主動行為已被發現可為個體與組織帶來益處， 而在大專階段 主動行為的展現與否是
影響運動員運動表現與生涯發展的重要關鍵 。本研究 目的為 了解大專甲組運動員知覺教
練賦權動機氣候、教練 選手依附風格與自主動機對運動員主動行為之預測情形、自主動
機的中介效果以及知覺教練賦權動機氣候 對 自主動機在教練 選手依附風格預測主動行
為中介效果之調節情形。本研究 招募 臺灣 兩所 北部 大學之大專甲組運動員為研究對象，平均年齡 19.72 1.42歲，平均參與專項 9.58 2.79 年 。本研究 使用運動員主動行為
量表、知覺教練賦權動機量表、教練 選手依附量表與運動參與量表進行施測，共回收
214 份問卷， 回收率 87% 研究結果發現 一、運動員主動行為與知覺教練賦權動機氣
候和自主動機呈正相關，與教練 -選手逃避依附和教練 -選手焦慮依附呈負相關；教練 -選手逃避依附與自主動機間無顯著相關；二、自主動機可部分中介知覺教練賦權動機氣候預測運動員主動行為、完全中介教練 -選手焦慮依附預測運動員主動行為； 三、 在知覺高賦權動機氣候環境下， 自主動機在教練 -選手焦慮依附預測運動員主動行為之中介效果會受到知覺教練賦權動機氣候之調節。根據本研究結果建議教練創造賦權動機氣候之環境， 可促進大專甲組運動員之自主動機與主動行為。

Proactive behavior can bring benefits to individuals and organizations, and it is also important to the sport performances and development of sport careers in college student-athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prediction of empowering climate and coach-athlete attachment styles on college student-athletes’ proactive behavior. In addition, the mediation role of autonomous motivation and the moderated mediation effect of empowering climate were also examined. Two hundred and fourteen college student-athletes were recruited from two universities in northern Taiwan, with a recovery rate of 87%. The results showed that: First, the athlete's proactive behavior was positively correlated with the empowering climate and autonomous motivation, and negatively related to the coach-athlete’s avoidant attachment style and coach-athlete’s anxious attachment style. Second, autonomous motivation could partially mediate the relationship between empowering climate and proactive behavior and fully mediate the relationship between coach-athlete anxious attachment style and athlete’s proactive behavior. Third, results from moderated mediation model testing verified the contextual effect of empowering climate. That is, the direct effect of autonomous motivation in the relationship of coach-athlete anxious attachment and athlete’s proactive behaviors was stronger among athletes who perceived high empowering climate created by coach.

林季燕、季力康 (2003)。運動動機量表之編製 —信度與效度分析。 臺灣運動心理學
報，2，15-32。

季力康 (2017)。結合依附理論探討賦權動機氣候對教練選手關係之預測與介入研究 。
(編號 MOST-105-2410-H-003-058-MY3)，未出版。

洪煌佳 (2020)。優秀學生運動員運動退出的影響因素。臺灣體育學術研究，69，37-56 。

陳思羽 (2017)。高中運動員依附風格與教練選手關係之相關研究：依附關係的中介效
果及安全堡壘支持的調節機制 (未出版博士論文 )。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，台北
市。

許麗蕙、季力康 (2009)。以基本心理需求預測肢體障礙運動員運動參與動機及持續意
圖。 大專體育學術專刊，429-437。

許浩文、季力康 (2017)。完美主義、賦權與削權動機氣候對運動自信心之預測。運動
研究，28，87-102。

陳巧穎、季力康 (2019)。賦權及削權動機氣候對青少年游泳選手退出意圖之關係：以
團隊凝聚力為中介變項。文化體育學刊，29，51-62。

謝欣妤 (2018)。 高中排球選手知覺賦權與削權動機氣候對心理堅韌性之預測 (未出版
碩士論文 )。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系，台北市。

謝銘臻、季力康 (2020)。賦權動機氣候對大專游泳選手內在動機之預測：以基
本心理需求為中介變項。靜宜體育，13， 43-56 。

羅萍、施俊琦、朱燕妮、房儼然 (2019)。個性化工作協議對員工主動性職業行為和創造力的影響。心理學報，52(1)，81-92 。

Ames, C. (1992). Achievement goals and the classroom motivational climate. Student Perceptions in The Classroom, 1, 327-348.

Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students' learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260-267.

Amorose, A. J., & Anderson-Butcher, D. (2007). Autonomy-supportive coaching and self-determined motivation in high school and college athletes: A test of self-determination theory. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 654-670.

Alvarez, M. S., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2012). The coach-created motivational climate, young athletes' well-being, and intentions to continue participation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6(2), 166-179.

Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., & Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.

Appleton, P. R., & Duda, J. L. (2016). Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes’ health and functioning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 61-70.

Appleton, P. R., Ntoumanis, N., Quested, E., Viladrich, C., & Duda, J. L. (2016). Initial validation of the coach-created Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C). Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 53-65.

Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. sage.

Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed). New York: Basic Book.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume II: Separation, anxiety, and anger. London: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.

Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.

Burpitt, W. J., & Bigoness, W. J. (1997). Leadership and innovation among teams: The impact of empowerment. Small Group Research, 28(3), 414-423.

Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1999). Proactive behavior: Meaning, impact, recommendations. Business Horizons, 42(3), 63-70.

Basu, R., & Green, S. G. (1997). Leader‐member exchange and transformational leadership: an empirical examination of innovative behaviors in leader‐member dyads. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(6), 477-499.

Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: Development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(2), 193-216.

Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., Totterdell, P., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2012). Fuel of the self-starter: How mood relates to proactive goal regulation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 134.

Bidee, J., Vantilborgh, T., Pepermans, R., Huybrechts, G., Willems, J., Jegers, M., & Hofmans, J. (2013). Autonomous motivation stimulates volunteers’ work effort: A self-determination theory approach to volunteerism. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 24(1), 32-47.

Carr, S. (2009). Implications of attachment theory for sport and physical activity research: conceptual links with achievement goal and peer-relationship models. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2(1), 95-115.

Condis, A. (2019). Empowering Leadership and Employee Motivation, Behaviors, and Well-Being: Enabling or Burdening (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/985801/

Calvo, T. G., Cervelló, E., Jiménez, R., Iglesias, D., & Murcia, J. A. M. (2010). Using self-determination theory to explain sport persistence and dropout in adolescent athletes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 677-684.

Curran, T., Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., & Jowett, G. E. (2015). Relationships between the coach-created motivational climate and athlete engagement in youth sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(2), 193-198.

Cassidy, J., & Kobak, R. R. (1988). Avoidance and its relation to other defensive processes. Clinical Implications of Attachment, 1, 300-323.

Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Paterson, N. L., Stadler, M. J., & Saks, A. M. (2014). The relative importance of proactive behaviors and outcomes for predicting newcomer learning, well-being, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(3), 318-331.

Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644–663.

Chen, G., Sharma, P. N., Edinger, S. K., Shapiro, D. L., & Farh, J.-L. (2011). Motivating and demotivating forces in teams: Cross-level influences of empowering leadership and relationship conflict. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 541–557.

Crowell, J. & Owens, G. (1998) Manual For The Current Relationship Interview And Scoring System. Version 4. Retrieved (current date) from http://ww.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/ measures/content/cri_manual.pdf.

Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040–1048.

Duda, J. L. (2013). The conceptual and empirical foundations of Empowering Coaching™: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 311-318.

Duda, J.L., & Appleton, P.R. (2016). Empowering and disempowering coaching climates: Conceptualization, measurement considerations, and intervention implications. In M. Raab, R. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A. Elbe, & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Eds.), Sport and Exercise Psychology Research: From Theory to Practice (pp. 373–388). London, UK: Elsevier.

De Francisco, C., Arce, C., Sánchez-Romero, E. I., & del Pilar Vílchez, M. (2018). The mediating role of sport self-motivation between basic psychological needs satisfaction and athlete engagement. Psicothema, 30(4), 421-426.

Duda, J.L., & Balaguer, I. (2007). Coach-created motivational climate. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Eds.), Social Psychology in Sport (pp. 117–130). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Davis, L., & Jowett, S. (2013). Attachment styles within the coach-athlete dyad: Preliminary investigation and assessment development. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7(2), 120-145.

