簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 張瑀宸
Chang, Yu-Chen
論文名稱: 篩選具有保護人類視網膜上皮細胞免於藍光損傷之機能性成份
Screening of Functional Compounds on The Protection of Blue Light-Induced Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Injury
指導教授: 吳啟豪
Wu, Chi-Hao
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 營養科學碩士學位學程
Graduate Program of Nutrition Science
論文出版年: 2020
畢業學年度: 108
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 213
中文關鍵詞: 藍光葡萄糖視網膜色素上皮細胞A2E多酚類化合物脂肪酸
英文關鍵詞: RPE cell
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202001629
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:153下載:5
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 中華民國眼科醫學會最新統計 (2020),國人每日平均使用3C設備 (Computer, Communications, and Consumer-Electronics)時間長達10小時。已知眼睛長期暴露於含藍光之LED (light-emitting diode)發光源下,易引發視網膜病變,造成視力下降,因此尋求具有減緩藍光損傷之護眼機能性成分,於維護視力健康上有其重要意義。生理高血糖與高血脂為代謝症候群之共同特徵,可造成體內氧化壓力與慢性發炎反應,亦可能為加劇藍光氧化損傷之惡化因子,因此本研究擬針對上述兩項主題進行探討:第一部分利用藍光合併光敏感物質A2E (N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine)誘導人類視網膜色素上皮細胞株ARPE-19損傷為模式,嘗試從天然植化素中篩選具有減低藍光損傷之機能性成分。首先將all-trans-retinol與ethanolamine混合反應以進行A2E化學合成,反應物經silica gel-C18 based column chromatography及cation exchange chromatography純化後,以1H-NMR及LC-MS/MS進行A2E結構鑑定。結果顯示,A2E於生理濃度範圍 (6–25 μM)內,經藍光照射9–24 h後,均可顯著造成ARPE-19細胞株之細胞毒性;篩選植化素樣品中,以quercetin、morin、resveratrol及grcinol具有減輕藍光損傷之保護效果;其中尤以quercetin活性最佳,作用劑量20 μM即具有52%保護率。論文第二部分乃探討葡萄糖與脂肪酸是否為影響藍光損傷之可能因子,實驗模擬正常生理血糖濃度5.0 mM (90 mg/dL)與病理性高血糖濃度17.5 mM (315 mg/dL)及30 mM (540 mg/dL)為模式,測試ARPE-19細胞於不同葡萄糖濃度培養下,經藍光照射後對細胞存活率之影響。結果顯示,有別於正常葡萄糖濃度,當細胞培養於17.5 mM或30 mM高糖濃度時可顯著提高藍光對ARPE-19細胞之細胞毒性,此顯示高糖環境可能為促進藍光損傷之惡化因子。此外,已知棕櫚酸 (palmitic acid, PA)、硬脂酸 (stearic acid, SA)、亞麻油酸 (linoleic acid, LA)和花生四烯酸 (arachidonic acid, AA)為高血脂患者體內濃度較高之四種脂肪酸;同時,二十二碳六烯酸 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA)為視網膜中含量最豐富的脂肪酸,因此本研究進一步探討ARPE-19細胞在不同葡萄糖濃度 (5與17.5 mM)下,分別與上述5種脂肪酸共培養後,再暴露於藍光下之細胞毒性變化。結果顯示,無論有無藍光照射,ARPE-19細胞與飽和脂肪酸PA或SA培養24 h後,其細胞存活率與控制組比較均無顯著影響 (p > 0.05)。有趣的是,不飽和程度較高之AA與DHA可顯著加劇藍光對ARPE-19細胞之細胞毒性,此顯示藍光可能引發不飽和脂肪酸之脂質過氧化作用,致使視網膜色素上皮細胞死亡。綜合上述,本研究發現多酚類化合物quercetin、morin、resveratrol及grcinol具有保護視網膜色素上皮細胞免於藍光氧化損傷之潛力;病理性高葡萄糖濃度與多元不飽和脂肪酸AA及DHA可能為加劇藍光氧化損傷之促進因子,未來有待進一步體內試驗釐清與驗證。

    The Ophthalmological Society of Taiwan (2020) reported that people spend ten hours using electronic products of daily life. Exposure to blue light for prolonged periods of time cause retinopathy and vision lose. It is known that hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia are common features of metabolic syndrome, which will cause increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. This study aims to investigate the effects of blue light on ARPE-19 cell toxicity under high glucose and high fatty acid conditions. There are two topics in the thesis, and these topics are described as follows: The first topic is to use human retinal epithelial cell line ARPE-19 and to select functional components that can prevent the damaged of blue light irradiation combined with A2E. First, we synthesize A2E by all-trans-retinol and ethanolamine, then purified A2E by silica gel-C18 based column chromatography and cation exchange chromatography and identified A2E structure by 1H-NMR and LC-MS/MS. The results have shown that A2E in the physiological concentration of 6 – 25 μM combined with blue light irradiation 9–24 hours significantly induce cytotoxicity. Among the polyphenols that we screened, quercetin, morin, resveratrol and grcinol can reduce blue light induce oxidative damage. The second topic is to investigate whether the different blood glucose and blood lipid concentrations are aggravating factors of blue light damage. We use normal physiological glucose concentration of 5 mM (90 mg / dL) and pathological hyperglycemia concentration of 17.5 mM (315 mg / dL) and 30 mM (540 mg / dL), tested its cytotoxicity of ARPE-19 cell after irradiation of blue light 24 hours. The results have shown that, unlike the normal blood glucose concentration, when cells are cultured at high glucose concentrations of 17.5 and 30 mM, the toxicity of blue light to ARPE-19 cells can be significantly aggravated. It is known that palmitic acid, stearic acid, LA and arachidonic acid are the 4 fatty acids with higher concentration in patients with hyperlipidemia. DHA in the most abundant fatty acid in the retina, so we further investigate ARPE-19 cells under different glucose concentrations (5, 17.5 mM), co-cultured with the above five different fatty acids, under blue light irradiation.The results have shown that ARPE-19 cells were incubated with palmitic acid or stearic acid for 24 hours with or without blue light irradiation, and had no significant effect on cell viability (p > 0.05). It is worth noting that it will increase the cytotoxicity of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) to ARPE-19 cell when unsaturated fatty acids combined with blue light irradiation. While blue light irradiation may cause UFA peroxidation, causing retinal cell damage or apoptosis. In conclusion, this study found that supplementation with quercetin, morin, resveratrol, and grcinol may protect the eyes from photooxidative damage. At pathologically high blood glucose concentrations, DHA and AA, it may exacerbate the cytotoxicity of blue light irradiation combined with A2E that to be clarified and verified by animal experiments in the future.

    第一章 前言 1 第二章 文獻探討 3 第一節 眼球構造 3 第二節 視網膜 4 一 視網膜構造 4 二 細胞組成 5 三 視網膜與脂肪酸 6 四 視網膜與氧化壓力 6 第三節 藍光 6 一 藍光的介紹 6 二 藍光與氧化壓力 7 三 藍光與眼睛疾病的關係 9 第四節 褐脂質 (lipofuscin) 9 第五節 A2E 10 一 A2E的介紹 10 二 A2E的形成和視覺循環 12 三 A2E與眼睛疾病 12 第六節 高血糖與視網膜色素上皮細胞 12 一 高血糖導致ROS增加 12 二 高血糖與ARPE-19細胞之間的關係 13 第七節 高血脂與視網膜色素上皮細胞 14 一 視網膜中的脂肪酸 14 三 視網膜與高血脂 17 第八節 老年性黃斑部病變 18 一 疾病介紹 18 二 AMD中脂質的累積 19 三 脂質氧化對AMD病理的影響 19 第九節 保護眼睛之物質 20 一 酚類 (Phenol) 20 二 類胡蘿蔔素 (Carotenoid) 28 三 植物萃取物 (Plant extracts) 31 四 分餾物 (fraction) 35 五 鐵螯合劑 (Iron chelator)之硫辛酸 (Lipoic acid) 36 六 脂質 37 七 皂苷 (Saponin)之甘草酸 (Glycyrrhizic acid) 38 八 Lipoic acid-niacin dimers 39 九 酵素 (Enzymes) 40 十 其他 40 第十節 研究目的 55 第十一節 研究架構 56 第三章 材料與方法 57 一 藥品與試劑 57 二 儀器設備 59 三 實驗耗材 60 四 細胞培養 60 五 A2E的合成與鑑定 61 六 細胞存活率測定 62 七 統計分析 66 第四章 篩選具有保護人類視網膜色素上皮細胞免於藍光損傷之機能性成份 67 結果 68 第一節 藍光照射裝置 68 第二節 A2E及A2E合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 68 第三節 在低葡萄糖濃度下A2E及A2E合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 69 第四節 天然化合物對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19之毒性 69 第五節 天然化合物對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響…70 討論 71 第五章 葡萄糖與脂肪酸對藍光誘導視網膜色素上皮細胞損傷之影響 96 結果 97 第一節 在不同葡萄糖濃度下A2E合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 97 第二節 棕櫚酸及棕櫚酸合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 97 第三節 硬脂酸及硬脂酸合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 98 第四節 亞麻油酸及亞麻油酸合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 100 第五節 花生四烯酸及花生四烯酸合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 101 第六節 DHA及DHA合併藍光對人類視網膜上皮細胞ARPE-19存活率之影響 102 討論 104 第六章 結論 106 參考文獻 119

    Abdullaev FI. (1993). Biological effects of saffron. Biofactors, 4, 83–86.
    Abe Y, Hashimoto S, Horie T. (1999). Curcumin inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Pharmacol Res., 39, 41–47.
    Abushita A., Hebshi E., Daood H. & Biacs P. (1997). Determination of antioxidant vitamins in tomatoes. Food Chem., 60, 207–212.
    A.C.Bird,N.M.Bressler,S.B.Bressler,I.H.Chisholm,G.Coscas,M.D.Davis., et al. (1995). An international classification and grading system for age-related maculopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Survey of Ophthalmology, 39(5), 367-374.
    Adler L., Boyer N., Chen C., Ablonczy Z., Crouch R., Koutalos Y. (2015). The 11-cis Retinal Origins of Lipofuscin in the Retina. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci., 134, e1-e12.
    Adler V., Yin Z., Fuchs S.Y., Benezra M., Rosario L., Tew K.D., Pincus M.R., Sardana M., Henderson C.J., Wolf C.R., Davis R.J., and Ronai Z. (1999). Regulation of JNK signaling by GSTp. EMBO., 18(5), 1321–1334.
    Adijanto J, Du J, Moffat C, Seifert EL, Hurle JB, Philp NJ. (2014). The retinal pigment epithelium utilizes fatty acids for ketogenesis. Biol Chem., 289(30), 20570-82.
    Agca C., Gubler A., Traber G, Beck C., Imsand C., Ail D., Caprara C. and Grimm C. (2013). p38 MAPK signaling acts upstream of LIF-dependent neuroprotection during photoreceptor degeneration. Cell Death Dis., 4(9), e785.
    Ahmad N and Mukhtar H. (1999). Green tea polyphenols and cancer: biologic mechanisms and practical implications. Nutr Rev., 57, 78–83.
    Touqeer Ahmed , Syed Hammad Raza , Afifa Maryam , William N Setzer , Nady Braidy , Seyed Fazel Nabavi , Marcos Roberto de Oliveira , Seyed Mohammad Nabavi. (2016). Ginsenoside Rb1 as a neuroprotective agent: A review. Brain Res Bull., 125, 30–43.
    Aicha Laabich, Corinne C. Manmoto, Vladimir Kuksa, David W. Leung, Ganesh P. Vissvesvaran, Ibrahim Karliga. (2007). Protective effects of myricetin and related flavonols against A2E and light mediated-cell death in bovine retinal primary cell culture. Exp Eye Res., 85(1), 154-65.
    Aishah Albalawi, Reem Hasaballah A. Alhasani, Lincoln Biswas, James Reilly, Xinhua Shu. (2017). Protective effect of carnosic acid against acrylamide-induced toxicity in RPE cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 108, 543-553.
    Aksoy L, Kolay E, Ağılönü Y, Aslan Z, Kargıoğlu M. (2013). Free radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content, total antioxidant status, and total oxidant status of endemic Thermopsis turcica . Biol Sci., 20, 235–239.
    Alaimo A, Di Santo MC, Domínguez Rubio AP, Chaufan G, García Liñares G, Pérez OE. (2020). Toxic effects of A2E in human ARPE-19 cells were prevented by resveratrol: a potential nutritional bioactive for age-related macular degeneration treatment. Arch Toxicol, 94(2):553-572.
    Agustina A., Guadalupe G., Juan M., Roxana M., Soledad P., Jimena H., Alicia B., Hernán E., Mónica L. (2019). Toxicity of blue led light and A2E is associated to mitochondrial dynamics impairment in ARPE-19 cells: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Arch Toxicol, 93, 1401–1415.
    Albishi T., John J., Khalifa A., Shahidi F. (2013). Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and DNA scission inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds in selected onion and potato varieties. Functional Foods, 5, 930-939.
    Alexei T and Ulf T. B., (2004). Lipofuscin. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 36(8), 1400-4.
    Algvere PV, Marshall J, Seregard S. (2006). Age-related maculopathy and the impact of blue light hazard. Acta Ophthalmol Scand, 84(1), 4-15.
    Allocca M., Corrigan J., Mazumder A., Fake K.R., and Samson L.D. (2019). Inflammation, necrosis, and the kinase RIP3 are key mediators of AAG-dependent alkylation-induced retinal degeneration. Sci. Signal, 12, 9216.
    Jawaher A., Alsalem, Deepali P., Radhika S., Miguel C.s, Rosemary B., Elizabeth A. Walker, Saaeha R., Graham R. (2014). Characterization of vitamin D production by human ocular barrier cells. Investig. Ophthalmol, 55, 2140–2141.
    Ammon HP and Wahl MA. (1991). Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta medica, 57, 1–7.
    Anderson OA, Finkelstein A, Shima DT. (2013). A2E induces IL-1β production in retinal pigment epithelial cells via the NLRP3 inflammasome. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e67263.
    Alexey S., Tiago B., Camile S., Camila D., Fernanda S., Jordana P., Mara S. (2014). Alpha-lipoic acid restores tear production in an animal model of dry eye. Exp Eye Res., 120, 1–9.
    Anil KJaiswal. (2004). Nrf2 signaling in coordinated activation of antioxidant gene expression. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36(10), 1199-1207.
    Revathy S., Elumalai S., & Antony M.B. (2011). Isolation, purification and identification of curcuminoids from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) by column chromatography. Exp Sci., 2, 21–25.
    Amtul Z, Wang L, Westaway D, Rozmahel RF. (2010). Neuroprotective mechanism conferred by 17beta-estradiol on the biochemical basis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience, 169(2), 781–786.
    Agca C., Gubler A., Traber G., Beck C., Imsand C., Ail D., Caprara C., Grimm C. (2013). ER stress in human hepatic cells treated with Efavirenz: mitochondria again. Hepatol., 59, 780–789.
    Araujo C. and Leon L. (2001). Biological activities of Curcuma longa L. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz., 96, 723–728.
    Argun M., Tök L., Uğuz A. C., Çelik Ö., Tök Ö. Y., Naziroğlu M. (2014). Melatonin and amfenac modulate calcium entry, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cell culture exposed to blue light irradiation (405 nm). Eye, 28(6), 752–760.
    Arpitha Haranahalli Shivarudrappa, Sowmya Shree Gopal, Ganesan Ponesakki. (2019). An in vitro protocol to study the effect of hyperglycemia on intracellular redox signaling in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19)cells Biology. Molecular Biology Reports, 46(1), 1263-1274.
    Atsumi G., Tajima M., Hadano A., Nakatani Y., Murakami M. and Kudo I. (1998). Fas-induced arachidonic acid release is mediated by Ca2¬-independent phospholipase A2 but not cytosolic phospholipase A2, which undergoes proteolytic inactivation. Biol. Chem., 273, 13870–79.
    Ba F, Pang PK, Davidge ST, Benishin CG. (2004). The neuroprotective effects of estrogen in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell cultures. Neurochem Int., 44(6), 401–411.
    Bacot S, Bernoud-Hubac N, Chantegrel B, Deshayes C, Doutheau A, Ponsin G, Lagarde M, Guichardant M. (2007). Evidence for in situ ethanolamine phospholipid adducts with hydroxy-alkenals. Lipid Res., 48, 816 –825.
    Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Stohs S, Ray S, Sen C, Preuss H. (2002). Cellular protection with proanthocyanidins derived from grape seeds. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 957, 260–270.
    Bailey T. A., Kanuga N., Romero I. A., Greenwood J., Luthert P. J., Cheetham M. E. (2004). Oxidative stress affects the junctional integrity of retinal pigment epithelial cells Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 45, 675– 684.
    Ballabriga A and Gil-Gibernau J. (1988). Lipids of the developing human retina: I. Total fatty acids, plasmalogens, and fatty acid composition of ethanolamine and choline phosphoglycerides. Neuroscie Res., 20(4), 484-490.
    Balogun E., Hoque M., Gong P., Killeen E., Green C., Foresti R., Alam and Motterlini R. (2003). Curcumin activates the haem oxygenase-1 gene via regulation of Nrf2 and the antioxidant-responsive element. Biochemical, 371, 887–895.
    Banáth J.P. and Olive P.L. (2003). Expression of phosphorylated histone H2AX as a surrogate of cell killing by drugs that create DNA double-strand breaks. Cancer Res., 63, 4347–4350.
    Bao B.Y., Ting H.J., Hsu J.W., Lee Y.F. (2008). Protective role of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 against oxidative stress in human prostate epithelial cells. Int. Cancer, 122, 2699–2706.
    Bazan N., Calandria J., Serhan C. (2010). Rescue and repair during photoreceptor cell renewal mediated by docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1. Lipid Res., 51, 2018–2031.
    Beatty S., Koh H.H., Phil M., Henson D., Boulton M. (2000). The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv. Ophthalmol, 45, 115–134.
    Beckman JS, Ischiropoulos H, Zhu L, der Woerd M v, Smith C, Chen J, Harrison J, Martin JC, Tsai M. (1992). Kinetics of superoxide dismutase- and iron-catalyzed nitration of phenolics by peroxynitrite. Arch Biochem Biophys., 298, 438–445.
    Beecher G. (1998). Nutrient content of tomatoes and tomato products. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., 218, 98–100.
    Behar-Cohen F., Martinsons C., Viénot F. (2011). Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: any risks for the eye? Progress in Retinal and Eye Research, 30(4), 239–257.
    Benderdour M, Charron G, DeBlois D, Comte B, Des Rosiers C. (2003). Cardiac mitochondrial NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase is inactivated through 4-hydroxynonenal adduct formation: an event that precedes hypertrophy development. Biol Chem., 278, 45154 –45159.
    Bernard F., Farrukh A., Shamsi, Fong-Qi Liang, Stuart G., Jarrett, Sallyanne Davies and Mike Boulton. (2005). Blue Light Induces Mitochondrial DNA Damage and Free Radical Production in Epithelial Cells. Biological Chemistry, 280, 21061-21066.
    Bernoud-Hubac N, Fay L., Armarnath V., Guichardant M., Bacot S., Davies S., Roberts L., Lagarde M. (2004). Covalent binding of isoketals to ethanolamine phospholipids. Free Radic Biol Med., 37, 1604 –1611.
    Bernstein P. (2009). Nutritional Interventions against Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Acta Hortic., 841, 103–112.
    Berridge M. (2015). Vitamin D: A custodian of cell signalling stability in health and disease. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 43, 349–358.
    Sharmistha B., Nagaraja S., Clifton D., Usha G., David A., Cathy J., Meera S., Harvey B. and Roopa B. (2011). Elevated miR-155 promotes inflammation in cystic fibrosis by driving hyperexpression of interleukin-8. Biol Chem., 286, 11604–11615.
    Bharadwaj A., Appukuttan B., Wilmarth P., Pan Y., Stempel A., Chipps T., Smith J. (2013). Role of the retinal vascular endothelial cell in ocular disease. Progress in retinal and eye research, 32, 102–180.
    Bian M, Zhang Y, Du X, Xu J, Cui J, Gu J, Zhu W, Zhang T, Chen Y. (2017). Apigenin-7-diglucuronide protects retinas against bright light-induced photoreceptor degeneration through the inhibition of retinal oxidative stress and inflammation. Brain Res.,15(1663), 141-150.
    Bian M., Du X., Cui J., Wang P., Wang W., Zhu W., Chen Y. (2016). Celastrol protects mouse retinas from bright light-induced degeneration through inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammation. Neuroinflammation, 13, 50.
    Bian M., Du X., Wang P., Cui J., Xu J., Gu J., Chen Y. (2017). Combination of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd protects the retina against bright light-induced degeneration. Scientific reports, 7(1), 6015.
    Bian, Shasha G., Jilin Z., Jian Q., Allen T., Elizabeth J., Johnson. (2012). Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation reduces photo-oxidative damage and modulates the expression of inflammation-related genes in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol., 53(6), 1298–1307.
