, S. 2008b. Ellipsis, right node raising, and across-the-board constructions. Doctoral
dissertation, Korea University.
Ha, S. 2008c. On ellipsis features and right node raising. In Proceedings of Conference of
Student Organization of Linguistics in Eurpoe (ConSOLE) XV, 67-90.
Halle, M., and Marantz, A. 1993. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In The
view from building 20: essays in honor of Slyvain Bromberger, ed. K. Hale, and S.J.
Keyser, 111-176. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Hartmann, K. 2000. Right node raising and gapping: Interface conditions on prosodic
deletion. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
Herburger, E. 2000. What counts: focus and quantification. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Huang, C.T. J. 1982. Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Doctoral
dissertation, MIT.
Huang, C. T. J., Li, Y. H. A., and Li, Y. 2009. The syntax of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Hudson, R. A. 1976. Conjunction reduction, gapping, and right-node raising. Language 52:
535-562.
Husband, E. M. 2015. Self-repairs as right node raising constructions. Lingua 160: 20-37.
Huybregts, R., and van Riemsdijk, H. 1985. Parasitic gaps and ATB. In Proceedings of NELS
18(1), ed. Blevins, J. and J. Carter, 254-270. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Ibnbari, L. 2011. Preposition stranding in right node raising. LINGUIST List 22.1059.
http://linguistlist.org/issues/22/22-1059.html.
Jackendoff, R. 1977. X-bar syntax a study of phrase structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Jacobson, P. 1999. Towards a variable-free semantics. Linguistics and Philosophy 22(2):
117-185.
Johnson, K. 2001. What VP ellipsis can do, and what it can't, but not why. In The Handbook
of Contemporary Syntactic Theory, ed. Mark Baltin and Chris Collins, 439-479. Malden,
Mass.: Blackwell Publishers.
Johnson, K. 2007. LCA+ Alignment= RNR. Paper presented at the workshop on
Coordination, Subordination and Ellipsis, Tübingen.
Kayne, R. 1994. The antisymmetry of syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Kimura, N. 1985. An interpretive analysis of right node raising in English. Tsukuba
English Studies 4: 63-88.
Kimura, N. 1986. Right node raising: a null anaphor analysis. English Linguistics 3:
118-133.
Kluck, M. 2007. The perspective of external remerge on right node raising. In Proceedings of
CamLing, 130-137.
Kluck, M., and Zwart, J. W. 2009. Good neighbors or far friends: matching and proximity
effects in Dutch right node raising. Groninger Arbeiten zur germanistischen
Linguistik 48: 115-158.
Kluck, M., and de Vries, M. 2013. Cumulative rightward processes. In Rightward movement
in a comparative perspective, ed. Gert Webelhuth et al., 281-318. Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Larson, R. 1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19: 335-391.
Larson, R. 1990. Double objects revisited. Linguistic Inquiry 21: 589-632.
Larson, B. 2011a. A sparse approach to right-node raising. Ms., University of Maryland.
Larson, B. 2011b. What can multidominance tell us about islands? Talk at Islands in
Contemporary Linguistic Theory. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain. Universidad de
Vitoria-Gasteiz.
Larson, B. 2012. A dilemma with accounts of right node raising. Linguistic Inquiry 43(1):
143-150.
Larson, B. 2013a. The syntax of non-syntactic dependencies. Doctoral dissertation,
University of Maryland.
Larson, B. 2013b. The inherent syntactic incompleteness of right node raising. Workshop on
Parenthesis and Ellipsis: Cross-Linguistic and Theoretical Perspectives.34th Annual
Meeting of the German Society of Linguistics.
Lasnik, H. 1995. Verbal morphology: syntactic structures meets the minimalist program. In
Evolution and revolution in linguistic theory, ed. Campos, H., 251-275. Georgetown
University Press.
Lasnik, H. 2007. On ellipsis: the PF approach to missing constituents. University of Maryland
working papers in linguistics 15: 143-153.
Li, C. N., and Thompson, S. A. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar.
University of California Press.
Li, Y. H. A. 1992. Indefinite wh in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 1(2):
125-155.
Li, Y. H. A. 2005. VP-ellipsis and null objects. Linguistic Sciences 15: 3-19.