Davis, L., Jowett, S., & Lafrenière, M. A. K. (2013). An attachment theory perspective in the examination of relational processes associated with coach-athlete dyads. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 35(2), 156-167.

Duda, J. L., & Nicholls, J. G. (1992). Dimensions of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 290–299.

Deci, E., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Cognitive evaluation theory: perceived causality and perceived competence. In Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Human Behavior (pp. 43–86). New York, NY: Plenum Press.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.

De Cooman, R., Stynen, D., Van den Broeck, A., Sels, L., & De Witte, H. (2013). How job characteristics relate to need satisfaction and autonomous motivation: Implications for work effort. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(6), 1342-1352.

Duda, J. L., & Treasure, D. C. (2015). The motivational climate, athlete motivation, and implications for the quality of sport engagement. Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance, 57-77.

Elliott, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 5.

Elliot, A. J., & Reis, H. T. (2003). Attachment and exploration in adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 317–331.

Fenton, S. A., Duda, J. L., Appleton, P. R., & Barrett, T. G. (2017). Empowering youth sport environments: Implications for daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and adiposity. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 6(4), 423-433.

Fay, D., & Frese, M. (2001). The concept of personal initiative: An overview of validity studies. Human Performance, 14(1), 97-124.

Felton, L., & Jowett, S. (2013). “What do coaches do” and “how do they relate”: Their effects on athletes' psychological needs and functioning. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23(2), 130-139.

Felton, L., & Jowett, S. (2015). On understanding the role of need thwarting in the association between athlete attachment and well/ill‐being. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(2), 289-298.

Felton, L., & Jowett, S. (2017). Self-determination theory perspective on attachment, need satisfaction, and well-being in a sample of athletes: A longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11(4), 304-323.

Frese, M., Kring, W., Soose, A., & Zempel, J. (1996). Personal initiative at work: Differences between East and West Germany. Academy of Management Journal, 39(1), 37-63.

Fuller Jr, B., & Marler, L. E. (2009). Change driven by nature: A meta-analytic review of the proactive personality literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(3), 329-345.

Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Bucholtz, I. (1995). Effects of adult attachment style on the perception and search for social support. The Journal of Psychology, 129(6), 665-676.

Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment. In M. Sperling & W. Berman (Eds.), Attachment in Adults: Clinical and Developmental Perspectives (pp. 128 –152). New York: Guilford Press.

Fraley, R. C., & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 4(2), 132-154.

Gagné, M., & Deci, E. L. (2005). Self‐determination theory and work motivation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(4), 331-362.

Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Lafrenière, M. A. K., & Huyghebaert, T. (2016). Examining the roles of work autonomous and controlled motivations on satisfaction and anxiety as a function of role ambiguity. The Journal of Psychology, 150(5), 644-665.

George, C., Kaplan, N., & Main, M. (1996). Adult attachment interview. Unpublished manuscript, Department of psychology, University of California, Berkeley (3rd edition).

García-Calvo, T., Leo, F. M., Gonzalez-Ponce, I., Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Mouratidis, A., & Ntoumanis, N. (2014). Perceived coach-created and peer-created motivational climates and their associations with team cohesion and athlete satisfaction: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 32(18), 1738-1750.

Gore, J. S., & Rogers, M. J. (2010). Why do I study? The moderating effect of attachment style on academic motivation. The Journal of Social Psychology, 150(5), 560-578.

Gisslén, S., & Sundström, E. (2019). Communication and high quality coach-athlete relationship: The moderation role of athlete attachment. (Master thesis). Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org

Hirschi, A., Lee, B., Porfeli, E. J., & Vondracek, F. W. (2013). Proactive motivation and engagement in career behaviors: Investigating direct, mediated, and moderated effects. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(1), 31-40.

Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Conditional process modeling: Using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes. In G. R. Hancock, & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural Equation Modeling: A Second Course (2nd ed.,pp. 217–264). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.

Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511-524.

James, R. (2020). Newcomer’s organizational socialization: The role of co-worker support , organizational support and proactive behavior. Journal of Business, 7(1), 2020-66.