    Biesemeier A, Taubitz T, Julien S, Yoeruek E, Schraermeyer U. (2014). Choriocapillaris breakdown precedes retinal degeneration in age-related macular degeneration. Neurobiol Aging, 35(11), 2562–2573.
    Bikle D. (2014). Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. Chemistry & biology, 21(3), 319–329.
    Blake Dornstauder, Miyoung Suh, Sharee Kuny, Frédéric Gaillard, Ian M. MacDonald, Michael T. (2012). Clandinin, Yves Sauvé; Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Prevents Age-Related Functional Losses and A2E Accumulation in the Retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 53(4):2256-2265.
    Boddaert N, Le QSKH, Rotig A, Leroy-Willig A, Gallet S, Brunelle F, Sidi D, Thalabard JC, Munnich A, Cabantchik ZI. (2007). Selective iron chelation in Friedreich ataxia: biologic and clinical implications. Blood, 110, 401–408.
    Bok D., and Young R., (1979). Phagocytic properties of the retinal pigment epithelium. In Retinal Pigment Epithelium, 175-191.
    Bone R., Landrum J., Fernandez L., Tarsis S. (1988). Analysis of the macular pigment by HPLC: retinal distribution and age study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 29, 843–849.
    Borenshtein D., Ofri R., Werman M, Stark A., Tritschler H., Moeller W., Madar Z. (2001). Cataract development in diabetic sand rats treated with alpha-lipoic acid and its gamma-linolenic acid conjugate. Diabetes Metab Res Rev., 17, 44–50.
    Bosco A., Inman D., Steele M., Wu G., Marsh-Armstrong N., Hubbard W., Calkins, Horner P., Vetter M. (2008). Reduced retina microglial activation and improved optic nerve integrity with minocycline treatment in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49 (4), 1437-1446.
    Boulton M, Rózanowska M, Rózanowski B. (2001). Retinal photodamage. Photochem Photobiol B., 64(2-3), 144–161.
    Bown S. and Rogowska A. New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in gastroenterology.
    Brandon-Luke L. Seagle, Kourous A. Rezai, Yasuhiro Kobori, Elzbieta M. Gasyna, Kasra A. Rezaei, James R. Norris. (2005). Melanin photoprotection in the human retinal pigment epithelium and its correlation with light-induced cell apoptosis. National Academy of Sciences, 102 (25), 8978-8983.
    Brandon-Luke L. Seagle, Elzbieta M. Gasyna, William F. Mieler, James R. Norris. (2006). Photoprotection of human retinal pigment epithelium cells against blue light-induced apoptosis by melanin free radicals from Sepia officinalis. National Academy of Sciences, 103(45), 16644-16648.
    Brandstetter C., Mohr L., Latz E., Holz F., Krohne T. (2015). Light induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells via lipofuscin-mediated photooxidative damage. Mol Med., 93, 905–16.
    Bringmann A., Pannicke T., Grosche J., Francke M., Wiedemann P., Skatchkov S., Osborne N., Reichenbach A. (2006). Muller cells in the healthy and diseased retina. Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 25, 397–424.
    Broadhead M., Becerra S., Choong P., & Dass C. (2010). The applied biochemistry of PEDF and implications for tissue homeostasis. Growth factor, 28(4), 280–285.
    Brunk UT and Terman A. (2002). Lipofuscin: mechanisms of age-related accumulation and Influence on cell function. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 33(5), 611-9.
    Brandstetter C., Mohr L., Latz E., Holz F., and Krohne T. (2015). Light induces NLRP3 inflammasome activation in retinal pigment epithelial cells via lipofuscin-mediated photooxidative damage. Molecular medicine, 93(8), 905–916.
    Brownlee M. (2005). The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes, 54(6), 1615–1625.
    Buchert J, Koponen JM, Suutarinen M, Mustranta A, Lille M, Törrönen R, Poutanen K. (2005). Effect of enzyme‐aided pressing on anthocyanin yield and profiles in bilberry and blackcurrant juices. Sci Food Agric., 85, 2548–2556.
    Bucolo C., Marrazzo G., Platania, C., Drago F., Leggio G., and Salomone S. (2013). Fortified extract of red berry, Ginkgo biloba, and white willow bark in experimental early diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes research, 432695.
    Bulteau A., Lundberg K., Humphries K., Sadek H., Szweda P., Friguet B., Szweda L. (2001). Oxidative modification and inactivation of the proteasome during coronary occlusion/reperfusion. Biol Chem., 276, 30057–30063.
    Burke J. M., and Hjelmeland L. M. (2005). Mosaicism of the retinal pigment epithelium: seeing the small picture. Mol. Interventions, 5, 241–249.
    Busik J., Mohr S., and Grant M. (2008). Hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species toxicity to endothelial cells is dependent on paracrine mediators. Diabetes, 57(7), 1952–1965.
    Cabrera C. and Artacho R. (2006). GiménezBeneficial effects of green tea — a review. Am Coll Nutr., 25, 79-99.
    Cai J., Nelson K., Wu M., Sternberg J., Jones D., (2000). Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE. Retin. Eye Res., 19, 205–221.
    Cano M, Wang L, Datta S, Liu T. (2017). Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidation-specific epitopes, and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids, 1862(4), 430-440.
    Canter P., and Ernst E. (2004). Anthocyanosides of Vaccinium myrtillus(bilberry) for night vision—a systematic review of placebo-controlled trials. Surv Ophthalmol, 49, 38–50.
    Cao G., Sofic E., Prior R., (1997). Antioxidant and prooxidant behavior of flavonoids: structureeactivity relationships. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 22, 749e760.
    Cao X., Liu M., Tuo J., Shen D., Chan C. (2010). The effects of quercetin in cultured human RPE cells under oxidative stress and in Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double deficient mice. Exp. Eye Res., 91(1), 15-25.
    Capozzi M., McCollum G., Cousins D., and Penn J. (2016). Linoleic Acid is a Diabetes-relevant Stimulator of Retinal Inflammation in Human Retinal Muller Cells and Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Diabetes & metabolism, 7(12), 718.
    Carmody R., McGowan A., Cotter T.. (1999). Reactive oxygen species as mediators of photoreceptor apoptosis in vitro. Exp. Cell Res, 248, 520–530.
    Carmody R. and Cotter T. (2000). Oxidative stress induces caspase-independent retinal apoptosis in vitro. Cell Death Differ., 7, 282–291.
    Caruso I., Vilegas W, Fossey M., Cornélio M., (2012). Exploring the binding mechanism of Guaijaverin to human serum albumin: fluorescence spectroscopy and computational approach. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc, 97, 449-55.
    Catalá A. (2006). An overview of lipid peroxidation with emphasis in outer segments of photoreceptors and the chemiluminescence assay. Biochem Cell Biol., 38(9), 1482–95.
    Chabane N., Zayed N., Afif H., Mfuna-Endam L., Benderdour M., Boileau C., Martel-Pelletier J., Pelletier J., Duval N., & Fahmi H. (2008). Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress interleukin-1beta-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in human chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 16(10), 1267–1274.
    Chan C., Huang J., Lin H., Chiang H., Chen B., Hong J., and Hung C. (2008). Protective effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on UVA-induced damage in ARPE19 cells. Molecular vision, 14, 2528–2534.
    Chan C., Huang C., Li H., Hsiao C., Su C., Lee P., and Hung C. (2015). Protective effects of resveratrol against UVA-induced damage in ARPE19 cells. International journal of molecular sciences, 16(3), 5789–5802.
    Chandler D., Woldu A., Rahmadi A., Shanmugam K., Steiner N., Wright E., Benavente-García O., Schulz O., Castillo J., and Münch, G. (2013). Effects of plant-derived polyphenols on TNF-alpha and nitric oxide production induced by advanced glycation endproducts. Mol. Nutr., Food Res. 2010(54), S141–S150.
    Chang C., Cherng C., Liou W., Liao C. (2005). Minocycline partially inhibits caspase-3 activation and photoreceptor degeneration after photic injury. Ophthalmic Res., 37 (4), 202-213.
    Chang Chi-Huang, Chiu Hui-Fang, Han Yi-Chun, Chen I-Hsien, Shen You-Cheng, Venkatakrishnan Kamesh, Wang Chin-Kun. (2017). Photoprotective effects of cranberry juice and its various fractions against blue light-induced impairment in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 571-580.
    Chang S., Kim H., Kim, G., Park S., and Kim I. (2016). Increased expression of osteopontin in retinal degeneration induced by blue light-emitting diode exposure
    in mice. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 9, 58.
    Chang Y. and Wu W. (2013). Dyslipidemia and diabetic retinopathy. Rev Diabet Stud., 10, 121–132.
    Chao C., Hu S., Ehrlich L., Peterson P. (1995). Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha synergistically mediate neurotoxicity: involvement of nitric oxide and of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Brain Behav Immun., 9, 355–365.
    Shih-Chun Chao, Dan-Ning Hu, Pei-Yu Yang, Ching-Yang Lin, Chan-Wei Nien, Shun-Fa Yang, Joan E. Roberts. (2013). Ultraviolet-A irradiation upregulated urokinase-type plasminogen activator in pterygium fibroblasts through ERK and JNK pathways. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 54(2), 999–1007.
    Chao Zhu, Yuchen Dong, Haile Liu, Hua Ren, Zhihua Cui. (2017). Hesperetin protects against H2O2-triggered oxidative damage via upregulation of the Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signal pathway in ARPE-19 cells. Biomedicine&Pharmacotherapy, 88, 124–133.
    Charvet, C.D., Saadane, A., Wang, M., Salomon, R.G., Brunengraber, H., Turko, I.V., Pikuleva, I.A., (2013). Pretreatment with pyridoxamine mitigates isolevuglandin-associated retinal effects in mice exposed to bright light. Biol Chem., 288, 29267-29280.
    Chen A, Xu J, Johnson AC. (2006). Curcumin inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by suppressing gene expression of epidermal growth factor receptor through reducing the activity of the transcription factor Egr-1. Oncogene, 25, 278–287.
    Bo-Yie Chen, David Pei-Cheng Lin, Lin-Song Chang, Tzu-Ping Huang, Hsiang-Jui Liu, Chun-Pong Luk, Yu-Lun Lo, Han-Hsin Chang. (2013). Dietary α-Lipoic acid prevents UVB-induced corneal and conjunctival degeneration through multiple effects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 54, 6757–6766.
    Chen C., Cano M., Wang, J., Li J., Huang C., Yu Q., Herbert T., Handa J., and Zhang S. (2014). Role of UPR dysregulation in oxidative injury of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal., 20, 2091–2106.
    Chen C., Song T., Liang Y., Hu M.. (2009). Acteoside and 6-O-acetylacteoside downregulate cell adhesion molecules induced by IL-1beta through inhibition of ERK and JNK in human vascular endothelial cells. Agric Food Chem., 57, 8852-8859.
    Chen H., and Anderson R. (1993). Metabolism in frog retinal pigment epithelium of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids derived from rod outer segment membranes. Exp. Eye Res., 57, 369–377.
    Chen H, Sun YP, Hu PF, Liu WW, Xiang HG, Li Y, Yan RL, Su N, Ruan CP, Sun XJ, Wang Q. (2011). The effects of hydrogen-rich saline on the contractile and structural changes of intestine induced by ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Surg Res., 167, 316–322.
    Chen L., Dentchev T., Wong R., Hahn P., Wen R., Bennett J., Dunaief J. (2003). Increased expression of ceruloplasmin in the retina following photic injury. Mol Vis., 9, 151–158.
    Chen L., Wu W., Dentchev T., Zeng Y., Wang J., Tsui I., Tobias J., Bennett J., Baldwin D., Dunaief J. (2004). Light damage induced changes in mouse retinal gene expression. Exp Eye Res., 79, 239–247.
    Chen L., Wu W., Dentchev T., Wong R., Dunaief J. (2004). Increased metallothionein in light damaged mouse retinas. Exp. Eye Res., 79, 287– 293.
    Chen W, Jump D., Grant M., Esselman W., Busik J. (2003). Dyslipidemia, but Not Hyperglycemia, Induces Inflammatory Adhesion Molecules in Human Retinal Vascular Endothelial Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44(11), 5016-5022.
    Chen W., Meng Q., Sui J., Wang Y., Li X., Liu S., Li H., Wang C., Li C., and Li Y.. (2016). Ginsenoside Rb1: The new treatment measure of myasthenia gravis. Int Immunopharmacol, 2, 30356–30363.
    Chen W., Stambolian D., Edwards A., Branham K., Othman M., Jakobsdottir J. (2010). Genetic variants near TIMP3 and high-density lipoprotein-associated loci influence susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci., 107, 7401-7406.
    Chen X., Zhang X., Li Y., Chen X., Tang D., and Ran R. (2013). Involvement of HMGB1 mediated signalling pathway in diabetic retinopathy: evidence from type 2 diabetic rats and ARPE-19 cells under diabetic condition. Ophthalmol, 97, 1598–1603.
    Chen Z. (2005). Ubiquitin signalling in the NF-kappaB pathway. Nat Cell Biol., 7, 758–765.
    Cheng W., Wu D., Zuo Q., Wang Z. & Fan W. (2013). Ginsenoside Rb1 prevents interleukin-1 beta induced inflammation and apoptosis in human articular chondrocytes. Int Orthop., 2065–2070.
    Chethan Sampath, Yingdong Zhu, Shengmin Sang, Mohamed Ahmedn. (2016). Bioactive compounds isolated from apple, tea, and ginger protect against dicarbonyl induced stress in cultured human retinal epithelial cells. Phytomedicine, 23(2), 200-213.
    Chern, Yusoff, Fatimah, Ismail, Maznah, Basri. (2015). Production of fucoxanthin-rich fraction (FxRF) from a diatom, Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) Takano 1968. Algal Research, 12, 26-32.
    Cheung N., Mitchell P., Wong T. (2010). Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet., 376(9735), 124–136.
    Cho E., Hung S., Willett W., Spiegelman D., Rimm E., Seddon J., Colditz G., and Hankinson S. (2001). Prospective study of dietary fat and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Clinical Nutrition, 73(2), 209–218.
    Choi E., Jin J., Lee J., Choi J., Choi I., Kim S. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying mechanisms of action of daidzein in murine macrophages stimulated with Prevotella intermedia lipopolysaccharide. Periodontal Res., 47(2), 204-211.
    Chou R, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Grusing S, Blazina I. (2016). Screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA., 315(9), 915–933.
    Christian R. (2009). MAPK signaling pathways in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Leukocyte Biology, 86(2), 237-250.
    Choudhury S, Bhootada Y, Gorbatyuk O, Gorbatyuk M. (2013). Caspase-7 ablation modulates UPR, reprograms TRAF2-JNK apoptosis and protects T17M rhodopsin mice from severe retinal degeneration. Cell Death Dis., 4(3), e528.
    Choudhary S., Xiao T., Srivastava S., Zhang W., Chan L., Vergara L., Van Kuijk F., and Ansari N. (2005). Toxicity and detoxification of lipid-derived aldehydes in cultured retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 204(2), 122–134.
    Cia D., Cubizolle A., Crauste C., Jacquemot N., Guillou L., Vigor C., Angebault C., Hamel C. P., Vercauteren J., and Brabet P. (2016). Phloroglucinol protects retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor against all‐trans‐retinal–induced toxicity and inhibits A2E formation. Cell. Mol. Med., 20, 1651-1663.
    Circu M. and Aw T. (2010). Reactive oxygen species, cellular redox systems, and apoptosis. Free radical biology & medicine, 48(6), 749–762.
    Clancy C. and Simon J. (2001). Ultrastructural organization of eumelanin from Sepia officinalis measured by atomic force microscopy. Biochemistry, 40(44), 13353–13360.
    Connor K., SanGiovanni J., Lofqvist C., Aderman C., Chen J., Higuchi A., Hong S., Pravda E., Majchrzak S., Carper D., Hellstrom A., Kang J., Chew E., Salem N., Serhan C., and Smith L. (2007). Increased dietary intake of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces pathological retinal angiogenesis. Nat. Med., 13, 868–873.
    Contín M., Arietti M., Benedetto M., Bussi C., Guido M. (2013). Photoreceptor damage induced by low-intensity light: model of retinal degeneration in mammals. Molecular vision, 19, 1614–1625.
    Corasaniti M., Navarra M., Nistico S., Rotiroti D., Maccarrone M., Melino G. and Finazzi-Agro A. (1998). Requirement for membrane lipid peroxidation in HIV-1 gp120-induced neuroblastoma cell death. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 246, 686–89.
    Costinean S., Sandhu S., Pedersen I., Tili E., Trotta R., Perrotti D., Ciarlariello D., Neviani P., Harb J., Kauffman L., Shidham A., and Croce C. (2009). Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein beta are targeted by miR-155 in B cells of Emicro-MiR-155 transgenic mice. Blood, 114, 1374–1382.
    Curcio, C.A., Presley, J.B., Malek, G., Medeiros, N.E., Avery, D.V., Kruth, H.S., (2005a). Esterified and unesterified cholesterol in drusen and basal deposits of eyes with agerelated maculopathy. Exp Eye Res., 81, 731-741.
    Crespy V. and Williamson G. (2004). A review of the health effects of green tea catechins in in vivo animal models. Nutr.., 134(12Suppl), 3431S-3440S.
    D'Autreaux B. and Toledano M. B. (2007). ROS as signalling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 8(10), 813–824.
    Dai C, Jiang S, Chu C, Xin M, Song X, Zhao B. (2019). Baicalin protects human retinal pigment epithelial cell lines against high glucose-induced cell injury by up-regulation of microRNA-145. Exp Mol Pathol, 106, 123-130.
    Dashti N., McGwin G., Owsley C., Curcio C., (2006). Plasma apolipoproteins and risk for age related maculopathy. Br J Ophthalmol, 90, 1028-1033.
    Davies S., Elliott M., Floor E., Truscott T., Zareba M., Sarna T., Shamsi F. and Boulton M. (2001). Photocytotoxicity of lipofuscin in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med., 31(2), 256-65.
    Dayang, W. and Dongbo P. (2018). Taurine reduces blue light-induced retinal neuronal cell apoptosis in vitro. Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 37(3), 240–244.
    Dazhong Yin. (1996). Biochemical basis of lipofuscin, ceroid, and age pigment-like fluorophores. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 21(6), 871-888.
    Delori F., Goger D., Hammond B., Snodderly D., Burns S. (2001). Macular pigment density measured by autofluorescence spectrometry: comparison with reflectometry and heterochromatic flicker photometry. Opt Soc Am A, 18, 1212–1230.
    Deng M, Zhao J., Tu P., Jiang Y, Li Z., Wang Y. (2004). Echinacoside rescues the SHSY5Y neuronal cells from TNF alpha-induced apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol, 505, 11-18.
    Ding S., Wang L., Guo L., Luo P., Du J., Zhao Z., Wang G. (2017). Syringic acid inhibits apoptosis pathways via downregulation of p38MAPK and JNK signaling pathways in H9c2 cardiomyocytes following hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Molecular Medicine Reports, 16, 2290-2294.
    Ding Y., Dai X., Jiang Y., Zhang Z., Bao L., Li Y., Zhang F., Ma X., Cai X., Jing L., Gu J., & Li Y. (2013). Grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts alleviate oxidative stress and ER stress in skeletal muscle of low-dose streptozotocin- and highcarbohydrate/high-fat diet-induced diabetic rats. Mol Nutr Food Res, 57, 365–369.
    Ding X., Gu R., Tang W., Shu Q., Xu G. and Zhang M. (2018). Effect of Phosphorylated-Extracellular Regulated Kinase 1/2 Inhibitor on Retina from Light-induced Photoreceptor Degeneration. Chinese medical, 131(23), 2836–2843.
    Collier R,, Wang Y., Smith S., Martin E., Ornberg R., Rhoades K., Romano C. (2011). Complement Deposition and Microglial Activation in the Outer Retina in Light-Induced Retinopathy: Inhibition by a 5-HT1A agonist. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 52(11), 8108-16.
    Dayang W. and Jinsong Z. (2015). Taurine inhibits interleukin-6 expression and release induced by ultraviolet B exposure to human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cutaneous and ocular toxicology, 34, 189-194.
    Dinkova K., Massiah M., Bozak R., Hicks R., Talalay P. (2001). Potency of Michael reaction acceptors as inducers of enzymes that protect against carcinogenesis depends on their reactivity with sulfhydryl groups. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 98, 3404–3409.
    Dok-Go H., Lee K., Kim H., Lee E., Lee J., Song Y., Lee Y., Jin C., Lee Y., and Cho J. (2003). Neuroprotective effects of antioxidative flavonoids, quercetin,(+)-dihydroquercetin and quercetin 3-methyl ether, isolated from Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten. Brain Res, 965, 130–6.
    Donoso L., Kim D., Frost A., Callahan A., & Hageman G. (2006). The role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Survey of ophthalmology, 51(2), 137–152.
    Dorp EL, Yassen A, Dahan A. (2007). Naloxone treatment in opioid addiction: the risks and benefits. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 6, 125–132.
    Double K., Dedov V., Fedorow H., Kettle E., Halliday G., Garner B., and Brunk U. (2008). The comparative biology of neuromelanin and lipofuscin in the human brain. Cell Mol Life Sci, 65(11), 1669-1682.