Linegarger, M.1980. The grammar of negative polarity. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Linegarger, M. 1987. Negative polarity and grammatical representation. Linguistic and
Philosophy 10: 325-387.
May, R. 1985. Logical form: its structure and derivation. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
McCawley, J. D. 1982. Parentheticals and discontinuous constituent structure. Linguistic
Inquiry 13(1): 91-106.
McCloskey, J. D. 1986. Right node raising and preposition stranding. Linguistic Inquiry 17(1): 183-186
Merchant, J. 2001. The syntax of silence: Sluicing, islands, and the theory of ellipsis.
Oxford University Press.
Moltmann, F. 1992. Coordination and comparatives. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Muadz, H. 1991. Coordinate structures: a planar representation. Doctoral dissertation,
University of Arizona.
Nissenbaum, J. 2000. Investigations of covert phrasal movement. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Otaki, K. 2008. Spelling out multiple dominance structures at LF. Ms, University of
Connecticut.
Otaki, K. 2011. Right node raising, plurality, and multiple-dominance. In Proceedings of
the Western Conference on Linguistics(WECOL)20, ed. Dina Bailey and Victoria Teliga,
192-206
Packard, J. 1986. A left-dilocation analysis of ‘afterthought’ sentences in Peking Mandarin.
Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 21(3):1-12.
Panagiotidis. P. 2003. One, empty nouns, and (theta)-assignment. Linguistic Inquiry 34(2):
281-292
Paul, W. 2002. Sentence-internal topics in Mandarin Chinese: the case of object preposing.
Language and Linguistics 3(4): 695-714.
Pesetsky, D., and Torrego, E. 2004. The syntax of valuation and the interpretability of
Features. In Phrasal and clausal architecture: Syntactic derivation and interpretation:in
honor of Joseph E. Emonds, ed. Simin Karimi et al., 262-294. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Phillips, C. 1996. Order and structure. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Pietroski, P. 2005. Events and semantic architecture. Oxford: OUP.
Postal.P.M. 1974. On raising. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Postal, P. M. 1998. Three investigations of extraction. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Postal, P.M. 2000. Strange pronouns. Jorge Hankamer Webfest, http://ling.ucsc.edu/Jorge
Ross, J. R. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Rizzi, L. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Elements of grammar, ed. Liliane
Haegeman, 281-337. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Sabbagh, J. 2007. Ordering and linearizing rightward movement. Natural Language
& Linguistic Theory 25(2): 349-401.
Sabbagh, J. 2012. Right node raising. Language and Linguistics Compass 8(1): 24-35.
Sag, I. A. 1976. A note on verb phrase deletion. Linguistic Inquiry 7(4): 664-671.
Shyu, S.I. 1995. The syntax of focus and topic in Mandarin Chinese. Doctoral dissertation,
University of Southern California.
Soh, H. L. 2003. Antecedent-contained deletion constructions in Mandarin Chinese.
In Proceedings of North East Linguistic Society (NELS) 33, ed. Makoto Kadowaki and
Shigeto Kawahara, 367-370. Amherst: University of Massachusetts.
Wang, C. A. A., and Wu, H. H. I. 2006. Sluicing and focus movement in wh-in-situ
languages. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistic 12(1):30.
Wang, Yu-yun. 2014a. Right node raising in nominals. Talk presented at GLOW in Asia X.
Wang, Yu-yun. 2014b. The theory of empty noun in Chinese: with special reference to
the right node raising construction. Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.
Wei, T. C. (2010). A movement and resumption approach to VP-Ellipsis in Mandarin
Chinese. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 40(1): 113-158.
Wexler, K., and Culicover, P. 1980. Formal principles of language acquisition. Cambridge,
Mass.: MIT Press.
Wilder, C. 1997. Some properties of ellipsis in coordination. In Studies on universal grammar
and typological variation, ed. Artemis Alexiadou and T. A. Hall, 59-107. Amsterdam:
John Benjamins.
Wilder, C. 1999. Right node raising and the LCA. In Proceedings of WCCFL 18, ed. Sonya
Bird et al., 586-598. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.
Wilder, C. 2008. Shared constituents and linearization. In Topics in ellipsis, ed. Kyle Johnson,
229-258. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.