Jiang, Y., & Chen, W. K. (2017). Effects of organizational trust on organizational learning and creativity. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(6), 2057-2068.

Jaakkola, T., Ntoumanis, N., & Liukkonen, J. (2016). Motivational climate, goal orientation, perceived sport ability, and enjoyment within Finnish junior ice hockey players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 26(1), 109-115.

Kogut, E. (2016). Adult attachment styles, self-efficacy, and causal attributional style for achievement-related failures. Learning and Individual Differences, 50, 64-72.

Kim, M., Beehr, T. A., & Prewett, M. S. (2018). Employee responses to empowering leadership: A meta-analysis. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25(3), 257-276.

Κrommidas, C., Galanis, E., Papaioannou, Α., Tzioumakis, G., Zourbanos, Ν., Κeramidas, P., & Digelidis, Ν. (2016). The relationship of empowering and disempowering coaching climate with enjoyment and quality of life variables in Greek youth soccer. Inquiries in Sport & Physical Education, 14(2), 19-35.

Kormas, C., Karamali, G., & Anagnostopoulos, F. (2014). Attachment anxiety, basic psychological needs satisfaction and depressive symptoms in university students: A mediation analysis approach. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 6(2), 1.

Lam, C. F., & Gurland, S. T. (2008). Self-determined work motivation predicts job outcomes, but what predicts self-determined work motivation. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(4), 1109-1115.

Lemyre, P. N., Roberts, G. C., & Stray-Gundersen, J. (2007). Motivation, overtraining, and burnout: Can self-determined motivation predict overtraining and burnout in elite athletes. European Journal of Sport Science, 7(2), 115-126.

Mikulincer, M. (1997). Adult attachment style and information processing: Individual differences in curiosity and cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(5), 1217-1230.

Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal of and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(4), 406-414.

Milroy, J. J., Hebard, S., Kroshus, E., & Wyrick, D. L. (2018). Sport-related concussion reporting and coach-athlete attachment among collegiate student-athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 12(2), 268-281.

Mosqueda, S., López-Walle, J. M., Gutiérrez-García, P., García-Verazaluce, J., & Tristán, J. (2019). Autonomous motivation as a mediator between an empowering climate and enjoyment in male volleyball players. Sports, 7(6), 1-8.

Malinowska, D., Tokarz, A., & Wardzichowska, A. (2018). Job autonomy in relation to work engagement and workaholism: Mediation of autonomous and controlled work motivation. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 31(4), 1-14.

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Boosting attachment security to promote mental health, prosocial values, and inter-group tolerance. Psychological Inquiry, 18(3), 139-156.

Mallinckrodt, B., & Wei, M. (2005). Attachment, social competencies, social support, and psychological distress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(3), 358.

Nicholls, J. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. London: Harvard University Press.

Ouyang, K., Cheng, B. H., Lam, W., & Parker, S. K. (2019). Enjoy your evening, be proactive tomorrow: How off-job experiences shape daily proactivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 104(8), 1003.

O'Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2012). Parent-initiated motivational climate, self-esteem, and autonomous motivation in young athletes: Testing propositions from achievement goal and self-determination theories. Child Development Research, 2012, 1-9.

Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827-856.

Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662.

Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., & Briere, N. M. (2001). Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: A prospective study. Motivation and Emotion, 25(4), 279-306.

Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Briere, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35-53.

Pieterse, A. N., Van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M., & Stam, D. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 609-623.

Parker, S. K., & Wu, C. H. (2014). Leading for proactivity: How leaders cultivate staff who make things happen. In D. Day (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Leadership and Organizations. Oxford University Press.

Parker, S. K., Wang, Y., & Liao, J. (2019). When is proactivity wise? A review of factors that influence the individual outcomes of proactive behavior. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 221-248.

Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636–652.

Richer, S. F., Blanchard, C., & Vallerand, R. J. (2002). A motivational model of work turnover. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 2089-2113.

Deci, E. L., Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227–268.

Raub, S., & Liao, H. (2012). Doing the right thing without being told: Joint effects of initiative climate and general self-efficacy on employee proactive customer service performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 651-677.