    Du X., Matsumura T., Edelstein D., Rossetti L., Zsengellér Z., Szabó C., and Brownlee M. (2003). Inhibition of GAPDH activity by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activates three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage in endothelial cells. Clinical Investigation, 112(7), 1049–1057.
    Du Y., Tang J., Li G., Berti-Mattera L., Lee C., Bartkowski D., Gale D., Monahan J., Niesman M., Alto G., and Kern, T. (2011). Effects of p38 MAPK inhibition on early stages of diabetic retinopathy and sensory nerve function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 52(8), 6057.
    Dupont C., Armant D., Brenner C. (2009). Epigenetics: definition, mechanisms and clinical perspective. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 27(5), 351–357.
    Echtay K., Esteves T., Pakay J., Jekabsons M., Lambert A. , Portero-Otín M., Pamplona R., Vidal-Puig A., Wang S., Roebuck S., and Brand M. (2003). A signalling role for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in regulation of mitochondrial uncoupling. EMBO J, 22, 4103–4110.
    Edge R., McGarvey D., Truscott T. (1997). The carotenoids as anti-oxidants—a review. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol, 41, 189-200.
    Edwards, A.O., Ritter, R., 3rd, Abel, K.J., Manning, A., Panhuysen, C., Farrer, L.A., (2005). Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science, 308, 421-424.
    Eldred G. and Lasky M. (1993). Retinal age pigments generated by self-assembling lysomotropic detergents. Nature., 361(6414), 724–726.
    Ershov A. and Bazan N. (2000). Photoreceptor phagocytosis selectively activates PPARgamma expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Neurosci Res, 60, 328-337.
    Eshaq R., Wright W., Harris N. (2014). Oxygen delivery, consumption, and conversion to reactive oxygen species in experimental models of diabetic retinopathy. Redox biology, 2, 661–666.
    Esterbauer H., Schaur R., Zollner H. (1991). Chemistry and biochemistry of 4-hydroxynonenal, malonaldehyde and related aldehydes. Free Radic Biol Med, 11(1), 81–128.
    Fahey J., Zhang Y., Talalay P. (1997). Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 94, 10367–10372.
    Fan H., Yin S., Lou P., Ren S., Huang S. and Chen X. (2013). Expressions of P-JNK in nerve cell apoptosis of A2AR knockout newborn mice after hypoxia/ischemia brain damage. Applied Physiology, 29, 187–92.
    Fang S., Hou Y., Chang W., Hsiu S., Chao P., Chiang B. (2003). Morin sulfates/glucuronides exert anti-inflammatory activity on activated macrophages and decreased the incidence of septic shock. Life Sci, 74, 743-756.
    Farr S., Poon H., Dogrukol-Ak D., Drake J., Banks W., Eyerman E., Butterfield D., Morley J. (2003). The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. Neurochem, 84, 1173–1183.
    Federico A, Dallio M, Loguercio C. (2017). Silymarin/silybin and chronic liver disease: a marriage of many years. Molecules, 22(2), 191.
    Felix CC, Hyde JS, Sealy RC. (1979). Photoreactions of melanin: a new transient species and evidence for triplet state involvement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 88(2), 456–461.
    Barker, F. M., 2nd, Snodderly, D. M., Johnson, E. J., Schalch, W., Koepcke, W., Gerss, J., & Neuringer, M. (2011). Nutritional Manipulation of Primate Retinas, V: Effects of Lutein, Zeaxanthin, and n–3 Fatty Acids on Retinal Sensitivity to Blue-Light–Induced Damage. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 52(7), 3934-3942.
    Feng J, Chen X, Sun X, Wang F, Sun X. (2014). Expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 and CHOP induced by oxidative stress in blue light-mediated damage of A2E-containing retinal pigment epithelium cells. Ophthalmic Res, 52, 224–33.
    Feng M., Wang X.H., Yang X.B., Xiao Q., & Jiang F.G. (2012). Protective effect of saturated hydrogen saline against blue light-induced retinal damage in rats. Ophthalmology, 5(2), 151–157.
    Fernandes, A. F., Guo, W., Zhang, X., Gallagher, M., Ivan, M., Taylor, A., Pereira, P., & Shang, F. (2006). Proteasome-dependent regulation of signal transduction in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Experimental eye research, 83(6), 1472–1481.
    Fernandes AF, Zhou J, Zhang X, Bian Q, Sparrow J, Taylor A, Pereira P, Shang F. (2008). Oxidative inactivation of the proteasome in retinal pigment epithelial cells. A potential link between oxidative stress and up-regulation of interleukin-8. Biol Chem, 283, 20745–20753.
    Fernandes de Abreu D.A., Eyles D., Féron F. (2009). Vitamin D, a neuro-immunomodulator: Implications for neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(S1), S265–S277.
    Fernández-Iglesias, A., Pajuelo, D., Quesada, H., Díaz, S., Bladé, C., Arola, L., Salvadó, M. J., & Mulero, M. (2014). Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract improves the hepatic glutathione metabolism in obese Zucker rats. Mol Nutr Food Res, 58, 727–737.
    Feng R., Lu Y., Bowman L., Qian Y., Castranova V., Ding M. (2005). Inhibition of activator protein-1, NF-kappa B, and MAPKs and induction of phase 2 detoxifying enzyme activity by chlorogenic acid. Biological Chemistry, 280, 27888-27895.
    Filina AA, Davydova NG, Endrikhovskiĭ SN, Shamshinova AM. (1995). [Lipoic acid as a means of metabolic therapy of open-angle glaucoma]. Vestn Oftalmol. 111, 6–8.
    Finnemann S., Leung L., Rodriguez-Boulan E. (2002). The lipofuscin component A2E selectively inhibits phagolysosomal degradation of photoreceptor phospholipid by the retinal pigment epithelium. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(6), 3842–3847.
    Firląg M, Kamaszewski M, Gaca K, Bałasińska B. (2013). Age-related changes in the central nervous system in selected domestic mammals and primates. Postepy Hig Med Dosw, 67, 269-275.
    Fliesler SJ and Anderson RE (1983). Chemistry and metabolism of lipids in the vertebrate retina. Prog. Lipid Res., 22, 79–131.
    Fontaine, V., Monteiro, E., Brazhnikova, E., Lesage, L., Balducci, C., Guibout, L., Feraille, L., Elena, P. P., Sahel, J. A., Veillet, S., & Lafont, R. (2016). Norbixin Protects Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells and Photoreceptors against A2E-Mediated Phototoxicity In Vitro and In Vivo Norbixin Protects Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells and Photoreceptors against A2E-Mediated Phototoxicity In Vitro and In Vivo. PLOS ONE, 11(12), e0167793.
    Fredenburg AM, Sethi RK, Allen DD, Yokel RA. (1996). The pharmacokinetics and blood-brain barrier permeation of the chelators 1,2 dimethly-, 1,2 diethyl-, and 1-[ethan-1'ol]-2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one in the rat. Toxicology, 108, 191–199.
    Fritsche, L. G., Igl, W., Bailey, J. N., Grassmann, F., Sengupta, S., Bragg-Gresham, J. L., Burdon, K. P., Hebbring, S. J., Wen, C., Gorski, M., Kim, I. K., Cho, D., Zack, D., Souied, E., Scholl, H. P., Bala, E., Lee, K. E., Hunter, D. J., Sardell, R. J., Mitchell, P., Heid, I. M. (2016). A large genome-wide association study of age-related macular degeneration highlights contributions of rare and common variants. Nat Genet, 48, 134-143.
    Gadani S., Walsh J., Smirnov I., Zheng J., Kipnis J. (2015). The glia-derived alarmin IL-33 orchestrates the immune response and promotes recovery following CNS injury. Neuron, 85(4), 703–709.
    Gaillard, E.R., Avalle, L.B., Keller, L.M., Wang, Z., Reszka, K.J., Dillon, J.P., (2004). A mechanistic study of the photooxidation of A2E, a component of human retinal lipofuscin. Exp. Eye Res, 79, 313e319.
    GainerJL and JonesJR. The use of crocetin in experimental atherosclerosis. (1975). Experientia, 31, 548–549.
    Gao G., Li Y., Fant J., Crosson C. E., Becer Gaillard, E.R., Avalle, L.B., Keller, L.M., Wang, Z., Reszka, K.J., Dillon, J.P. (2004). A mechanistic study of the photooxidation of A2E, a component of human retinal lipofuscin. Exp. Eye Res, 79, 313e319.
    Ma J.X. (2002). Difference in ischemic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium--derived factor in brown Norway and Sprague Dawley rats contributing to different susceptibilities to retinal neovascularization. Diabetes, 51(4), 1218–1225.
    Gao G., Li Y., Zhang D., Gee S., Crosson C., Ma J. X. (2001). Unbalanced expression of VEGF and PEDF in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. FEBS Letters, 489(2-3), 270–276.
    Gao X, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Talalay P. (2001). Powerful and prolonged protection of human retinal pigment epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and mouse leukemia cells against oxidative damage: the indirect antioxidant effects of sulforaphane. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 98, 15221–15226.
    Gao X, and Talalay P. (2004). Induction of phase 2 genes by sulforaphane protects retinal pigment epithelial cells against photooxidative damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci,101, 10446– 51.
    Garrett Q, Khandekar N, Shih S, Flanagan JL, Simmons P, Vehige J, Willcox M. (2013). Betaine stabilizes cell volume and protects against apoptosis in human corneal epithelial cells under hyperosmotic stress. Experimental eye research, 108, 33-41.
    Geest C. R., Buitenhuis M., Groot Koerkamp M. J. A., Holstege F. C. P., Vellenga E., Coffer P. J. (2009). Tight control of MEK-ERK activation is essential in regulating proliferation, survival, and cytokine production of CD34+-derived neutrophil progenitors. Blood, 114(16), 3402–3412.
    Geiger P, Barben M, Grimm C, Samardzija M. (2015). Blue light-induced retinal lesions, intraretinal vascular leakage and edema formation in the all-cone mouse retina. Cell Death Dis, 6, e1985.
    Ghosh J. and Myers C. E. (1998). Inhibition of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase triggers massive apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, 95, 13182–7.
    Giansanti V, Rodriguez GE, Savoldelli M, Gioia R, Forlino A, Mazzini G. (2013). Characterization of stress response in human retinal epithelial cells. Cell Mol Med, 17, 103-115.
    Giblin FJ. (2000). Glutathione: a vital lens antioxidant. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther, 16(2), 121–135.
    Gilgun-Sherki Y, Melamed E, Offen D. (2001). Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier. Neuropharmacology, 40, 959–975.
    Giovannucci E. (1999), Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 317–331.
    Giri R., Rajagopal V., Kalra V. (2004). Curcumin, the active constituent of turmeric, inhibits amyloid peptide-induced cytochemokine gene expression and CCR5-mediated chemotaxis of THP-1 monocytes by modulating early growth response-1 transcription factor. Neurochemistry, 91, 1199–1210.
    Girotti AW. (1998). Lipid hydroperoxide generation, turnover, and effector action in biological systems. Lipid. Res, 39, 1529–42.
    Glickman R. (2002). Phototoxicity to the retina: mechanisms of damage. Toxicology, 21(6), 473–490.
    Glomb M. and Monnier V. (1995). Mechanism of protein modification by glyoxal and glycolaldehyde, reactive intermediates of the Maillard reaction. Biological Chemistry, 270(17), 10017–10026.
    Godley B., Shamsi F., Liang F., Jarrett S., Davies S., Boulton M. (2005). Blue light induces mitochondrial DNA damage and free radical production in epithelial cells. Biological Chemistry, 280(22), 21061–21066.
    Goel A, Kunnumakkara AB, Aggarwal BB. (2008). Curcumin as "Curecumin": from kitchen to clinic. Biochemical pharmacology, 75, 787–809.
    Goldberg J, Flowerdew G, Smith E, Brody JA & Tso MO. (1988). Factors associated with age-related macular degeneration. An analysis of data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol, 128(4), 700–710.
    Gong Y, Fu Z, Liegl R, Chen J, Hellstrom A, Smith LE. (2017). omega‐3 and omega‐6 long‐chain PUFAs and their enzymatic metabolites in neovascular eye diseases. Am J Clin Nutr, 106, 16–26.
    Goralska M, Dackor R, Holley B, McGahan MC. (2003). Alpha lipoic acid changes iron uptake and storage in lens epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res, 76, 241–248.
    Gorbatyuk, M. S., Knox, T., LaVail, M. M., Gorbatyuk, O. S., Noorwez, S. M., Hauswirth, W. W., Lin, J. H., Muzyczka, N., & Lewin, A. S. (2010). Restoration of visual function in P23H rhodopsin transgenic rats by gene delivery of BiP/Grp78. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 107, 5961–5966.
    Graffe A., Beauchet O., Fantino B., Milea D., Annweiler C. (2014). Vitamin D and macular thickness in the elderly: An optical coherence tomography study. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci, 15, 5298–5303.
    Grassmann, F., Heid, I.M., Weber, B.H., International, A.M.D.G.C., (2017). Recombinant Haplotypes Narrow the ARMS2/HTRA1 Association Signal for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Genetics, 205, 919-924.
    Green WR, McDonnell PJ, Yeo JH. (1985). Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 92(5), 615–627.
    Grossfield A Feller SE Pitman MC. (2006). A role for direct interactions in the modulation of rhodopsin by omega-3 polyunsaturated lipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 103, 4888–4893.
    Guenther Boden. (2006). Fatty Acid–induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle and Liver. Current Diabetes Reports, 6(3), 177–181.
    Guichardant M, Bacot S, Moliere P, Lagarde M. (2006). Hydroxy-alkenals from the peroxidation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and urinary metabolites. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids, 75, 179 –182.
    Guo, Q., Zhou, Y., Wang, C. J., Huang, Y. M., Lee, Y. T., Su, M. H., & Lu, J. (2013). An open-label, nonplacebo-controlled study on Cistanche tubulosa glycoside capsules (Memoregain(®)) for treating moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 28, 363-370.
    Gupta N, Brown KE, Milam AH. (2003). Activated microglia in human retinitis pigmentosa, late-onset retinal degeneration, and age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res, 76, 463–71.
    Chichili, G. R., Nohr, D., Frank, J., Flaccus, A., Fraser, P. D., Enfissi, E. M., & Biesalski, H. K. (2006). Protective effects of tomato extract with elevated b-carotene levels on oxidative stress in ARPE-19 cells. Nutrition, 96, 643–649.
    Hadj-Saïd, W., Froger, N., Ivkovic, I., Jiménez-López, M., Dubus, É., Dégardin-Chicaud, J., Simonutti, M., Quénol, C., Neveux, N., Villegas-Pérez, M. P., Agudo-Barriuso, M., Vidal-Sanz, M., Sahel, J. A., Picaud, S., & García-Ayuso, D. (2016). Quantitative and Topographical Analysis of the Losses of Cone Photoreceptors and Retinal Ganglion Cells Under Taurine Depletion. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 57, 4692-4703.
    Hafezi F., Reinboth J. J., Wenzel A., Munz K. and Reme C. E. (1998). HPETE, an arachidonic acid metabolite, induces apoptosis in rat retina in vitro. Klin. Monatsbl. Augenheilkd, 212, 469–72.
    Hageman, G. S., Anderson, D. H., Johnson, L. V., Hancox, L. S., Taiber, A. J., Hardisty, L. I., Hageman, J. L., Stockman, H. A., Borchardt, J. D., Gehrs, K. M., Smith, R. J., Silvestri, G., Russell, S. R., Klaver, C. C., Barbazetto, I., Chang, S., Yannuzzi, L. A., Barile, G. R., Merriam, J. C., Smith, R. T., Allikmets, R. (2005). A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age- related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 102(20), 7227-7232.
    Haixia Chenab, Min Zhang, Bijun Xie. (2005). Components and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide conjugate from green tea. Food Chem, 90, 17-21.
    Hajar S, Al Hazmi A, Wasli M, Mousa A, Rabiu M. (2015). Prevalence and causes of blindness and diabetic retinopathy in Southern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med, 36(4), 449–455.
    Hamblin M. (2018). Mechanisms and mitochondrial redox signaling in photobiomodulation. Photochemistry and Photobiology, 94(2), 199–212.
    Hammond B., Ciulla T., Snodderly D. (2002). Macular pigment density is reduced in obese subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 43, 47–50.
    Hammond B., Curran-Celentano J., Judd S. (1996). Sex differences in macular pigment optical density: relation to plasma carotenoid concentrations and dietary patterns. Vision Res, 36, 2001–2012.
    Han Quan, Yu Qiong-yao, Shi Jiang, Xiong Chang-yun, LingZe-jie, He Pu-ming. (2011). Molecular characterization and hypoglycemic activity of a novel water-soluble polysaccharide from tea (Camellia sinensis) flower. Carbohydrate Polymers, 86(2), 797-805.
    Handa, J.T., (2007). New molecular histopathologic insights into the pathogenesis of agerelated macular degeneration. Int Ophthalmol Clin, 47, 15-50.
    Handa, J.T., Cano, M., Wang, L., Datta, S., Liu, T., (2017). Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidationspecific epitopes, and Age-related Macular Degeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1862, 430- 440.
    Hanneken A, Lin FF, Johnson J, Maher P. (2006). Flavonoids protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative-stress-induced death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 47, 3164–3177.
    Hatcher H, Planalp R, Cho J, Torti FM, Torti SV. (2008). Curcumin: from ancient medicine to current clinical trials. Cell Mol Life Sci, 65, 1631–1652.
    Hattori Y, Hattori S, Kasai K. (2001). 4-Hydroxynonenal prevents NO production in vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting nuclear factorkappaB-dependent transcriptional activation of inducible NO synthase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 21, 1179 –1183.
    Harris G., Pratt S., Richer S. (2013). Conditions of the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth, age-related macular degeneration. Kohlstadt (Ed.), Food and Nutrients in Disease Management Strategies for Medical Doctors, CRC press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 3-28.
    het Hof KH Wiseman SA, Yang CS, Tijburg LB. (1999). Plasma and lipoprotein levels of tea catechins following repeated tea consumption. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med., 220, 203–9.
    Heimsath EG Jr, Unda R, Vidro E, Muniz A, Villazana-Espinoza ET, Tsin A. (2006). ARPE-19 cell growth and cell functions in euglycemic culture media. Curr Eye Res., 31(12), 1073-80.
    Hemant Kumar, In-Su Kim, Sandeep Vasant More, Byung-Wook Kimand, Dong-Kug Choi. (2014). Natural product-derived pharmacological modulators of Nrf2/ARE pathway for chronic diseases. Natural Product Reports, 31(1), 109-139.
    Hertog M., Feskens E., Hollman P., Katan M., Kromhout D. (1993). Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart-disease. The Zutphen Elderly Study Lancet, 342, 1007-1011.
    Heo S. and Jeon Y. (2009). Protective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum on UV-B induced cell damage. J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 95, 101−107.
    Heo, S. J., Yoon, W. J., Kim, K. N., Ahn, G. N., Kang, S. M., Kang, D. H., Affan, A., Oh, C., Jung, W. K., & Jeon, Y. J. (2010) Evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of fucoxanthin isolated from brown algae in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Chem.Toxicol, 48, 2045−2051.
    Heo, S. J., Yoon, W. J., Kim, K. N., Oh, C., Choi, Y. U., Yoon, K. T., Kang, D. H., Qian, Z. J., Choi, I. W., & Jung, W. K. (2012). Antiinflammatory effect of fucoxanthin derivatives isolated from Sargassum
    siliquastrum in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage. Food Chem. Toxicol, 50, 3336−3342.
    Hidajat RR, McLay JL, Goode DH, Spearing RL. (2004). EOG as a monitor of desferrioxamine retinal toxicity. Doc Ophthalmol. 109, 273–278.
    Hjartåker A, Lund E, Bjerve KS. (1997). Serum phospholipid fatty acid composition and habitual intake of marine foods registered by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Eur J Clin Nutr., 51(11), 736-742.
    Hochman, A., Sternin, H., Gorodin, S., Korsmeyer, S., Ziv, I., Melamed, E., & Offen, D. (1998). Enhanced oxidative stress and altered antioxidants in brains of Bcl-2-deficient mice. Neurochem, 71, 741–748.
    Hollborn, M., Francke, M., Iandiev, I., Bühner, E., Foja, C., Kohen, L., Reichenbach, A., Wiedemann, P., Bringmann, A., & Uhlmann, S. (2008). Early activation of inflammation- and immune response-related genes after experimental detachment of the porcine retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 49, 1262–73.
    Hollyfield JG. (2010). Age-related macular degeneration: the molecular link between oxidative damage, tissue-specific inflammation and outer retinal disease: The Proctor Lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 51, 1276–1281.
    Holz, F.G., Schutt, F., Kopitz, J., Eldred, G.E., Kruse, F.E., Volcker, H.E., Cantz, M., (1999). Inhibition of lysosomal degradative functions in RPE cells by a retinoid component of lipofuscin. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 737e743.
    Ho, T. C., Yang, Y. C., Cheng, H. C., Wu, A. C., Chen, S. L., Chen, H. K., & Tsao, Y. P. (2006). Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases is essential for hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Apoptosis, 11(11), 1899–1908.
    Hoppeler T., Hendrickson P., Dietrich C. (1988). Reme Morphology C.and time-course of defined photochemical lesions in the rabbit retina. Curr. Eye Res., 7 (9), 849-860.
    Hsieh, F. C., Hung, C. T., Cheng, K. C., Wu, C. Y., Chen, Y. C., Wu, Y. J., Chiu, C. C. (2018). Protective Effects of Lycium barbarum Extracts on UVB-Induced Damage in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Accompanied by Attenuating ROS and DNA Damage. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018, 4814928.
    Huang H. Y., Appel L. J., Croft K. D., Miller E. R., Mori T. A., Puddey I. B. (2002). Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 76, 549–555.
    Huang MT, Lysz T, Ferraro T, Abidi TF, Laskin JD, Conney AH. (1991). Inhibitory effects of curcumin on in vitro lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase activities in mouse epidermis. Cancer research, 51, 813–819.
    Hunter J., Morgan J., Merigan W., Sliney D., Sparrow J., & Williams D. (2012). The susceptibility of the retina to photochemical damage from visible light. Progress in retinal and eye research, 31(1), 28–42.
    Humphries KM, Yoo Y, Szweda LI. (1998). Inhibition of NADH-linked mitochondrial respiration by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Biochemistry, 37, 552–557.
    Hytti M., Piippo N., Salminen A., Honkakoski P., Kaarniranta K., Kauppinen A. (2015). Quercetin alleviates 4-hydroxynonenal-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation in ARPE-19 cells. Experimental Eye Research, 132, 208-215.
    Hyun, H. B., Lee, W. S., Go, S. I., Nagappan, A., Park, C., Han, M. H., Hong, S. H., Kim, G., Kim, G. Y., Cheong, J., Ryu, C. H., Shin, S. C., & Choi, Y. H. (2015). The flavonoid morin from Moraceae induces apoptosis by modulation of Bcl-2 family members and Fas receptor in HCT 116 cells. Oncol., 46, 2670-2678.
    Hwang, J., Kim, E., Lee, S., Kim, Y., Choi, D., Park, T., Moon, S., Jeon, B., & Park, P. (2012). Anthocyanin effectively scavenges free radicals and protects retinal cells from H2O2-triggered G2/M arrest. European Food Research and Technology, 234(3), 431-439.
    Hwang, J. M., Wang, C. J., Chou, F. P., Tseng, T. H., Hsieh, Y. S., Hsu, J. D., & Chu, C. Y. (2005). Protective effect of baicalin on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced rat hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol, 79, 102-109.
    Ibrahim A., El-Shishtawy M. (2004). Genistein attenuates retinal inflammation associated with diabetes by targeting of microglial activation. Mol. Vis., 16, 2033-2042.
    Igielska-Kalwat J, Gościańska J, Nowak I. (2015). Carotenoids as natural antioxidants. Postepy Hig Med Dosw., 69, 418–428.
    Ikeda, Y., Komura, M., Watanabe, M., Minami, C., Koike, H., Itoh, S., Kashino, Y., & Satoh, K. (2008). Photosystem I complexes associated with fucoxanthin-chlorophyll-binding proteins from a marine centric diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Bioenerg., 1777, 351−361.
    Inman, D., Lambert W., Calkins D., Horner P. (2013). α-Lipoic acid antioxidant treatment limits glaucoma-related retinal ganglion cell death and dysfunction. PloS one, 8(6), e65389.
    Iriyama A, Fujiki R, Inoue Y, Takahashi H, Tamaki Y, Takezawa S, Takeyama K, Jang WD, Kato S, Yanagi Y. (2008). A2E, a pigment of the lipofuscin of retinal pigment epithelial cells, is an endogenous ligand for retinoic acid receptor. Biol Chem, 283, 11947–53.
    Ishii, H., Jirousek, M. R., Koya, D., Takagi, C., Xia, P., Clermont, A., Bursell, S. E., Kern, T. S., Ballas, L. M., Heath, W. F., Stramm, L. E., Feener, E. P., & King, G. L. (1996). Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC β inhibitor. Science, 272(5262), 728–731.
    Ishii M. and Rohrer B. (2017). Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks. Cell Death Discovery, 3, 16071.
    Itoh, A., Isoda, K., Kondoh, M., Kawase, M., Kobayashi, M., Tamesada, M., & Yagi, K. (2009). Hepatoprotective effect of syringic acid and vanillic acid on concanavalin a-induced liver injury. Biol Pharm Bull, 32, 1215–1219.
    Itty, S., Day, S., Lyles, K. W., Stinnett, S. S., Vajzovic, L. M., & Mruthyunjaya, P. (2014). Vitamin D deficiency in neovascular versus nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration. Retina, 34(9), 1779–1786.
    Ivy S. Samuels, Brent A. Bell, Ariane Pereira, Joseph Saxon, and Neal S. (2015). Early retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction is concomitant with hyperglycemia in mouse models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Neurophysiol, 113(4), 1085-99.
    I‐Mo Fang, Chang‐Hao Yang, Chung‐May Yang. (2014). Docosahexaenoic acid reduces linoleic acid induced monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 expression via PPARγ and nuclear factor‐κB pathway in retinal pigment epithelial cells Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 58, 2053–2065.
    Izumi-Nagai, K., Nagai, N., Ohgami, K., Satofuka, S., Ozawa, Y., Tsubota, K., Ohno, S., Oike, Y., & Ishida, S. (2008). Inhibition of choroidal neovascularization with an anti-inflammatory carotenoid astaxanthin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 49(4), 1679–1685.
    Jaadane, I., Boulenguez, P., Chahory, S., Carré, S., Savoldelli, M., Jonet, L., Behar-Cohen, F., Martinsons, C., & Torriglia, A. (2015). Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs). Free Radic Biol Med., 84, 373-384.
    Jaadane I., Villalpando Rodriguez G. E., Boulenguez P., Chahory S., Carré S., Savoldelli M., Torriglia A. (2017). Effects of white light-emitting diode (LED) exposure on retinal pigment epithelium in vivo. Cellular and molecular medicine, 21(12), 3453–3466.
    Jaiswal AS, Marlow BP, Gupta N, Narayan S. (2002). Beta-catenin-mediated transactivation and cell-cell adhesion pathways are important in curcumin (diferuylmethane)-induced growth arrest and apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Oncogene, 21, 8414–8427.
    Janet R. Sparrow, Koji Nakanishi, Craig A. Parish. (2000). The Lipofuscin Fluorophore A2E Mediates Blue Light–Induced Damage to Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science June, 41, 1981-1989.
    Janet R. Sparrow and Bolin Cai. (2001). Blue Light–Induced Apoptosis of A2E-Containing RPE: Involvement of Caspase-3 and Protection by Bcl-2. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 42, 1356-1362.
    Janet R. Sparrowa and Mike Boulton. (2005). RPE lipofuscin and its role in retinal pathobiology, Exp. Eye Res., 80(5), 595–606.
    Jang, H., Ahn, H. R., Jo, H., Kim, K. A., Lee, E. H., Lee, K. W., Jung, S. H., & Lee, C. Y. (2014). Chlorogenic acid and coffee prevent hypoxia-induced retinal degeneration. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62, 182-191.
    Jang Y.P., Zhou J.L., Nakanishi K., Sparrow J.R. (2005). Anthocyanins protect against A2E photooxidation and membrane permeabilization in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem. Photobiol, 81(3), 529-536.
    Jaquet, V., Marcoux, J., Forest, E., Leidal, K. G., McCormick, S., Westermaier, Y., Perozzo, R., Plastre, O., Fioraso-Cartier, L., Diebold, B., Scapozza, L., Nauseef, W. M., Fieschi, F., Krause, K. H., & Bedard, K. (2011). NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms are inhibited by celastrol with a dual mode of action. Br J Pharmacol, 164, 507–20.
    Jayadev S., Linardic C. M. and Hannum Y. A. (1994). Phospholipase A2 is necessary for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced ceramide generation in L929 cells. Biol. Chem., 269, 5757–63.
    Jennifer L. Martindale, Nikki J. Holbrook. (2002). Cellular response to oxidative stress: Signaling for suicide and survival. Cellular physiology, 192(1), 1-15.
    Jeohn, G. H., Cooper, C. L., Jang, K. J., Liu, B., Lee, D. S., Kim, H. C., & Hong, J. S. (2002). Gö6976 inhibits LPS-induced microglial TNFα release by suppressing p38 MAP kinase activation. Neuroscience, 114, 689–697.
    Jeung, I. C., Jee, D., Rho, C. R., & Kang, S. (2016). Melissa Officinalis L. Extracts Protect Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells against Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis. Medical sciences, 13(2), 139–146.
    Jiang, M., Esteve-Rudd, J., Lopes, V. S., Diemer, T., Lillo, C., Rump, A., & Williams, D. S. (2015). Microtubule motors transport phagosomes in the RPE, and lack of KLC1 leads to AMD-like pathogenesis. Cell Biol., 210(4), 595-611.
    Jilin Zhou, Xiangqun Gao, Bolin Cai, and Janet R. Sparrow. (2006). Indirect Antioxidant Protection Against Photooxidative Processes Initiated in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells by a Lipofuscin Pigment. Rejuvenation Research, 9(2), 256-263.
    Jin, H.L., Lee, S.C., Kwon, Y.S., Choung, S.Y.. Jeong, K.W. (2016). A novel fluorescence-based assay for measuring A2E removal from human retinal pigment epithelial cells to screen for age-related macular degeneration inhibitors. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 117, 560–567.
    Jing G. (2012). ER stress and apoptosis: a new mechanism for retinal cell death. Exp Diabetes Res., 589589, 11.
    Jingxia Du, Ying Wang, Yuanyuan Tu, Yang Guo, Xiaodong Sun, Xun Xu, Xiaojuan Liu, Li Wang, Xiao Qin, Manhui Zhu, E. Song. (2020). A prodrug of epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates high glucose-induced pro-angiogenic factor production by inhibiting the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in retinal Müller cells. Experimental Eye Research, 196, 108065.
    Johnson J, Maher P, Hanneken A. (2009). The flavonoid, eriodictyol, induces long-term protection in ARPE-19 cells through its effects on Nrf2 activation and phase 2 gene expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 50, 2398–2406.
    Jomova K. and Valko M. (2013). Health protective effects of carotenoids and their interactions with other biological antioxidants. Eur. J. Med. Chem, 70, 102-110.
    Josepa Salvado M, Casanova E, Fernandez-Iglesias A, Arola L, Blade C. (2015). Roles of proanthocyanidin rich extracts in obesity. Food Funct., 6, 1053–1071.
    Julie Wassell, Sallyanne Davies, William Bardsley and Mike Boulton. (1999). The Photoreactivity of the Retinal Age Pigment Lipofuscin. Biological Chemistry, 274, 23828-23832.
    Jung HW, Chung YS, Kim YS, Park YK. (2007). Celastrol inhibits production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines through MAPK signal transduction and NF-kappaB in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Exp Mol Med., 39, 715–21.
    Jung Y., Heo J., Lee Y., Kwon T., & Kim Y. (2010). Quercetin enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via increased protein stability of death receptor 5. Life sciences, 86(9-10), 351–357.
    Jung SH, Kang KD, Ji D, Fawcett RJ, Safa R, Kamalden TA. (2008). The flavonoid baicalin counteracts ischemic and oxidative insults to retinal cells and lipid peroxidation to brain membranes. Neurochem Int., 53(6-8), 325–37.
    Kaarniranta K and Salminen A. (2009). NF-κB signaling as a putative target for omega-3 metabolites in the prevention of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Exp Gerontol, 44, 685–688.
    Kai OnChu, Kwok PingChan, Ya PingYang, Yong JieQin, Wai YingLi, Sun OnChan, Chi ChiuWang, Chi PuiPang. (2015). Effects of EGCG content in green tea extract on pharmacokinetics, oxidative status and expression of inflammatory and apoptotic genes in the rat ocular tissues. Nutritional Biochemistry, 26(11), 1357-1367.
    Kamitani H., Geller M. and Eling, T. (1998). Expression of 15-lipoxygenase by human colorectal carcinoma Caco2 cells during apoptosis and cell differentiation. Biol. Chem., 273, 21569–77.
    Kang H. M., Ahn S. H., Choi P., Ko Y. A., Han S. H., Chinga F., Park A. S., Tao J., Sharma K., Pullman J., Bottinger E. P., Goldberg I. J., and Susztak K. (2015) Defective fatty acid oxidation in renal tubular epithelial cells has a key role in kidney fibrosis development. Nat. Med., 21, 37–46.
    Kang J. and Choung S. (2016). Protective effects of resveratrol and its analogs on age-related macular degeneration in vitro. Arch Pharm Res., 39(12), 1703-1715.
    Kang MC, Lee SH, Lee WW, Kang N, Kim EA, KimSY. (2014). Protective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from Ishige okamurae against high-glucose induced oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and zebrafish model. Funct. Foods, 11, 304−312.
    Kang, Chen, Ruochan, Zhang, Qiuhong, Hou, Wen, Wu, Sha, Cao, Lizhi, Huang, Jin, Yu, Yan, Fan, Xueling, Yan, Zhengwen, Sun, Xiaofang, Wang, Haichao, Wang, Qingde, Tsung, Allan, Billiar, Timothy, Zeh, Herbert, Lotze, Michael, Tang, Daolin. (2014). HMGB1 in health and disease. Mol. Aspects Med., 40, 1–116.
    Kang, S. I., Ko, H. C., Shin, H. S., Kim, H. M., Hong, Y. S., Lee, N. H., & Kim, S. J. (2011). Fucoxanthin exerts differing effects on 3T3-L1 cells according to differentiation stage and inhibits glucose uptake in mature adipocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 409, 769−774.
    Kannaiyan R, Shanmugam MK, Sethi G. (2011). Molecular targets of celastrol derived from Thunder of God Vine: potential role in the treatment of inflammatory disorders and cancer. Cancer Lett., 303, 9–20.
    Kanofsky J. and Sima P. (2001). Girard's reagent P derivative of β-apo-8′-carotenal: a potent photoprotective agent. Photochem. Photobiol, 73, 349-358.
    Kanofsky J. and Sima P. (2004). Structural requirements for efficient cellular photoprotection by carotenoid derivatives. Photochem. Photobiol., 80, 507-517.
    Kanofsky R. and Sima D. (2006). Synthetic carotenoid derivatives prevent photosensitised killing of retinal pigment epithelial cells more effectively than lutein. Experimental Eye Research, 82 (5), 907-914.
    Kalt W, Blumberg JB, McDonald JE, Vinqvist-Tymchuk MR, Fillmore SA, Graf BA, O’Leary JM, Milbury PE. (2008). Identification of anthocyanins in the liver, eye, and brain of blueberry-fed pigs. Agric Food Chem., 56, 705–712.
    Kalt W., Hanneken A., Milbury P., Tremblay F. (2010). Recent research on polyphenolics in vision and eye health. Agric. Food Chem, 58, 4001-4007.
    Kao, T. C., Wu, C. H., and Yen, G. C. (2014). Bioactivity and potential health benefits of licorice. J. Agric. Food Chem., 62, 542–553.
    Karaca M., Coban E., Felek R., Unal M. (2013). The association of oxidative stress with hypertensive retinopathy. Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 35, 16–19.
    Karan G, Yang Z, Howes K. (2005). Loss of ER retention and sequestration of the wild-type ELOVL4 by Stargardt disease dominant negative mutants. Mol Vis., 11, 657–664.
    Karna, P., Zughaier, S., Pannu, V., Simmons, R., Narayan, S., & Aneja, R. (2010). Induction of reactive oxygen species-mediated autophagy by a novel microtubule-modulating agent. The Journal of biological chemistry, 285(24), 18737–18748.
    Karlstetter, M., Nothdurfter, C., Aslanidis, A., Moeller, K., Horn, F., Scholz, R., Neumann, H., Weber, B.H., Rupprecht, R., Langmann, T., (2014). Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is expressed in reactive retinal microglia and modulates microglial inflammation and phagocytosis. Neuroinflamm, 11(3).
    Karthikesan K., Pari L., Menon V. (2010). Protective effect of tetrahydrocurcumin and chlorogenic acid against streptozotocin-nicotinamide generated oxidative stress induced diabetes. Journal of Functional Foods, 2, 134-142.
    Kaspar, J., Niture, S. K., & Jaiswal, A. K. (2009). Nrf2:INrf2 (Keap1) signaling in oxidative stress. Free radical biology & medicine, 47(9), 1304–1309.
    Katalinić V., Možina S., Skroza D., Generalić I., Abramovic H., Miloš M. (2010). Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of grape skin extracts of 14 Vitis vinifera varieties grown in Dalmatia (Croatia). Food Chem., 119, 715-723.
    Katz ML, Drea CM, Robison WG Jr. (1986). Relationship between dietary retinol and lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium. Mech Ageing Dev., 35(3), 291-305.
    Katz ML, Redmond TM. (2001). Effect of Rpe65 knockout on accumulation of lipofuscin fluorophores in the retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 42, 3023–3030.
    Karimi M, Asadi-Pooya AA, Khademi B, Asadi-Pooya K, Yarmohammadi H. (2002). Evaluation of the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss in beta-thalassemia major patients under regular chelation therapy with desferrioxamine. Acta Haematol, 108, 79–83.
    Moody, K. J., Tinklepaugh, J., Obert, E., Grohn, K., DeRosa, J. R., Lumen, E., Moyer, B. S., Campbell, S., Wolfe, A. J., Sleeper, M. B., Bianchi, A. H., Fisher, C., Applegate, J., Leary, E., LeClair, N., Wortel, D., Doyle, R. P., Rohrer, B., & Blanden, A. R. (2018). Recombinant manganese peroxidase reduces A2E burden in age related and Stargardt's macular degeneration models. Rejuvenation Res., 21(6), 560-571.
    Kennedy C., Rakoczy P., Constable I. (1995). Lipofuscin of the retinal pigment epithelium: a review, Eye., 9(6), 763–771.
    Kensler TW, Wakabayashi N, Biswal S. (2007). Cell survival responses to environmental stresses via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 47, 89-116.
    Kernt M., Neubauer A. S., Liegl R., Eibl K. H., Alge C. S., Lackerbauer C. A., Ulbig M. W., Kampik A. (2009). Cytoprotective effects of a blue light-filtering intraocular lens on human retinal pigment epithelium by reducing phototoxic effects on vascular endothelial growth factor-alpha, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression. Cataract Refract. Surg., 35, 354–362.
    Kevany B.M. and Palczewski K. (2010). Phagocytosis of retinal rod and cone photoreceptors. Physiology, 25, 8-15.
    Khullar M, Al-Shudiefat AA-RS, Ludke A, Binepal G, Singal PK. (2010). Oxidative stress: a key contributor to diabetic cardiomyopathy This review is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue on Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 88, 233–40.
    Kiang A.S., Humphries M.M., Campbell M., Humphries P. (2014). Antioxidant therapy for retinal disease. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 801, 783–789.
    King R., Kent K., Bomser J. (2005). Resveratrol reduces oxidation and proliferation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells via extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibition. Chem. Biol. Interact., 151, 143-149.
    Kim, C. and Choi, S. (2007). Analysis of aqueous humor calcium and phosphate from cataract eyes with and without diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology, 21(2), 90–94.
    Kim, D. H., Chung, J. H., Yoon, J. S., Ha, Y. M., Bae, S., Lee, E. K., Jung, K. J., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kim, M. K., & Chung, H. Y. (2013). Ginsenoside Rd inhibits the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 by suppressing NF-kappaB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and mouse liver. Ginseng Res., 37, 54–63.
    Kim, G. H., Kim, H. I., Paik, S. S., Jung, S. W., Kang, S., and Kim, I. B. (2016). Functional and morphological evaluation of blue light-emitting diode-induced retinal degeneration in mice. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol, 254, 705–716.
    Kim, G. H., Paik, S. S., Park, Y. S., Kim, H. G., & Kim, I. B. (2019). Amelioration of Mouse Retinal Degeneration After Blue LED Exposure by Glycyrrhizic Acid-Mediated Inhibition of Inflammation. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 13, 319.
    Kim, H. S., Lee, K., Kang, K. A., Lee, N. H., Hyun, J. W., & Kim, H. S. (2012). Phloroglucinol exerts protective effects against oxidative stress‐induced cell damage in SH‐SY5Y cells. Pharmacol Sci., 119, 186– 92.
    Kim, K. N., Ahn, G., Heo, S. J., Kang, S. M., Kang, M. C., Yang, H. M., Kim, D., Roh, S. W., Kim, S. K., Jeon, B. T., Park, P. J., Jung, W. K., & Jeon, Y. J. (2013). Inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo by fucoxanthin against melanoma B16F10 cells. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 35, 39−46.
    Kim J., Jin H., Jang D., Jeong K., Choung S. (2018). Quercetin-3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside protects against retinal cell death via blue light-induced damage in human RPE cells and Balb-c mice. Food Funct., 9(4), 2171-2183.
    Kim JH. (2012). Cardiovascular Diseases and Panax ginseng: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications. Ginseng Res., 36, 16–26.