Ronen, S., & Mikulincer, M. (2014). The foundation of autonomous motivation in the workplace: An attachment perspective. The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation, and Self-determination theory, 109-126.

Richards, D. A., & Schat, A. C. (2011). Attachment at (not to) work: Applying attachment theory to explain individual behavior in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 169-182.

Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 971-980.

Sisley, R. (2010). Autonomous motivation and well-being: An alternative approach to workplace stress management. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 35(2), 28-40.

Selfriz, J. J., Duda, J. L., & Chi, L. (1992). The relationship of perceived motivational climate to intrinsic motivation and beliefs about success in basketball. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 14(4), 375-391.

Segarra-Ciprés, M., Escrig-Tena, A., & García-Juan, B. (2019). Employees’ proactive behavior and innovation performance: Examining the moderating role of informal and formal controls. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(5), 866-888.

Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future work selves: how salient hoped-for identities motivate proactive career behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 580.

Salande, J. D., & Hawkins II, R. C. (2017). Psychological flexibility, attachment style, and personality organization: Correlations between constructs of differing approaches. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 27(3), 365.

Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Crant, J. M. (2001). What do proactive people do? A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 845-874.

Strauss, K., & Parker, S. K. (2014). Effective and sustained proactivity in the workplace: A self-determination theory perspective. In The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation, and Self-determination Theory (pp. 50–71). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Strauss, K., Parker, S. K., & O'Shea, D. (2017). When does proactivity have a cost? Motivation at work moderates the effects of proactive work behavior on employee job strain. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 15-26.

Tuckey, M., Brewer, N., & Williamson, P. (2002). The influence of motives and goal orientation on feedback seeking. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(2), 195-216.

Tang, G., Chen, Y., van Knippenberg, D., & Yu, B. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of empowering leadership: Leader power distance, leader perception of team capability, and team innovation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(6), 551-566.

Trépanier, S. G., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2013). The moderating role of autonomous motivation in the job demands-strain relation: A two sample study. Motivation and Emotion, 37(1), 93-105.

Tadić Vujčić, M., Oerlemans, W. G., & Bakker, A. B. (2017). How challenging was your work today? The role of autonomous work motivation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(1), 81-93.

Ullrich-French, S., Smith, A. L., & Cox, A. E. (2011). Attachment relationships and physical activity motivation of college students. Psychology & Health, 26(8), 1063-1080.

Vallerand, R. J., & Losier, G. F. (1999). An integrative analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11(1), 142-169.

Vazou, S., Ntoumanis, N., & Duda, J. L. (2006). Predicting young athletes' motivational indices as a function of their perceptions of the coach-and peer-created climate. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 7(2), 215-233.

Vîrgă, D., Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., van Beek, I., & Sulea, C. (2019). Attachment styles and employee performance: The mediating role of burnout. The Journal of Psychology, 153(4), 383-401.

Wang, Y., Ang, C., Jiang, Z., & Wu, C. H. (2019). The role of trait extraversion in shaping proactive behavior: A multilevel examination of the impact of high-activated positive affect. Personality and Individual Differences, 136, 107-112.

Wang, K. Y., & Casimir, G. (2007). How attitudes of leaders may enhance organizational creativity: Evidence from a Chinese study. Creativity and Innovation Management, 16(3), 229-238.

Wu, C. H., Deng, H., & Li, Y. (2018). Enhancing a sense of competence at work by engaging in proactive behavior: The role of proactive personality. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(3), 801-816.

Wanberg, C. R., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2000). Predictors and outcomes of proactivity in the socialization process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(3), 373-385.

Wu, C. H., & Parker, S. K. (2012). The role of attachment styles in shaping proactive behaviour: An intra‐individual analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(3), 523-530.

Wu, C. H., & Parker, S. K. (2017). The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work behavior: A perspective from attachment theory. Journal of Management, 43(4), 1025-1049.

Wang, C. J., & Yang, I. (2021). Why and How Does Empowering Leadership Promote
Proactive Work Behavior? An Examination with a Serial Mediation Model among Hotel Employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2386.

Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.