    Kim J, Cho, Choung. (2019). Protective effect of Prunella vulgaris var. L extract against blue light induced damages in ARPE-19 cells and mouse retina. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 152, 622-631.
    Kim SS, Son YO, Chun JC. (2005). Antioxidant property of an active component purified from the leaves of paraquat-tolerant Rehmannia glutinosa. Redox Rep., 10, 311–318.
    Kim S., Nakanishi K., Itagaki Y., Sparrow J. (2006). Photooxidation of A2-PE, a photoreceptor outer segment fluorophore, and protection by lutein and zeaxanthin. Exp Eye Res., 82, 828–839.
    Kiran P., Denni M., Daniel M. (2014). Antidiabetic principles, phospholipids and fixed oil of kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum Linn.) Ind J Appl Res., 4, 13-15.
    Kirkland R.A. and Franklin J.L. (2003). Bax, reactive oxygen, and cytochrome c release in neuronal apoptosis. Redox Signal, 5, 589e596.
    Kitaoka Y., Munemasa Y., Nakazawa T., Ueno S. (2007). NMDA-induced interleukin-1beta expression is mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B p65 in the retina. Brain Res., 1142, 247–255.
    Kitaoka Y., Munemasa Y., Kojima K., Hirano A., Ueno S., Takagi H. (2013). Axonal protection by Nmnat3 overexpression with involvement of autophagy in optic nerve degeneration. Cell Death Dis., 4, e860.
    Klein B. (2007). Overview of epidemiologic studies of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Epidemiol, 14(4), 179-183.
    Klein R., Klein B., Jensen S., Cruickshanks K. (1998). The relationship of ocular factors to the incidence and progression of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol, 116, 506–13.
    Klein R, Wang Q, Klein BE, Moss SE, Meuer SM. (1995). The relationship of age-related maculopathy, cataract, and glaucoma to visual acuity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 36(1), 182-91.
    Klettner A. (2012). Oxidative stress induced cellular signaling in RPE cells. Front. Biosci. (Sch. Ed.), 4, 392–411.
    Klettner, A., Kaya, L., Flach, J., Lassen, J., Treumer, F., & Roider, J. (2015). Basal and apical regulation of VEGF-A and placenta growth factor in the RPE/choroid and primary RPE. Molecular vision, 21, 736–748.
    Knapska E. and Kaczmarek L. (2004). A gene for neuronal plasticity in the mammalian brain: Zif268/Egr-1/NGFI-A/Krox-24/TIS8/ZENK? Progress in neurobiology, 74, 183–211.
    Kobori M., Takahashi Y., Akimoto Y. , Sakurai M., Matsunaga I., Nishimuro H. Ohnishi. (2015). Chronic high intake of quercetin reduces oxidative stress and induces expression of the antioxidant enzymes in the liver and visceral adipose tissues in mice. Functional Foods, 15, 551-560.
    Koeberle A., Northoff H., Werz O. (2009). Identification of 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 as functional targets of the anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic garcinol. Biochem. Pharmacol, 77(9), 1513-1521.
    Kohno, H., Chen, Y., Kevany, B.M., Pearlman, E., Miyagi, M., Maeda, T., Palczewski, K., Maeda, A., (2013). Photoreceptor proteins initiate microglial activation via Tolllike receptor 4 in retinal degeneration mediated by all-trans-retinal. Biol. Chem., 288, 15326–15341.
    Kok L.D., Wong Y.P., Wu T.W., Chan H.C., Kwok T.T., Fung K.P. (2000). Morin hydrate: a potential antioxidant in minimizing the free-radicals-mediated damage to cardiovascular cells by anti-tumor drugs. Life Sci., 67, 91-99.
    Konari K Sawada N Zhong Y Isomura H Nakagawa T Mori M. (1995). Development of the blood-retinal barrier in vitro: formation of tight junctions as revealed by occludin and ZO-1 correlates with the barrier function of chick retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res., 61, 99–108.
    Kontoghiorghes GJ, Kolnagou A, Peng CT, Shah SV, Aessopos A. (2010). Safety issues of iron chelation therapy in patients with normal range iron stores including thalassaemia, neurodegenerative, renal and infectious diseases. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 9, 201–206.
    Kontush A., Mann U., Arlt S., Ujeyl A., Luhrs C., Muller-Thomsen T., Beisiegel U. (2001). Free Radical Biol. Med., 31, 345–354.
    Komeima, K., Rogers, B. S., Lu, L., & Campochiaro, P. A. (2006). Antioxidants reduce cone cell death in a model of retinitis pigmentosa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103(30), 11300–11305.
    Kontoghiorghes GJ, Efstathiou A, Kleanthous M, Michaelides Y, Kolnagou A. (2009). Risk/benefit assessment, advantages over other drugs and targeting methods in the use of deferiprone as a pharmaceutical antioxidant in iron loading and non iron loading conditions. Hemoglobin, 33, 386–397.
    Kowluru R. and Kanwar M. (2007). Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes. Nutrition & metabolism. 4, 8.
    Kowluru, R. and Chan, P. (2007). Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy. Experimental diabetes research, 2007, 43603.
    Kowluru, R. A., Kowluru, A., Mishra, M., & Kumar, B. (2015). Oxidative stress and epigenetic modifications in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Progress in retinal and eye research, 48, 40–61.
    Kowluru RA, Mishra M, Kowluru A, Kumar B. (2016). Hyperlipidemia and the development of diabetic retinopathy: Comparison between type 1 and type 2 animal models. Metabolism, 65(10), 1570-1581.
    Kowluru R. and Mishra M. (2015). Oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and diabetic retinopathy. Biochim Biophys Acta., 1852(11), 2474-83.
    Kowluru, R. A., Zhong, Q., Santos, J. M., Thandampallayam, M., Putt, D., & Gierhart, D. L. (2014). Beneficial effects of the nutritional supplements on the development of diabetic retinopathy. Nutrition & metabolism, 11(1), 8.
    Koya D. and King G. (1998). Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes, 47(6), 859–866.
    Koya D., Jirousek M., Lin Y., Ishii H., Kuboki K., and King G. (1997). Characterization of protein kinase C β isoform activation on the gene expression of transforming growth factor-β, extracellular matrix components, and prostanoids in the glomeruli of diabetic rats. Clinical Investigation., 100(1), 115–126.
    Kreutzberg GW. (1996). Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci., 19, 312–8.
    Krinsky NI and Deneke SM. (1982). The interaction of oxygen and oxyradicals with carotenoids. Natl Cancer Inst., 69, 205–210.
    Krinsky NI, Landrum JT, Bone RA. (2003). Biologic mechanisms of the protective role of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. Ann Rev Nutr., 23, 171–201.
    Krishnamoorthy, R.R., Crawford, M.J., Chaturvedi, M.M., Jain, S.K., Aggarwal, B.B., AlUbaidi, M.R., Agarwal, N., (1999). Photo-oxidative stress down-modulates the activity of nuclear factor-kappaB via involvement of caspase-1, leading to apoptosis of photoreceptor cells. Biol. Chem., 274, 3734–3743.
    K. Sachidanandam, S.C. Fagan, A. Ergul. (2005). Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: antioxidants and unresolved issues. Cardiovasc. Drug Rev., 23, 115-132.
    Kuang R, Sun Y, Yuan W, Lei L, Zheng X. (2009). Protective effects of echinacoside, one of the phenylethanoid glycosides, on H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Planta Med., 75, 1499-1504.
    Kubota, M., Shimmura, S., Kubota, S., Miyashita, H., Kato, N., Noda, K., Ozawa, Y., Usui, T., Ishida, S., Umezawa, K., Kurihara, T., & Tsubota, K. (2011). Hydrogen and N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Rescue Oxidative Stress-Induced Angiogenesis in a Mouse Corneal Alkali-Burn Model. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science., 52, 427–433.
    Kuo H.M., Chang L.S., Lin Y.L., Lu H.F., Yang J.S., Lee J.H., Chung J.G. (2007). Morin inhibits the growth of human leukemia HL-60 cells via cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis through mitochondria dependent pathway. Anticancer Res., 27, 395-405.
    Kuo, P.C., Hwang, T.L., Lin, Y.T., Kuo, Y.C., Leu, Y.L., (2011). Chemical constituents from Lobelia chinensis and their anti-virus and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. Arch. Pharm. Res., 34, 715–722.
    Kurihara, T., Westenskow, P. D., Bravo, S., Aguilar, E., & Friedlander, M. (2012). Targeted deletion of Vegfa in adult mice induces vision loss. Clinical investigation, 122(11), 4213–4217.
    Kurihara T., Westenskow P. D., Gantner M. L., Usui Y., Schultz A., Bravo S., Aguilar E., Wittgrove C., Friedlander M., Paris L. P., Chew E., Siuzdak G., and Friedlander M. (2016). Hypoxia-induced metabolic stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells is sufficient to induce photoreceptor degeneration. ELife, 5, e14319.
    Kurowska EM, Spence JD, Jordan J, Wetmore S, Freeman DJ, Piche LA, Serratore P . (2000). HDL-cholesterol-raising effect of orange juice in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Clinical Nutrition., 72(5), 1095–1100.
    Kwak, M., Itoh K., Yamamoto M., Sutter T.R., & Kensler T.W. (2001). Role of transcription factor Nrf2 in the induction of hepatic phase 2 and antioxidative enzymes in vivo by the cancer chemoprotective agent, 3H-1, 2-dimethiole-3-thione. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.), 7(2), 135–145.
    Kuse, Yoshiki & Ogawa, Kenjiro & Tsuruma, Kazuhiro & Shimazawa, Masamitsu & Hara, Hideaki. (2015). Damage of photoreceptor-derived cells in culture induced by light emitting diode-derived blue light. Sci Rep., 4, 5223.
    Kyosseva S. V. (2016). Targeting MAPK Signaling in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmology and eye diseases, 8, 23–30.
    Kyung, H., Kwong, J. M., Bekerman, V., Gu, L., Yadegari, D., Caprioli, J., & Piri, N. (2015). Celastrol supports survival of retinal ganglion cells injured by optic nerve crush. Brain research, 1609, 21–30.
    Laabich A., Manmoto C., Kuksa V., Leung D., Vissvesvaran G., Karliga I. (2007). Protective effects of myricetin and related flavonols against A2E and light mediated-cell death in bovine retinal primary cell culture. Exp. Eye Res., 85, 154-165.
    Lamb LE and Simon JD. (2004). A2E: a component of ocular lipofuscin. Photochem Photobiol., 79(2), 127-136.
    Langcake P. and Pryce RJ. (1976). Production of resveratrol by vitis-vinifera and other members of vitaceae as a response to infection or injury. Physiological Plant Pathology, 9, 77–86.
    Layana A., Minnella A., Garhöfer G., Aslam T., Holz F., Leys A., Seddon J. (2017). Vitamin D and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Nutrients, 9(10), 1120.
    Lawwill T., Crockett S., Currier G. (1977). Retinal damage secondary to chronic light exposure: thresholds and mechanisms. Documenta Ophthalmologica., 44(2), 379–402.
    Lakkaraju, A., Finnemann, S.C., Rodriguez-Boulan, E., (2007). The lipofuscin fluorophore A2E perturbs cholesterol metabolism in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 104, 11026-11031.
    Lashmanova E, Proshkina E, Zhikrivetskaya S, Shevchenko O, Marusich E, Leonov S et al., (2015). A. Fucoxanthin increases lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. Pharmacol. Res., 100, 228−241.
    Lecomte M, Paget C, Ruggiero D, Wiernsperger N, Lagarde M. (1996). Docosahexaenoic acid is a major n 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid in bovine retinal microvessels. Neurochem., 66, 2160–2167.
    Lee, H., Kim, Y. O., Kim, H., Kim, S. Y., Noh, H. S., Kang, S. S., Cho, G. J., Choi, W. S., & Suk, K. (2003). Flavonoid wogonin from medicinal herb is neuroprotective by inhibiting inflammatory activation of microglia. FASEB J., 17, 1943–1944.
    Lee SJ, Seo KW, Yun MR, Bae SS, Lee WS, Hong KW, Kim CD. (2008). 4-Hydroxynonenal enhances MMP-2 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitochondrial ROS-mediated activation of the Akt/NFkappaB signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med., 45, 1487–1492.
    Lee, B. L., Kang, J. H., Kim, H. M., Jeong, S. H., Jang, D. S., Jang, Y. P., & Choung, S. Y. (2016). Polyphenol-enriched Vaccinium uliginosum L. fractions reduce retinal damage induced by blue light in A2E-laden ARPE19 cell cultures and mice. Nutr Res., 36(12), 1402–1414.
    Lee, J. B., Kim, S. H., Lee, S. C., Kim, H. G., Ahn, H. G., Li, Z., & Yoon, K. C. (2014). Blue light-induced oxidative stress in human corneal epithelial cells: protective effects of ethanol extracts of various medicinal plant mixtures. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 55(7), 4119–4127.
    Lee MY, Seo CS, Lee JA. (2011). Anti-asthmatic effects of Angelica dahurica against ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation via upregulation of heme oxygenase-1. Food Chem Toxicol, 49, 829–837.
    Lee V., Rekhi E., Hoh Kam J., Jeffery G. (2012). Vitamin D rejuvenates aging eyes by reducing inflammation, clearing beta and improving visual function. Neurobiol. Aging, 33, 2382–2389.
    Legeay S., Rodier M., Fillon L., Faure S., & Clere N. (2015). Epigallocatechin gallate: A review of its beneficial properties to prevent metabolic syndrome. Nutrients, 7, 5443–5468.
    Lei Y, Ren X, Chen J, Liu D, Ruan JL. (2014). induced abacterial prostatitis in rats. Functional Foods, 7, 416-424.
    Liang, F.Q. and Godley, B.F., (2003). Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: a possible mechanism for RPE aging and age-related macular degeneration. Exp. Eye Res., 76, 397–403.
    Liao W., Ning Z., Chen L., Wei Q., Yuan E., Yang J., Ren J. (2014). Intracellular antioxidant detoxifying effects of diosmetin on 2,2-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress through inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 6, 8648–8654.
    Li, Guanyuan. (2010). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 51(4), 2158–2164.
    Li Duo. (2001). Relationship between the concentrations of plasma phospholipid stearic acid and plasma lipoprotein lipids in healthy men. Clinical Science, 100, 25–32.
    Li, B. Y., Li, X. L., Gao, H. Q., Zhang, J. H., Cai, Q., Cheng, M., & Lu, M. (2011). Grape seed procyanidin B2 inhibits advanced glycation end product-induced endothelial cell apoptosis through regulating GSK3b phosphorylation. Cell Biol Int., 35, 663–669.
    Li, C., Chen, T., Zhou, H., Zhang, C., Feng, Y., Tang, F., Hoi, M. P., He, C., Zheng, Y., & Lee, S. M. (2018). Schisantherin A Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Activated Microglia: Role of Nrf2 Activation Through ERK Phosphorylation. Cell Physiol Biochem., 47(5), 1769–1784.
    Li, J., Yip, Y., Ren, J., Hui, W. K., He, J. N., Yu, Q. X., Chu, K. O., Ng, T. K., Chan, S. O., Pang, C. P., & Chu, W. K. (2019). Green tea catechins alleviate autoimmune symptoms and visual impairment in a murine model for human chronic intraocular inflammation by inhibiting Th17-associated pro-inflammatory gene expression. Sci Rep., 9, 2301.
    Lin, C. H., Wu, M. R., Li, C. H., Cheng, H. W., Huang, S. H., Tsai, C. H., Lin, F. L., Ho, J. D., Kang, J. J., Hsiao, G., & Cheng, Y. W. (2017). Editor's Highlight: Periodic Exposure to Smartphone-Mimic Low-Luminance Blue Light Induces Retina Damage Through Bcl-2/BAX-Dependent Apoptosis. Toxicol Sci., 157, 196-210.
    Liao C.H., Sang S., Liang Y.C., Ho C.T., LinJ.K. (2004). Suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in downregulating nuclear factor-kappa B pathway by Garcinol. Mol. Carcinog, 41(3), 140-149.
    Liao C.H., Ho C.T., Lin J.K. (2005). Effects of garcinol on free radical generation and NO production in embryonic rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 329, 1306-1314.
    Liu B., Andrieu-Abadie N., Levade T., Zhang P., Obeid L., Hannun Y. (1998). Glutathione regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase in tumor necrosis factor-α induced cell death. Biol Chem., 273, 11313–11322.
    Liu, B., Jiang, J. W., Wilson, B. C., Du, L., Yang, S. N., Wang, J. Y., Wu, G. C., Cao, X. D., & Hong, J. S. (2000). Systemic infusion of naloxone reduces degeneration of rat substantia nigral dopaminergic neurons induced by intranigral injection of lipopolysaccharide. Pharmacol Exp Ther., 295, 125–132.
    Liu B, Du L, Kong L. (2000). Reduction by naloxone of lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity in mouse cortical neuron-glia co-cultures. Neuroscience. 97, 749–756.
    Liu C., Chiu Y., Hu M. (2011). Fucoxanthin enhances HO-1 and NQO1 expression in murine hepatic BNL CL. 2 cells through activation of the Nrf2/ARE system partially by its pro-oxidant activity. J. Agric. Food Chem., 59, 11344−11351.
    Liu C, Cui J, Sun Q, Cai J. (2010). Hydrogen therapy may be an effective and specific novel treatment for acute radiation syndrome. Med Hypotheses, 74. 145–146.
    Liu C., Ho P.C., Wong F.C., Sethi G., Wang L.Z., GohB.C. (2015). Garcinol: current status of its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. Cancer Lett., 362, 8-14.
    Liu C., Liang A., Hu M., (2011). Protective effects of fucoxanthin against ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced oxidative stress in murine hepatic BNL CL.2 cells. Toxicol. In Vitro., 25, 1314−1319.
    Liu Y. and Simon JD. (2003). The effect of preparation procedures on the morphology of melanin from the ink sac of Sepia officinalis. Pigment Cell Res., 16(1), 72–80.
    Liu Y., Liu M., Zhang X., Chen Q., Chen H., Sun L., Liu G. (2016). Protective Effect of Fucoxanthin Isolated from Laminaria japonica against Visible Light-Induced Retinal Damage Both in Vitro and in Vivo. J Agric Food Chem., 64(2), 416-24.
    Liu Y., Zhang D., Wu Y., Ji B. (2014). Docosahexaenoic acid aggravates photooxidative damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells via lipid peroxidation. Photochem. Photobiol., 140, 85– 93.
    Li J, Wang C, Zhang JH, Cai JM, Cao YP, Sun XJ. (2010). Hydrogen-rich saline improves memory function in a rat model of amyloid-beta-induced Alzheimer's disease by reduction of oxidative stress. Brain Res., 1328, 152–161.
    Li, J. Y., Zhang, K., Xu, D., Zhou, W. T., Fang, W. Q., Wan, Y. Y., Yan, D. D., Guo, M. Y., Tao, J. X., Zhou, W. C., Yang, F., Jiang, L. P., & Han, X. J. (2018). Mitochondrial fission is required for blue light-induced apoptosis and mitophagy in retinal neuronal R28 cells. Molecular Neuroscience, 11, 432.
    Li, Z., Dong, X., Liu, H., Chen, X., Shi, H., Fan, Y., Hou, D., & Zhang, X. (2013). Astaxanthin protects ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress via upregulation of Nrf2-regulated phase II enzymes through activation of PI3K/Akt. Mol Vis., 19, 1656–1666.
    Lu Z. and Xu S. (2006). ERK1/2 MAP kinases in cell survival and apoptosis. IUBMB Life. 58(11), 621–631.
    Liang FQ. and Godley BF. (2003). Oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial DNA damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: a possible mechanism for RPE aging and age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res., 76, 397–403.
    Lietti A., Cristoni A., Picci M.. (1976). Studies on Vaccinium myrtillus anthocyanosides. Arzneimittelforschung, 26(5), 829-832.
    Liew F., Pitman N., McInnes I. (2010). Disease-associated functions of IL-33: The new kid in the IL-1 family. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 10, 103–110.
    Lin, C. H., Li, C. H., Liao, P. L., Tse, L. S., Huang, W. K., Cheng, H. W., & Cheng, Y. W. (2013). Silibinin inhibits VEGF secretion and age-related macular degeneration in a hypoxia-dependent manner through the PI-3 kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway. Pharmacol., 168(4), 920–931.
    Lin Y, Kashio A, Sakamoto T, Suzukawa K, Kakigi A, Yamasoba T. (2011). Hydrogen in drinking water attenuates noise-induced hearing loss in guinea pigs. Neurosci Lett., 487, 12–16.
    Liu, G., Men, P., Perry, G., & Smith, M. A. (2010). Nanoparticle and iron chelators as a potential novel Alzheimer therapy. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 610, 123–144.
    Liu Q, et al. (1999). SHIP is a negative regulator of growth factor receptor-mediated PKB/Akt activation and myeloid cell survival. Genes Dev., 13, 786–791.
    Li CM, Zhang X, Dashti N, Chung BH, Medeiros NE, Guidry C, et al. (2005). Retina expresses microsomal triglyceride transfer protein: implications for age-related maculopathy. Lipid Res. 46(4), 628–40.
    Li J., and Mansmann U. R. (2013). Modeling of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug effect within signaling pathways and miRNA-regulation pathways. PloS one, 8(8), e72477.
    Li, Jiang, Tao Sun, Xiaomin Yao & Xiangjun Sun. (2016). Supplementation of procyanidins B2 attenuates photooxidation-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. Food Sciences and Nutrition, 0963-7486 (Print) 1465-3478.
    Li, W. and Kong, A. N. (2009). Molecular mechanisms of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Molecular carcinogenesis, 48(2), 91–104.
    Li Z., Dong X., Liu H., Chen X., Shi H., Fan Y., Zhang X. (2013). Astaxanthin protects ARPE-19 cells from oxidative stress via upregulation of Nrf2-regulated phase II enzymes through activation of PI3K/Akt. Molecular vision, 19, 1656–1666.
    Liu A., Chang J., Lin Y., Shen Z., Bernstein P. S. (2010). Long-chain and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in ocular aging and age-related macular degeneration. Lipid Res., 51, 3217– 3229.
    Liu A., Chang Y., Lin Z., Shen and Bernstein P. S. (2010). Longchain and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in ocular aging and age-related macular degeneration. Lipid Res., 51, 3217–3229.
    Liu, Y., Song, X., Zhang, D., Zhou, F., Wang, D., Wei, Y., Gao, F., Xie, L., Jia, G., Wu, W., & Ji, B. (2012). Blueberry anthocyanins: protection against ageing and light-induced damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Br J Nutr., 108, 16-27.
    Liu Y., Zhang D., Wu Y., Ji B. (2014). Docosahexaenoic acid aggravates photooxidative damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells via lipid peroxidation. Photochem. Photobiol., 140, 85– 93.
    Liu Y., Song X., Han Y., Zhou F., Zhang D., Ji B., Hu J., Lv Y., Cai S., Wei Y., Gao F., Jia X. (2011). Identification of anthocyanin components of wild Chinese blueberries and amelioration of light-induced retinal damage in pigmented rabbit using whole berries. Agric. Food Chem. 59, 356– 363.
    Liu X., Chen H. H., & Zhang L. W. (2013). Potential therapeutic effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor for treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology, 6(2), 221–227.
    Liu H. and Gu L. (2012). Phlorotannins from brown algae (Fucus vesiculosus) inhibited the formation of advanced glycation endproducts by scavenging reactive carbonyls. Agric Food Chem, 60, 1326– 34.
    Lyons, T. J., Jenkins, A. J., Zheng, D., Lackland, D. T., McGee, D., Garvey, W. T., & Klein, R. L. (2004). Diabetic retinopathy and serum lipoprotein subclasses in the DCCT/EDIC cohort. Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 45(3), 910–918.
    Longo-Mbenza, B., Mvitu Muaka, M., Masamba, W., Muizila Kini, L., Longo Phemba, I., Kibokela Ndembe, D., & Tulomba Mona, D. (2014). Retinopathy in non diabetics, diabetic retinopathy and oxidative stress: a new phenotype in Central Africa?. Ophthalmology, 7(2), 293–301.
    Louzada PR, Paula Lima AC, Mendonca-Silva DL, Noel F, De Mello FG, Ferreira ST. (2004). Taurine prevents the neurotoxicity of beta-amyloid and glutamate receptor agonists: activation of GABA receptors and possible implications for Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders. FASEB journal : officialpublication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 18, 511-518.
    Luo Q., Cai Y., Yan J., Sun M., Corke H. (2004). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life Sciences, 76(2), 137–149.
    Luo, X., Puig, O., Hyun, J., Bohmann, D., & Jasper, H. (2007). Foxo and Fos regulate the decision between cell death and survival in response to UV irradiation. The EMBO journal, 26(2), 380–390.
    Luo Y, Zhuo Y, Fukuhara M, Rizzolo LJ. (2006). Effects of Culture Conditions on Heterogeneity and the Apical Junctional Complex of the ARPE-19 Cell Line, Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science August, 47, 3644-3655.
    Luthra, S., Fardin, B., Dong, J., Hertzog, D., Kamjoo, S., Gebremariam, S., Butani, V., Narayanan, R., Mungcal, J. K., Kuppermann, B. D., & Kenney, M. C. (2006). Activation of caspase-8 and caspase-12 pathways by 7-ketocholesterol in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 47, 5569–5575.
    MadanKumar P., NaveenKumar P., Manikandan S., Devaraj H., NiranjaliDevaraj S. (2014). Morin ameliorates chemically induced liver fibrosis in vivo and inhibits stellate cell proliferation in vitro by suppressing Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. Pharmacol., 277, 210-220.
    Maher, P. and Hanneken, A., (2005). Flavonoids protect retinal ganglion cells from oxidative stress-induced death. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 46, 4796e4803.
    Malek GLC, Guidry C, Medeiros NE, Curcio CA. (2003). Apolipoprotein B in cholesterol-containing drusen and basal deposits of human eyes with age-related maculopathy. Am J Pathol., 162(2), 413–25.
    Manami M., Kaori E., Yoshiko T., Mari M. (2010), Enhancement of the phagocytic activity of macrophage-like cells with a crude polysaccharide derived from green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 74(6), 1306-1308.
    Mandal, M. N., Patlolla, J. M., Zheng, L., Agbaga, M. P., Tran, J. T., Wicker, L., Anderson, R. E. (2009). Curcumin protects retinal cells from light-and oxidant stress-induced cell death. Free radical biology & medicine, 46(5), 672–679.
    Matsumoto H., Nakamura Y., Iido H., Ito K., Ohguro H. (2006). Comparative assessment of distribution of blackcurrant anthocyanins in rabbit and rat ocular tissues. Eye Res., 83, 348– 356.
    Mattson MP. (2008). Dietary factors, hormesis and health. Ageing research reviews, 7, 43–48.
    Mattson MP. and Cheng A. (2006). Neurohormetic phytochemicals: Low-dose toxins that induce adaptive neuronal stress responses. Trends in neurosciences, 29, 632–639.
    Marie, M., Bigot, K., Angebault, C., Barrau, C., Gondouin, P., Pagan, D., Picaud, S. (2018). Light action spectrum on oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in A2E-loaded retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cell death & disease, 9(3), 287.
    M. BERGMANN, F. SCHÜTT, F. G. HOLZ, and J. KOPITZ. (2004). Inhibition of the ATP-driven proton pump in RPE lysosomes by the major lipofuscin fluorophore A2-E may contribute to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The FASEB Journal, 18(3), 562–564.
    Makino, T., Furuta, A., Fujii, H., Nakagawa, T., Wakushima, H., Saito, K., Kano, Y., (2001). Effect of oral treatment of Perilla frutescens and its constituents on type-I allergy in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 24, 1206–1209.
    Malone L, Schuler C, Leggett RE, Levin RM. (2014). Effect of estrogen and ovariectomy on response of the female rabbit urinary bladder to two forms of in vitro oxidative stress. Int Urogynecol J., 25(6), 791–798.
    Maltzman JS, Carmen JA, Monroe JG. (1996). Transcriptional regulation of the Icam-1 gene in antigen receptor- and phorbol ester-stimulated B lymphocytes: role for transcription factor EGR1. The Journal of experimental medicine. 183, 1747–1759.
    Ma L. and Lin X. (2010). Effects of lutein and zeaxanthin on aspects of eye health. J. Sci. Food Agric., 90, 2-12.
    Manigandan K, Manimaran D, Jayaraj RL, Elangovan N, Dhivya V, Kaphle A. (2015). Taxifolin curbs NF-kappaB-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling via up-regulating Nrf2 pathway in experimental colon carcinogenesis. Biochimie, 119, 103–12.
    Mann, N., Pirotta, Y., O'Connell, S., Li, D., Kelly, F., & Sinclair, A. (2006). Fatty acid composition of habitual omnivore and vegetarian diets. Lipids, 41, 637–646.
    Marc RE, Jones BW, Watt CB, Vazquez-Chona F, Vaughan DK, Organisciak DT. (2008). Extreme retinal remodeling triggered by light damage: implications for age related macular degeneration. Molecular vision. 14, 782–806.
    Ma, Q. and He, X. (2012). Molecular basis of electrophilic and oxidative defense: promises and perils of Nrf2. Pharmacological reviews, 64(4), 1055–1081.
    Ma, X., Xu, L., Alberobello, A. T., Gavrilova, O., Bagattin, A., Skarulis, M., Liu, J., Finkel, T., & Mueller, E. (2015). Celastrol protects against obesity and metabolic dysfunction through activation of a HSF1-PGC1alpha transcriptional axis. Cell Metab., 22, 695–708.
    Mares JA LaRowe TL Snodderly DM. (2006). Predictors of optical density of lutein and zeaxanthin in retinas of older women in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study, an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr., 84, 1107–1122.
    Margalef, M., Guerrero, L., Pons, Z., Bravo, F. I., Arola, L., Muguerza, B., & Arola-Arnal, A. (2014). A dose–response study of the bioavailability of grape seed proanthocyanidin in rat and lipid-lowering effects of generated metabolites in HepG2 cells. Food Res Int., 64, 500–507.
    Marie, M., Bigot, K., Angebault, C., Barrau, C., Gondouin, P., Pagan, D., Fouquet, S., Villette, T., Sahel, J. A., Lenaers, G., & Picaud, S. (2018). Light action spectrum on oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage in A2E-loaded retinal pigment epithelium cells. Cell Death & Disease, 9(3), 287.
    Matsumoto H., Nakamura Y., Iida H., Ito K., Ohguro H. (2006). Comparative assessment of distribution of blackcurrant anthocyanins in rabbit and rat ocular tissues. Exp Eye Res., 83, 348–356.
    McGuire S., Ling Z., Lipton J., Sortwell C., Collier T., Carvey P. (2001). Tumor necrosis factor alpha is toxic to embryonic mesencephalic dopamine neurons. Exp Neurol., 169, 219–230.
    Meng H., Fu G., Shen J., Shen K., Xu Z., Wang Y., Jin B., & Pan H. (2017). Ameliorative Effect of Daidzein on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice via Modulation of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Cell Death. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity ,3140680.
    Meng Z., Chen X., Zhang J., Li Y., Wang W. (2013). Influence of 460-480 nm wavelength light at three different irradiance on retina tissue of SD rats. Ophthalmol, 49, 438–446.
    Metzler B., Hu Y., Sturm G., Wick G. and Xu Q. (1998). Induction of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 by arachidonic acid in vascular r smooth muscle cells. Biol. Chem., 273, 33320–6.
    Mikulski D., Gorniak R., Molski M. (2010). A theoretical study of the structure-radical scavenging activity of trans-resveratrol analogues and cis-resveratrol in gas phase and water environment. Eur. J. Med. Chem., 45(3), 1015–1027.
    Milbury PE, Vita JA, Blumberg JB. (2010). Anthocyanins are bioavailable in humans following an acute dose of cranberry juice. Nutr., 140(6), 1099-1104.
    Mimura, T., Kaji, Y., Noma, H., Funatsu, H., & Okamoto, S. (2013). The role of SIRT1 in ocular aging. Exp Eye Res., 116, 17–26.
    Ming, M., Guanhua, L., Zhanhai, Y., Guang, C., & Xuan, Z. (2009). Effect of the Lycium barbarum polysaccharides administration on blood lipid metabolism and oxidative stress of mice fed high-fat diet in vivo. Food chemistry, 113, 872-877.
    Ming, L. J., and Yin, A. C. (2013). Therapeutic effects of glycyrrhizic acid. Nat. Prod. Commun., 8, 415–418.
    Minotti G., Menna P., Salvatorelli E., Cairo G., Gianni L. (2004). Anthracyclines: molecular advances and pharmacologic developments in antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity. Pharmacol. Rev. 56, 185–229.
    Mitchell DC, Niu SL, Litman BJ. (2003). Enhancement of G protein-coupled signaling by DHA phospholipids. Lipids, 38, 437–443.
    Miyake S, Kobayashi S, Tsubota K, Ozawa Y. (2014). Phase II enzyme induction by a carotenoid, lutein, in a PC12D neuronal cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Comm., 446, 535–540.
    Miyashita, K. (2009). Function of marine carotenoids. Forum Nutr., 61, 136−146.
    Miwa, K., Nakamura, J., Hamada, Y., Naruse, K., Nakashima, E., Kato, K., Kasuya, Y., Yasuda, Y., Kamiya, H., & Hotta, N. (2003). The role of polyol pathway in glucose-induced apoptosis of cultured retinal per-icytes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 60(1), 1–9.
    Mohamed A., Bierhaus A., Schiekofer S., Tritschler H., Ziegler R., and Nawroth P. (1999). The role of oxidative stress and NF-kB activation in late diabetic complications. BioFactors, 10(2-3), 157–167.
    Moiseyev, G., Nikolaeva, O., Chen, Y., Farjo, K., Takahashi, Y., & Ma, J. X. (2010). Inhibition of the visual cycle by A2E through direct interaction with RPE65 and implications in Stargardt disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(41), 17551–17556.
    Mollica, L., De Marchis, F., Spitaleri, A., Dallacosta, C., Pennacchini, D., Zamai, M., Agresti, A., Trisciuoglio, L., Musco, G., & Bianchi, M. E. (2007). Glycyrrhizin binds to high-mobility group box 1 protein and inhibits its cytokine activities. Chem. Biol., 14, 431–441.
    Moon YJ, Lee JY, Oh MS. (2012). Inhibition of inflammation and oxidative stress by Angelica dahuricae radix extract decreases apoptotic cell death and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res. 90, 243–256.
    Moreira, E.F., Larrayoz, I.M., Lee, J.W., Rodriguez, I.R., 2009. 7-Ketocholesterol is p resent in lipid deposits in the primate retina: potential implication in the induction of VEGF and CNV formation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 50, 523-532.
    Morrison, M. A., Silveira, A. C., Huynh, N., Jun, G., Smith, S. E., Zacharaki, F., DeAngelis, M. M. (2011). Systems biology-based analysis implicates a novel role for vitamin D metabolism in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Human genomics, 5(6), 538–568.
    Mrudula T, Suryanarayana P, Srinivas PN, Reddy GB. (2007). Effect of curcumin on hyperglycemia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat retina. Biochemical and biophysical research communications., 361, 528–532.
    Mukherjee PK Chawla A Loayza MS Bazan NG. (2007). Docosanoids are multifunctional regulators of neural cell integrity and fate: significance in aging and disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids.,77, 233–238.
    Mulcahy RT, Wartman MA, Bailey HH, Gipp JJ. (1997). Constitutive and naphthoflavone-induced expression of the human-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy subunit gene is regulated by a distal antioxidant response element/TRE sequence. Biol Chem., 272, 7445–7454.
    Murakami, Y., Matsumoto, H., Roh, M., Giani, A., Kataoka, K., Morizane, Y., Kayama, M., Thanos, A., Nakatake, S., Notomi, S., Hisatomi, T., Ikeda, Y., Ishibashi, T., Connor, K. M., Miller, J. W., & Vavvas, D. G. (2014). Programmed necrosis, not apoptosis, is a key mediator of cell loss and DAMP-mediated inflammation in dsRNA-induced retinal degeneration. Cell Death Differ., 21, 270–277.
    Naczk M. and Shahidi F. (2006). Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables: Occurrence, extraction and analysis. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 41 ,1523-1542.
    Naguib YM. (2000). Antioxidant activities of astaxanthin and related carotenoids. Agric Food Chem., 48(4), 1150–1154.
    Nakazawa T., Hisatomi T., Nakazawa C., Noda K., Maruyama K., She H., Matsubara A., Miyahara S., Nakao S., Yin Y., Benowitz L., Hafezi-Moghadam A., Miller J. (2007). Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mediates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 104 (7), 2425-2430.
    Nandhakumar R., Salini K., Niranjali Devaraj S. (2012). Morin augments anticarcinogenic and antiproliferative efficacy against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)-anthracene induced experimental mammary carcinogenesis. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 364, 79-92.
    Nanjo F, Goto K, Seto R, Suzuki M, Sakai M, Hara Y. (1996). Scavenging effects of tea catechins and their derivatives on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. Free Radic Biol Med., 21, 895–902.
    National Eye Institute AREDS 1 (Age-Related Eye Disease Study 1)
    National Eye Institute AREDS 2 (Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2)
    Naomi S., John D.,Koji N.,Graig E. E. (1996). Ocular Age Pigment “A2-E”:  An Unprecedented Pyridinium Bisretinoid. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118(6), 1559-1560.
    Narayanan NK Narayanan BA Bosland M Condon MS Nargi D. (2006). Docosahexaenoic acid in combination with celecoxib modulates HSP70 and p53 proteins in prostate cancer cells. Cancer, 119, 1586–1598.
    Thornberry N.A. and Lazebnik Y. (1998). Caspases: enemies within. Science, 281(5381), 1312-1316.
    Nebbioso M, Scarsella G, Tafani M, Pescosolido N. (2013). Mechanisms of ocular neuroprotection by antioxidant molecules in animal models. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents., 27, 197–209.
    Neto CC. (2007). Cranberry and its phytochemicals: a review of in vitroanticancer studies. Nutr., 137, 186S–193S.
    Nicholls SJ. (2008). The complex intersection of inflammation and oxidation: implications for atheroprotection. J Am Coll Cardiol. 52, 1379–1380.
    Nie, S. and Xie, M. (2011). A review on the isolation and structure of tea polysaccharides and their bioactivities. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(2), 144-149.
    Ni YQ, Xu GZ, Hu WZ, Shi L, Qin YW, Da CD. (2008). Neuroprotective effects of naloxone against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration through inhibiting retinal microglial activation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 49, 2589–98.
    Ng, K. P., Gugiu, B., Renganathan, K., Davies, M. W., Gu, X., Crabb, J. S., Crabb, J. W. (2008). Retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin proteomics. Molecular & cellular proteomics. MCP, 7(7), 1397–1405.
    Ng TB. (2006). Pharmacological activity of sanchi ginseng (Panax notoginseng). Pharm Pharmacol, 58, 1007–1019.
    Niki E. (2009). Lipid peroxidation: physiological levels and dual biological effects. Free Radical Biol. Med., 47, 469– 484.
    Nowak JZ. (2006). Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): pathogenesis and therapy. Pharmacol Rep., 58, 353–363.
    Núñez-Álvarez C., Suárez-Barrio C., del Olmo Aguado S., Osborne N. N. (2019). Blue light negatively affects the survival of ARPE19 cells through an action on their mitochondria and blunted by red light. Acta Ophthalmologica., 97(1), E103–E115.
    Obuobi S, Karatayev S, Chai CL, Ee PL, Mátyus P. (2016). The role of modulation of antioxidant enzyme systems in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Enzyme Inhib Med Chem., 31(3), 194–204.
    Ochiai T, Ohno S, Soeda S, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Shimeno H. (2004). Crocin prevents the death of rat pheochromyctoma (PC-12) cells by its antioxidant effects stronger than those of α-tocopherol. Neurosci Lett., 362, 61–64.
    Oharazawa H, Igarashi T, Yokota T, Fujii H, Suzuki H, Machide M, Takahashi H, Ohta S, Ohsawa I. (2010). Protection of the retina by rapid diffusion of hydrogen: administration of hydrogen- loaded eye drops in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 51, 487–492.
    Ohsawa I, Ishikawa M, Takahashi K, Watanabe M, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, Katsura K, Katayama Y, Asoh S, Ohta S. (2007). Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals. Nat Med., 13, 688–694.
    Ohsawa I, Nishimaki K, Yamagata K, Ishikawa M, Ohta S. (2008). Consumption of hydrogen water prevents atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun., 377, 1195–1198.
    Oi, N., Chen, H., Ok Kim, M., Lubet, R. A., Bode, A. M., & Dong, Z. (2012). Taxifolin suppresses UV-induced skin carcinogenesis by targeting EGFR and PI3K. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 5(9), 1103–1114.
    Okubo A., Rosa R., Bunce C. (1999). The relationships of age changes in retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 40(2), 443–449.
    Okuno T., Saito H., Ojima J. (2002). Evaluation of blue-light hazards from various light sources. Dev Ophthalmol. 35, 104–12.
    Olmedilla B., Beltrán B., Estévez R., Cuadrado C. (2014). Markers of lutein and zeaxanthin status in two age groups of men and women: dietary intake, serum concentrations, lipid profile and macular pigment optical density. Nutr. J., 13, 52-62.
    Ogawa, K., Kuse, Y., Tsuruma, K., Kobayashi, S., Shimazawa, M., & Hara, H. (2014). Protective effects of bilberry and lingonberry extracts against blue light-emitting diode light-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage in vitro. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 14, 120.
    Ogawa, K. Oyagi, A. Tanaka, J. Kobayashi, S. Hara, H. (2011). The protective effect and action mechanism of Vaccinium myrtillus L. on gastric ulcer in mice Phytother. Res., 25(8), 1160– 1165.
    Oliveira, B. F., Nogueira-Machado, J. A., & Chaves, M. M. (2010). The role of oxidative stress in the aging process. Sci World, 10, 1121–1128.
    Organisciak, D.T., Darrow, R.M., Barsalou, L., Darrow, R.A., Kutty, R.K., Kutty, G., Wiggert, B., (1998). Light history and age-related changes in retinal light damage.Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 39, 1107–1116.
    Organisciak D. T. and Vaughan D. K. (2010). Retinal light damage: mechanisms and protection Prog. Retinal Eye Res., 29, 113– 134.
    Orhan C., Tuzcu M., Gencoglu H., Sahin N., Hayirli A., & Sahin, K. (2013). Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate exerts protective effects against heat stress through modulating stress‐responsive transcription factors in poultry. British Poultry Science, 54, 447–453.
    Osaki S, Johnson DA, Frieden E. (1966). The possible significance of the ferrous oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin in normal human serum. J Biol Chem., 241, 2746–2751.
    Osborne A, Sanderson J, Martin KR. (2018). Neuroprotective effects of human mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-derived growth factor on human retinal Ganglion cells. Stem Cells, 36(1), 65–78.
    Osborne N. N., Nunez-Alvarez C., Del Olmo-Aguado S. (2014). The effect of visual blue light on mitochondrial function associated with retinal ganglions cells. Experimental Eye Research, 128, 8–14.
    Osburn, W., Wakabayashi, N., Misra, V., Nilles, T., Biswal, S., Trush, M. A., & Kensler, T. W. (2006). Nrf2 regulates an adaptive response protecting against oxidative damage following diquat-mediated formation of superoxide anion. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 454(1), 7–15.
    Otsuka, T., Shimazawa, M., Nakanishi, T., Ohno, Y., Inoue, Y., Tsuruma, K., Ishibashi, T., & Hara, H. (2013). Protective effects of a dietary carotenoid, astaxanthin, against light-induced retinal damage. Pharmacol Sci., 123(3), 209–218.
    Ou P, Tritschler HJ, Wolff SP. (1995). Thioctic (lipoic) acid: a therapeutic metal-chelating antioxidant? Biochem Pharmacol, 50, 123–126.
    Palumbo E., Sweatt J., Chen S., and Klann E. (1992). Oxidation-induced persistent activation of protein kinase C in hippocampal homogenates. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 187(3), 1439–1445.
    Parish, C. A., Hashimoto, M., Nakanishi, K., Dillon, J., & Sparrow, J. (1998). Isolation and one-step preparation of A2E and iso-A2E, fluorophores from human retinal pigment epithelium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 95(25), 14609–14613.
    Park, S.‐i., Lee, E.H., Kim, S.R. and Jang, Y.P. (2017). Anti‐apoptotic effects of Curcuma longa L. extract and its curcuminoids against blue light‐induced cytotoxicity in A2E‐laden human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pharm Pharmacol, 69, 334-340.
    Patel, B. N., Dunn, R. J., Jeong, S. Y., Zhu, Q., Julien, J. P., & David, S. (2002). Ceruloplasmin regulates iron levels in the CNS and prevents free radical injury. Neuroscience, 22(15), 6578–6586.
    Pelech SL. and Charest DL. (1995). MAP kinase-dependent pathways in cell cycle control. Prog Cell Cycle Res. 1, 33–52.
    Perlman JA, Brady WE, Klein R, VandenLangenberg GM, Klein BEK, Palta M. (1995). Dietary Fat and Age-Related Maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol, 113(6), 743–748.
    Pendurthi UR. and Rao LV. (2000). Suppression of transcription factor Egr-1 by curcumin. Thrombosis research. 97, 179–189.
    Peng X., Vaishnav A., Murillo G., Alimirah F., Torres K.E., Mehta R.G. (2010). Protection against cellular stress by 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in breast epithelial cells. Cell Biochem., 110, 1324–1333.
    Pezzuto J.M. (2008). Grapes and human health: a perspective. J Agric Food Chem., 56 , 6777-6784.
    Plafker, S. M., O'Mealey, G. B., & Szweda, L. I. (2012). Mechanisms for countering oxidative stress and damage in retinal pigment epithelium. International review of cell and molecular biology, 298, 135–177.
    Pollreisz, A., Messinger, J. D., Sloan, K. R., Mittermueller, T. J., Weinhandl, A. S., Benson, E. K., Kidd, G. J., Schmidt-Erfurth, U., & Curcio, C. A. (2018). Visualizing melanosomes, lipofuscin, and melanolipofuscin in human retinal pigment epithelium using serial block face scanning electron microscopy. Exp Eye Res., 166, 131-139.
    Polidoro, L., Properzi, G., Marampon, F., Gravina, G. L., Festuccia, C., Di Cesare, E., Scarsella, L., Ciccarelli, C., Zani, B. M., & Ferri, C. (2013). Vitamin D protects human endothelial cells from H₂O₂ oxidant injury through the Mek/Erk-Sirt1 axis activation. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res., 6(2), 221–231.
    Pons, M., & Marin-Castaño, M. E. (2011). Nicotine increases the VEGF/PEDF ratio in retinal pigment epithelium: a possible mechanism for CNV in passive smokers with AMD. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 52(6), 3842–3853.
    Poór M., Veres B., Jakus P.B., Antus C., Montskó G., Zrínyi Z., Vladimir-Knežević S., Petrik J., Kőszegi T. (2014). Flavonoid diosmetin increases ATP levels in kidney cells and relieves ATP depleting effect of ochratoxin A. Photochem. Photobiol, 132, 1–9.
    Pullikotil P., Chen H., Muniyappa R., Greenberg C.C., Yang S., Reiter C.E., … Quon M.J. (2012). Epigallocatechin gallate induces expression of heme oxygenase‐1 in endothelial cells via p38 MAPK and Nrf‐2 that suppresses proinflammatory actions of TNF‐alpha. Nutrition Biochemistry, 23, 1134–1145.
    Premkumar K, Suresh K, Santhiya ST, Ramesh A. (2003). Protective effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L) on genotoxins-induced oxidative stress in swiss albino mice. Phytother Res., 17, 614–617.
    Pryor W., Stanley J., Blair E. (1976). Autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids: II. A suggested mechanism for the formation of TBA-reactive materials from prostaglandin-like endoperoxides. Lipids, 11(5), 370–379.
    Psotova, Kolar M., Sousek J., Svagera Z., Vicar J. (2003). Ulrichova Biological activities of Prunella vulgaris extract. Phytother Res, 17(9), 1082-1087.
    Quinn, J. F., Bussiere, J. R., Hammond, R. S., Montine, T. J., Henson, E., Jones, R. E., & Stackman, R. W. (2007). Chronic dietary alpha-lipoic acid reduces deficits in hippocampal memory of aged Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Aging, 28, 213–225.
    Raffo A, Leonardi C, Fogliano V, Ambrosino P, Salucci M, Gennaro L, Bugianesi R, Giuffrida F & Quaglia G. (2002). Nutritional value of cherry tomatoes Lycopersicon esculentum Cv. (Naomi F1) harvested at different ripening stages. Agric Food Chem., 50, 6550–6556.
    Raman M., Chen W., Cobb M. H. (2007). Differential regulation and properties of MAPKs. Oncogene 26, 3100–3112.
    Rangasamy, T., Cho, C.Y., Thimmulappa, R.K., Zhen, L., Srisuma, S.S., Kensler, T.W., Yamamoto, M., Petrache, I., Tuder, R.M., Biswal, S. (2004). Genetic ablation of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Clin Invest., 114, 1248-1259.
    Rastogi, V., Santiago-Moreno, J., & Doré, S. (2015). Ginseng: a promising neuroprotective strategy in stroke. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 8, 457.
    Rao CV. (2007). Regulation of COX and LOX by curcumin. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 595, 213–226.
    Rao R, Ellerby H, Bredesen D. (2004). Coupling endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death program. Cell Death Differ., 11, 372–380.
    Reddy AC, Lokesh BR. (1992). Studies on spice principles as antioxidants in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 111, 117–124.
    Redza-Dutordoir M., Averill-Bates D.A. (2016). Activation of apoptosis pathways by reactive oxygen species. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1863(12), 2977–2992.
    Reyes-Reveles J, Dhingra A, Alexander D, Bragin A, Philp NJ, Boesze-Battaglia K. (2017). Phagocytosis-dependent ketogenesis in retinal pigment epithelium. Biol Chem., 292(19), 8038-8047.
    RiceEvans C.A., Miller N.J., Paganga G. (1996). Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic. Bio. Med., 20(7), 933-956.
    Ripps H and Shen W. (2012). Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. Molecular
    Vision, 18, 2673-2686.
    Reijo T, Mikko B, Antti S, Timo S. (2008). Serum calcium and prediction of cognitive decline in old age. J Am Geriatr Soc., 56(8), 1573–1574.
    Rezaie T, McKercher SR, Kosaka K. (2012). Protective effect of carnosic acid, a pro-electrophilic compound, in models of oxidative stress and light-induced retinal degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 53, 7847–7854.
    Richer S., Stiles W., Thomas C. (2009). Molecular medicine in ophthalmic care. Optometry, 80, 695-701.
    Richer S., Stiles W., Ulanski L., Carroll D., Podella C. (2013). Observation of human retinal remodeling in octogenarians with a resveratrol based nutritional supplement. Nutrients, 5, 1989-2005.
    Pinna GF, Fiorucci M, Reimund JM, Taquet N, Arondel Y, Muller CD. (2004). Celastrol inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion in Crohn’s disease biopsies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 322, 778–86.
    Ritch R. (2007). Natural compounds: evidence for a protective role in eye disease. Can J Ophthalmol, 42, 425–438.
    Robinson B. S., Hii C. S., Poulos A. and Ferrante A. (1997). Activation of neutral sphingomyelinase in human neutrophils by polyunsaturated fatty acids. Immunology, 91, 274–80.
    Rockel, N., Esser, C., Grether-Beck, S., Warskulat, U., Flögel, U., Schwarz, A., Schwarz, T., Yarosh, D., Häussinger, D., & Krutmann, J. (2007) The osmolyte taurine protects against ultraviolet B radiation-induced immunosuppression. Immunology, 179, 3604-3612.
    Rodolfo C, Campello S, Cecconi F. (2018). Mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int. 117, 156-166.
    Rodrıguez-Ramiro I, Ramos S, Bravo L, Goya L, Martın M. (2011). Procyanidin B2 and a cocoa polyphenolic extract inhibit acrylamide-induced apoptosis in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress and activation of JNK pathway. Nutr Biochem., 22, 1186–1194.
    Roduit R., Schorderet D.F. (2008). MAP kinase pathways in UV-induced apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelium ARPE19 cells. Apoptosis, 13(3), 343–353.
    Rodrıguez-Ramiro I, Ramos S, Bravo L, Goya L, Martın M. (2012). Procyanidin B2 induces Nrf2 translocation and glutathione S-transferase P1 expression via ERKs and p38- MAPK pathways and protect human colonic cells against oxidative stress. Eur J Nutr., 51, 881–892.
    Rohrer B. (2017). Bystander effects elicited by single-cell photo-oxidative blue-light stimulation in retinal pigment epithelium cell networks. Cell Death Discovery, 3, 16071.
    Rohrer B, Guo Y, Kunchithapautham K, Gilkeson GS. (2007). Eliminating complement factor D reduces photoreceptor susceptibility to light-induced damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 48, 5282–5289.
    Ron D. and Hubbard S. (2008). How IRE1 reacts to ER stress. Cell. 132, 24–26.
    Romano, A. D., Serviddio, G., de Matthaeis, A., Bellanti, F., & Vendemiale, G. (2009). Oxidative stress and aging. Nephrol., 23, S29–S36.
    Romero I., Paez A., Ferruelo A., Lujan M., Berenguer A. (2002). Polyphenols in red wine inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of LNCaP cells. BJU Int., 89, 950-954.
    Roza JM, Xian-Liu Z, Guthrie N. (2007). Effect of citrus flavonoids and tocotrienols on serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Altern Ther Health Med., 13(6), 44–8.
    Rózanowska, M., Wessels, J., Boulton, M., Burke, J. M., Rodgers, M. A., Truscott, T. G., & Sarna, T. (1998). Blue light-induced singlet oxygen generation by retinal lipofuscin in non-polar media. Free Radic. Biol., 24, 1107-1112.
    Rüweler, M., Gülden, M., Maser, E., Murias, M., & Seibert, H. (2009). Cytotoxic, cytoprotective and antioxidant activities of resveratrol and analogues in C6 astroglioma cells in vitro. Chem Biol Interact., 182, 128–135.
    Ryu, J., Zhang, R., Hong, B. H., Yang, E. J., Kang, K. A., Choi, M., Kim, K. C., Noh, S. J., Kim, H. S., Lee, N. H., Hyun, J. W., & Kim, H. S. (2013). Phloroglucinol attenuates motor functional deficits in an animal model of Parkinson's disease by enhancing Nrf2 activity. PLoS ONE., 8, e71178.
    Sachindra, N. M., Sato, E., Maeda, H., Hosokawa, M., Niwano, Y., Kohno, M., & Miyashita, K. (2007). Radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 8516−8522.
    Sakamoto, K., Mizuta, A., Fujimura, K., Kurauchi, Y., Mori, A., Nakahara, T., & Ishii, K. (2015). High-mobility group box-1 is involved in NMDA-induced retinal injury the in rat retina. Exp. Eye Res., 137, 63–70.
    Sakamoto, K., Okuwaki, T., Ushikubo, H., Mori, A., Nakahara, T., and Ishii, K. (2017). Activation inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B protect neurons against the NMDA-induced damage in the rat retina. Pharmacol. Sci., 135, 72–80.
    Sally M. Yacout, Elizabeth R. Gaillard. (2016). The Anthocyanins, Oenin and Callistephin, Protect RPE Cells Against Oxidative Stress. Photochemistry and photobiology. 93(2), 590-599.
    Salomi MJ, Nair SC, Pannikar KR. (1991). Inhibitory effects of nigella sativa and saffron on chemical carcinogenesis in mice. Nutr Cancer., 16, 67–72.
    Samah S., Azusa K., Kenji K., Kohki A., Hideo H. (2010). Inhibitory Activity against Urease of Quercetin Glycosides Isolated from Allium cepa and Psidium guajava, Bioscience. Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 74(4), 878-880.
    SanGiovanni JP. and Chew EY. (2005). The role of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in health and disease of the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res. 24, 87–138.
    SanGiovanni JP and Chew EY. (2007). Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group, The relationship of dietary carotenoid and vitamin A, E, and C intake with age-related macular degeneration in a case-control study: AREDS Report No. 22. Arch Ophthalmol, 125(9), 1225‐1232.
    Sano R, Reed J. (2013). ER stress-induced cell death mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta., 1833, 3460–3470.
    Santocono M., Zurria M., Berrettini M., Fedeli D., Falcioni G. (2006). Influence of astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on DNA damage and repair in UVA-irradiated cells. Photochem. Photobiol. B., 85, 205–215.
    Santos, J. M. and Kowluru, R. A. (2011). Role of mitochondria biogenesis in the metabolic memory associated with the continued progression of diabetic retinopathy and its regulation by lipoic acid. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 52(12), 8791–8798.
    Sanz MM, Johnson LE, Ahuja S, Ekström PAR, Romero J, van Veen T. (2007). Significant photoreceptor rescue by treatment with a combination of antioxidants in an animal model for retinal degeneration. Neuroscience, 145, 1120–1129.
    Banerjee, S., Prasad, P., Hussain, A., Khan, I., Kondaiah, P., & Chakravarty, A. R. (2012). Remarkable photocytotoxicity of curcumin in HeLA cells in visible light and arresting its degradation on oxovanadium (IV) complex formation. Chem Commun., 48, 7702–7704.
    Sarangarajan R. and Apte SP. (2005). Melanization and phagocytosis: implications for age related macular degeneration. Mol Vis., 11, 482–490.
    Sarna T. (1992). Properties and function of the ocular melanin--a photobiophysical view. Photochem Photobiol B., 12(3), 215–258.
    Saviranta, L. Veeroos, L.J. Granlund, V.H. Hassinen, K. Kaarniranta, R.O. Karjalainen. (2011). Plant flavonol quercetin and isoflavone biochanin A differentially induce protection against oxidative stress and inflammation in ARPE-19 cells. Food Res. Int., 44(1), 109-113.
    Schalch W. (1992). Carotenoids in the retina: a review of their possible role in preventing or limiting damage caused by light and oxygen. In: Emerit I Chance B eds. Free Radicals and Aging. Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 280–298.
    Schauss A., Tselyico S., Kuznetsova V., Yegorova I. (2015). Toxicological and Genotoxicity Assessment of a Dihydroquercetin-Rich Dahurian Larch Tree (Larix gmelinii Rupr) Extract (Lavitol). Toxicol, 34(2), 162-81.
    Schloendorn, J., Webb, T., Kemmish, K., Hamalainen, M., Jackemeyer, D., Jiang, L., Mathieu, J., Rebo, J., Sankman, J., Sherman, L., Tontson, L., Qureshi, A., Alvarez, P., & Rittmann, B. (2009). Medical bioremediation: a concept moving toward reality. Rejuvenation Res., 12, 411–419.
    Scholz, R., Caramoy, A., Bhuckory, M. B., Rashid, K., Chen, M., Xu, H., Langmann, T. (2015). Targeting translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) dampens pro-inflammatory microglia reactivity in the retina and protects from degeneration. Neuroinflammation, 12, 201.
    Scholz, R., Sobotka, M., Caramoy, A., Stempfl, T., Moehle, C., & Langmann, T. (2015). Minocycline counter-regulates pro-inflammatory microglia responses in the retina and protects from degeneration. Neuroinflammation, 12, 209.
    Seagle BL, Rezai KA, Gasyna EM, Kobori Y, Rezaei KA, Norris JR Jr. (2005). Time-resolved detection of melanin free radicals quenching reactive oxygen species. Am Chem Soc., 127(32), 11220–11221.
    Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD. (1994). The Eye Disease Case-control Study Group Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C and E, and advanced age related macular degeneration. J Am Med Assoc., 272, 1413–1420.
    Serra A, Macia A, Romero M, Angle`s N, Morello J, Motilva M. (2011). Distribution of procyanidins and their metabolites in rat plasma and tissues after an acute intake of hazelnut extract. Food Funct., 2, 562–568.
    Setty AR and Sigal LH. (2005). Herbal medications commonly used in the practice of rheumatology: mechanisms of action, efficacy, and side effects. Semin Arthritis Rheum., 34, 773–84.
    Shaban H., Gazzotti P. and Richter C. (2001). Cytochromec oxidase inhibition by N-retinyl-N-retinylidene etha-nolamine, a compound suspected to cause age-relatedmacular degeneration. Biochem. Biophys., 394, 111-117.
    Shaban H and Richter C. (2002). A2E and blue lightin the retina: the paradigm of age-related maculardegeneration. Biol. Chem., 383(3-4), 537-45.
    Shaban H., BorrÁs C., ViNa J., Richter C. (2002). Phosphatidylglycerol Potently Protects Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Against Apoptosis Induced by A2E, a Compound Suspected to Cause Age-related Macula Degeneration. Experimental Eye Research, 75(1), 99-108.
    Shahidi F. and Naczk M. (2004). Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals. Boca Raton., 13-141.
    Shang YM, Wang GS, Sliney D, Yang CH, Lee LL. (2014). White light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at domestic lighting levels and retinal injury in a rat model. Environ Health Perspect., 122, 269-276.
    Shenk, J. C., Liu, J., Fischbach, K., Xu, K., Puchowicz, M., Obrenovich, M. E., Gasimov, E., Alvarez, L. M., Ames, B. N., Lamanna, J. C., & Aliev, G. (2009). The effect of acetyl-L-carnitine and R-alpha-lipoic acid treatment in ApoE4 mouse as a model of human Alzheimer's disease. Neurological sciences, 283(1-2), 199–206.
    Shen C., Chen L., Jiang L., Lai Y. (2015). Neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. Neurosci Lett. 600, 132-136.
    Shen H.-M., Ong C.-N., Lee B. L., Shi C.-Y. (1995). Carcinogenesis 16, 419–422.
    Shen Z., Shao J., Dai J., Lin Y., Yang X., Ma J., Luo P. (2015). Diosmetin protects against retinal injury via reduction of DNA damage and oxidative stress. Toxicology reports, 3, 78–86.
    Shin J. Y., Sohn J., & Park K. H. (2013). Chlorogenic acid decreases retinal vascular hyperpermeability in diabetic rat model. Korean medical science, 28(4), 608–613.
    Shimouchi, A., Yokota, H., Ono, S., Matsumoto, C., Tamai, T., Takumi, H., Narayanan, S. P., Kimura, S., Kobayashi, H., Caldwell, R. B., Nagaoka, T., & Yoshida, A. (2016). Neuroprotective effect of water-dispersible hesperetin in retinal ischemia reperfusion injury. Ophthalmology, 60(1), 51–61.
    Shishodia S, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB. (2005). Curcumin: getting back to the roots. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1056, 206–217.
    Sinclair R, Schindler T, Lui K, Bolisetty S. (2018). Hypertriglyceridaemia in extremely preterm infants receiving parenteral lipid emulsions. BMC Pediatr, 18, 348.
    Singh, A., Falk, M. K., Subhi, Y., & Sørensen, T. L. (2013). The association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and subgroups in age-related macular degeneration: a cross-sectional study. PloS one, 8(7), e70948.
    Singh, I. P., Sidana, J., Bansal, P., & Foley, W. J. (1995). Phloroglucinol compounds of therapeutic interest: global patent and technology status. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 19, 847– 66.
    Singh S, Aggarwal B. B. Activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B is suppressed by curcumin. Biological chemistry, 270, 24995–25000.
    Sima Umrao, Min-Ho Jang, Jung-Hwan Oh, Guntae Kim, Sumanta Sahoo, Yong-Hoon Cho et al., (2015). Microwave bottom-up route for size-tunable and switchable photoluminescent graphene quantum dots using acetylacetone: New platform for enzyme-free detection of hydrogen peroxide. Carbon, 81, 514-524.
    Simó R., Villarroel M., Corraliza L., Hernández C., & Garcia-Ramírez M. (2010). The retinal pigment epithelium: something more than a constituent of the blood-retinal barrier--implications for the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Biomedicine & biotechnology, 190724.
    Smith, C.J. and Hansch, C., (2000). The relative toxicity of compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke condensate. Food Chem Toxicol, 38, 637-646.
    Snodderly DM Auran JD Delori FC. (1984). The macular pigment, II: spatial distribution in primate retinas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 25, 674–685.
    Snyder R. and Gillies P.J. (2002). Evaluation of the clastogenic, DNA intercalative, and topoisomerase II-interactive properties of bioflavonoids in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 40, 266–276.
    Soeda S, Ochiai T, Paopong L, Tanaka H, Shoyama Y, Shimeno H. (2001). Crocin suppresses tumor necrosis factor-α -induced cell death of neuronally differentiated PC-12 cells. Life Sci., 69, 2887–2898.
    Song, D., Song, Y., Hadziahmetovic, M., Zhong, Y., & Dunaief, J. L. (2012). Systemic administration of the iron chelator deferiprone protects against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina. Free radical biology & medicine, 53(1), 64–71.
    Song, J., Lei, X., Luo, J., Everaert, N., Zhao, G., Wen, J., & Yang, Y. (2019). The effect of Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate on small intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti‐inflammatory effect in heat‐stressed broilers. Anim Physiol Anim Nutr., 103, 1030–1038.
    Song X., Wang B., Lin S., Jing L., Mao C., Xu P., Zuo, J. (2014). Astaxanthin inhibits apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells type II in vivo and in vitro through the ROS-dependent mitochondrial signalling pathway. Cellular and molecular medicine, 18(11), 2198–2212.
    Sparrow J.R., Parish C.A., Hashimoto M., Nakanishi K. (1999). A2E, a lipofuscin fluorophore, in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells in culture. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40, 2988–2995.
    Sparrow JR. and Cai B. (2001). Blue light–induced apoptosis of A2E-containing RPE: involvement of caspase-3 and protection by Bcl-2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 42, 1356–1362.
    Sparrow, J. R., Fishkin, N., Zhou, J., Cai, B., Jang, Y. P., Krane, S., Itagaki, Y., & Nakanishi, K. (2003). A2E, a byproduct of the visual cycle. Vision Research, 43(28), 2983–2990.
    Sparrow, J. R., Vollmer-Snarr, H. R., Zhou, J., Jang, Y. P., Jockusch, S., Itagaki, Y., & Nakanishi, K. (2003). A2E-epoxides damage DNA in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Vitamin E and other antioxidants inhibit A2E-epoxide formation.Biological chemistry, 278(20), 18207–18213.
    Sparrow J., Zhou J, Ben S., Vollmer H., Itagaki Y., Nakanishi K. (2002). Involvement of oxidative mechanisms in blue-light-induced damage to A2E-laden RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 43(4), 1222-7.
    Sparrow J., Zhou J, Ben S., Vollmer H., Itagaki Y., Nakanishi K. (2003). A2E-epoxides Damage DNA in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, 278(20), 18207–18213.
    Sparrow JR, Zhou J, Cai B. (2003). DNA is a target of the photodynamic effects elicited in A2E-laden RPE by blue-light illumination. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci., 44, 2245–51.
    Starkopf J., Andreasen T. V., Bugge E. and Ytrehus K. (1998). Lipid peroxidation, arachidonic acid and products of the lipoxygenase pathway in ischaemic preconditioning of rat heart. Cardiovasc. Res., 37, 66–75.
    Stauble B., Boscoboinik D., Tasinato A., and Azzi A. (1994). Modulation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor and protein kinase C by hydrogen peroxide and D-α-tocopherol in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochemistry, 226(2), 393–402.
    Stenton, G. R., Mackenzie, L. F., Tam, P., Cross, J. L., Harwig, C., Raymond, J., Toews, J., Wu, J., Ogden, N., MacRury, T., & Szabo, C. (2013). Characterization of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator: Part 1. Effects on inflammatory cell activation and chemotaxis in vitro and pharmacokinetic characterization in vivo. Pharmacol., 168, 1506–1518.
    Stenton, G. R., Mackenzie, L. F., Tam, P., Cross, J. L., Harwig, C., Raymond, J., Toews, J., Chernoff, D., MacRury, T., & Szabo, C. (2013). Characterization of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator: Part 2. Efficacy studies in allergic and pulmonary inflammation models in vivo. Pharmacol, 168, 1519–1529.
    Stitt A. (2003). The role of advanced glycation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 75(1), 95–108.
    Stochmal, A., Piacente, S., Pizza, C., De Riccardis, F., Leitz, R., Oleszek, W. (2001). Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) flavonoids. 1. Apigenin and luteolin glycosides from aerial parts. Food Chem., 49, 753–758.
    Stoupi S, Williamson G, Viton F, Barron D, King L, Brown J, Clifford M. (2010). In vivo bioavailability, absorption, excretion, and pharmacokinetics of [14C]procyanidin B2 in male rats. Drug Metab Dispos., 38, 287–329.
    Strauss O. (2005). The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol. Rev., 85, 845–881.
    Sugiura M, Shoyama Y, Saito H, Abe K. (1994). Ethanol extract of Crocus sativus L. antagonizes the inhibitory action of ethanol on hippocampal long-term potentiation in vivo. Pharmacol Exp Ther., 271, 703–707.
    Suh JH, Zhu B-Z, deSzoeke E, Frei B, Hagen TM. (2004). Dihydrolipoic acid lowers the redox activity of transition metal ions but does not remove them from the active site of enzymes. Redox Rep Commun Free Radic Res., 9, 57–61.
    Suh JH, Moreau R, Heath S-HD, Hagen TM. (2005), Dietary supplementation with (R)-alpha-lipoic acid reverses the age-related accumulation of iron and depletion of antioxidants in the rat cerebral cortex. Redox Rep Commun. Free Radic Res., 10, 52–60.
    Sujak A., Okulski W., Gruszecki W. (2000). Organisation of xanthophyll pigments lutein and zeaxanthin in lipid membranes formed with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr., 1509, 255−263.
    Sujak A., Mazurek P., Gruszecki W. I. (2002). Xanthophyll pigments lutein and zeaxanthin in lipid multibilayers formed with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 68, 39−44.
    Sulaiman, R. S., Basavarajappa, H. D., & Corson, T. W. (2014). Natural product inhibitors of ocular angiogenesis. Experimental eye research, 129, 161–171.
    Sun HJ, Jin XM, Xu J, Xiao Q. (2020). Baicalin Alleviates Age-Related Macular Degeneration via miR-223/NLRP3-Regulated Pyroptosis. Pharmacology, 105(1-2), 28-38.
    Sun X, Chen R, Yang Z, Sun G, Wang M, Ma X et al., (2014). Taxifolin prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro by inhibition of oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol., 63, 221–32.
    Sung Jae Yang, Hyoung Jo, June-Gone Kim & Sang Hoon Jung. (2014). Baicalin Attenuates Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization. Current Eye Research, 39(7), 745-751.
    Suter, M., Remé, C., Grimm, C., Wenzel, A., Jäättela, M., Esser, P., Kociok, N., Leist, M., & Richter, C. (2000). Age-related macular degeneration. The lipofusion component N-retinyl-N-retinylidene ethanolamine detaches proapoptotic proteins from mitochondria and induces apoptosis in mammalian retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biol Chem., 275(50), 39625-30.
    Suzuki, M., Tsujikawa, M., Itabe, H., Du, Z. J., Xie, P., Matsumura, N., Fu, X., Zhang, R., Sonoda, K. H., Egashira, K., Hazen, S. L., & Kamei, M. (2012). Chronic photo-oxidative stress and subsequent MCP-1 activation as causative factors for age-related macular degeneration. Cell science, 125(10), 2407–2415.
    Suzuki Y., Ito S., Sasaki R., Asahi M., Ishida Y. (2013). Resveratrol suppresses cell proliferation via inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation and Mcl-1 and cIAP-2 expression in HTLV-1-infected T cells. Leuk. Res., 37(12), 1674–1679.
    Suzuki Y, Nakazawa M, Suzuki K, Yamazaki H, Miyagawa Y. (2011). Expression profiles of cytokines and chemokines in vitreous fluid in diabetic retinopathy and central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology, 55(3), 256–263.
    Svajger U. and Jeras M. (2012). Anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol and its potential use in therapy of immune-mediated diseases. Int. Rev. Immunol., 31(3), 202–222.
    Szajdek A. and Borowska EJ. (2008). Bioactive compounds and health-promoting properties of berry fruits: a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 63, 147–156.
    Szekeres, T., Saiko, P., Fritzer-Szekeres, M., Djavan, B., & Jäger, W. (2011). Chemopreventive effects of res veratrol and resveratrol derivatives. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci., 1215, 89–95.
    Tadagavadi R. K. and Reeves W. B. (2010). Endogenous IL-10 attenuates cisplatin nephrotoxicity: role of dendritic cells. Immunology. 185, 4904–4911.
    Tanaka J, Kadekaru T, Ogawa K, Hitoe S, Shimoda H, Hara H. (2013). Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) and the constituent delphinidin glycoside inhibit photoreceptor cell death induced by visible light. Food Chem., 139, 129–137.
    Tang H, Mayersohn MA Tanaka J, Kadekaru T, Ogawa K, Hitoe S, Shimoda H, Hara H. (2013). Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) and the constituent delphinidin glycoside inhibit photoreceptor cell death induced by visible light. Food Chem. 139, 129–137.
    Tang, H., and Mayersohn, M. (2005). A novel model for prediction of human drug clearance by allometric scaling. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, 33(9), 1297–1303.
    Tangney C.C. and Rasmussen H.E. (2013). Polyphenols, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease. Curr. Atheroscler, 15, 324.
    Tanito M., Kwon Y. W., Kondo N., Bai J., Masutani H., Nakamura H., Fujii J., Ohira A., Yodoi J. (2005). Cytoprotective effects of geranyl-geranylacetone against retinal photooxidative damage. Neurosci, 25, 2396–2404.
    Tate Jr., Miceli D.J., Newsome M.V. (1995). Phagocytosis and H2O2 induce catalase and metallothionein gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Invest. Opthalmol. Visual Sci., 36, 1271–1279.
    Tenhunen, R., Marver, H. S., & Schmid, R. (1968). The enzymatic conversion of heme to bilirubin by microsomal heme oxygenase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 61(2), 748–755.
    Thanos S, Mey J, Wild M. (1993). Treatment of the adult retina with microglia-suppressing factors retards axotomy-induced neuronal degradation and enhances axonal regeneration in vivo and in vitro. Neurosci. 13, 455–466.
    Theodoropoulou, S., Copland, D. A., Liu, J., Wu, J., Gardner, P. J., Ozaki, E., Dick, A. D. (2017). Interleukin-33 regulates tissue remodelling and inhibits angiogenesis in the eye. Pathology, 241(1), 45–56.
    Thome AD, Harms AS, Volpicelli-Daley LA, Standaert DG. (2016). MicroRNA-155 Regulates Alpha-Synuclein-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Models of Parkinson Disease. Neurosci. 36, 2383–2390.
    Dahl, T. A., Bilski, P., Reszka, K. J., & Chignell, C. F. (1994). Photocytotoxicity of curcumin. Photochem Photobiol, 50, 290–294.
    Tikhonenko, M., Lydic, T. A., Wang, Y., Chen, W., Opreanu, M., Sochacki, A., McSorley, K. M., Renis, R. L., Kern, T., Jump, D. B., Reid, G. E., & Busik, J. V. (2010). Remodeling of retinal Fatty acids in an animal model of diabetes: a decrease in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a decrease in fatty acid elongases Elovl2 and Elovl4. Diabetes, 59(1), 219–227.
    Tobi SE, Gilbert M, Paul N, McMillan TJ. (2002). The green tea polyphenol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, protects against the oxidative cellular and genotoxic damage of UVA radiation. Int J Cancer, 102, 439–44.
    Tohari, A. M., Alhasani, R. H., Biswas, L., Patnaik, S. R., Reilly, J., Zeng, Z., & Shu, X. (2019). Vitamin D Attenuates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 8(9), 341.
    Tohari A.M., Zhou X., Shu X. (2016). Protection against oxidative stress by vitamin D in cone cells. Cell Biochem. Funct., 34(2), 82–94.
    Tokarz P., Kaarniranta K., Blasiak J. (2013). Role of antioxidant enzymes and small molecular weight antioxidants in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Biogerontology, 14, 461–482.
    Tomany, S. C., Cruickshanks, K. J., Klein, R., Klein, B. E., & Knudtson, M. D. (2004). Sunlight and the 10-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: the Beaver Dam eye study. Arch Ophthalmol, 122, 750–757.
    Topal F, Nar M, Gocer H, Kalin P, Kocyigit UM, Gülçin İ, Alwasel SH. (2015). Antioxidant activity of taxifolin: an activity–structure relationship. Enzyme Inhib Med Chem., 31(4), 674-83.
    Torres, P., Poveda, A., Jimenez‐Barbero, J., Parra, J.L., Comelles, F., Ballesteros, A.O. and Plou, F.J. (2011). Enzymatic synthesis of α-glucosides of resveratrol with surfactant activity. Adv Synth Catal., 353, 1077–1086.
    Tosini, G., Ferguson, I., & Tsubota, K. (2016). Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology. Molecular vision, 22, 61–72.
    Tsukamoto I, Sugawara S. (2018). Low levels of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid and high levels of arachidonic acid in plasma phospholipids are associated with hypertension. Biomed Rep., 8(4), 396.
    Treberg J. (2015). There was more to osmolyte selection than just osmotic balance. Experimental biology, 218, 3532-3533.
    Uetama T, Ohno-Matsui K, Nakahama K, Morita I, Mochizuki M. (2003). Phenotypic change regulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) gene expression in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 197, 77–85.
    Ushio-Fukai, M., and Nakamura, Y. (2008). Reactive oxygen species and angiogenesis: NADPH oxidase as target for cancer therapy. Cancer letters, 266(1), 37–52.
    Veillet S, Lafont R, Dioh W. Cosmetic composition for protection from the sun containing urucum extract. United States patent US 2012/149775 2015 Nov 03.
    Vento R. (2000). Induction of Apoptosis by Arachidonic Acid in Human Retinoblastoma Y79 Cells: Involvement of Oxidative Stress. Experimental Eye Research. 70(4), 503–517.
    Vladimirov, Y. A., Proskurnina, E. V., Demin, E. M., Matveeva, N. S., Lubitskiy, O. B., Novikov, A. A., Izmailov, D. Y., Osipov, A. N., Tikhonov, V. P., & Kagan, V. E. (2009). Dihydroquercetin (taxifolin) and other flavonoids as inhibitors of free radical formation at key stages of apoptosis. Biochemistry (Mosc), 74, 301–7.
    Violi F, Cangemi R, Brunelli A. (2005). Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol., 25(4), e37.
    Visnjic D., Batinic D. and Banfic H. (1997). Arachidonic acid mediates interferon-gamma-induced sphingomyelin hydrolysis and monocytic marker expression in HL-60 cell line. Blood, 89, 81–91.
    Volland S., Esteve-Rudd J., Hoo J., Yee C., and Williams D. S. (2015). A comparison of some organizational characteristics of the mouse central retina and the human macula. PLoS One. 10, e0125631.
    Voulgari, C., Papadogiannis, D., & Tentolouris, N. (2010). Diabetic cardiomyopathy: from the pathophysiology of the cardiac myocytes to current diagnosis and management strategies. Vascular health and risk management, 6, 883–903.
    Wang BS, Huang GJ, Tai HM, Huang MH. (2012). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extracts of Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq. Food Chem Toxicol. 50, 526–531.
    Wang C, Shi C, Yang X, Yang M, Sun H. (2014). Celastrol suppresses obesity process via increasing antioxidant capacity and improving lipid metabolism. Pharmacol. 744, 52–8.
    Wang CJ, Shiow SJ, Lin JK. (1991). Effects of crocetin on the hepatotoxicity and hepatic DNA binding of aflatoxin B1 in rats. Carcinogenesis, 12, 459–462.
    Wang J, Feng Y, Han P, Wang F, Luo X, Liang J, Sun X, Ye J, Lu Y, Sun X. (2018). Photosensitization of A2E triggers telomere dysfunction and accelerates retinal pigment epithelium senescence. Cell Death Dis., 9, 178.
    Wang, L. J., Su, S., Wu, J., Du, H., Li, S. S., Huo, J. W., Zhang, Y., & Wang, L. S. (2014). Variation of anthocyanins and flavonols in Vaccinium uliginosum berry in lesser Khingan Mountains and its antioxidant activity. Food Chem., 160, 357-364.
    Wang M., Wang X., Zhao L., Ma W., Rodriguez I.R., Fariss R.N., Wong W.T., (2014). Macroglia-microglia interactions via TSPO signaling regulates microglial activation in the mouse retina. Neurosci., 34, 3793–3806.
    Wang, Q., Sun, A. Y., Simonyi, A., Jensen, M. D., Shelat, P. B., Rottinghaus, G. E., MacDonald, R. S., Miller, D. K., Lubahn, D. E., Weisman, G. A., & Sun, G. Y. (2005). Neuroprotective mechanisms of curcumin against cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis and behavioral deficits. Neuroscience research. 82, 138–148.
    Wang, S., Wang, B., Feng, Y., Mo, M., Du, F., Li, H., & Yu, X. (2015). 17β-estradiol ameliorates light-induced retinal damage in Sprague–Dawley rats by reducing oxidative stress. Molecular Neuroscience, 55(1), 141–151.
    Wang T., Xiang Z., Wang Y., Li X., Fang C., Song S., Sheng J. (2017). Epigallocatechin gallate targets notch to attenuate the inflammatory response in the immediate early stage in human macrophages. Frontiers in Immunology, 8, 433.
    Wang Y., Zhang D., Liu Y.X., Wang D., Liu J., Ji B.P. (2015). The protective effects of berry-derived anthocyanins against visible light-induced damage in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Sci. Food Agr., 95 (5), 936-944.
    Wang Y., Huo Y.Z., Zhao L., Lu, Wang, X. Yang, Ji B.P., Zhou F. (2016). Cyanidin-3-glucoside and its phenolic acid metabolites attenuate visible light-induced retinal degeneration in vivo via activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and NF-B suppression. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 60(7), 1564-1577.
    Wang Y., Zhao L., Wang C.T., Hu J.M., Guo X.X., Zhang D., Wu W., Zhou F., Ji B.P. (2017). Protective effect of quercetin and chlorogenic acid, two polyphenols widely present in edible plant varieties, on visible light-induced retinal degeneration in vivo. Funct. Foods, 33, 103-111.
    Watson, J. L., Hill, R., Lee, P. W., Giacomantonio, C. A., & Hoskin, D. W. (2008). Curcumin induces apoptosis in HCT-116 human colon cancer cells in a p21-independent manner. Experimental and molecular pathology, 84, 230–233.
    Wei Q, Liang X, Peng Y, Yu D, Zhang R, Jin H et al., (2018). 17β-estradiol ameliorates oxidative stress and blue light-emitting diode-induced retinal degeneration by decreasing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 12, 2715—2730.
    Wei, Q., Liang, X., Peng, Y., Yu, D., Zhang, R., Jin, H., Fan, J., Cai, W., Ren, C., & Yu, J. (2011). Complement factor H binds malondialdehyde epitopes and protects from oxidative stress. Nature, 478, 76-81.
    Wenzel, A., Grimm, C., Samardzija, M., Reme, C.E., (2005). Molecular mechanisms of light-induced photoreceptor apoptosis and neuroprotection for retinal degeneration. Prog. Retin. Eye Res., 24, 275e306.
    Wenzel, E., Soldo, T., Erbersdobler, H., & Somoza, V. (2005). Bioactivity and metabolism of trans-resveratrol orally administered to Wistar rats. Mol Nutr Food Res. 49, 482–494.
    Westlund B. S., Cai B., Zhou J., Sparrow J. R. (2009). Involvement of c-Abl, p53 and the MAP kinase JNK in the cell death program initiated in A2E-laden ARPE-19 cells by exposure to blue light. Apoptosis, 14, 31–41.
    Wielgus A, Collier R, Martin E, Lih F, Tomer K, Chignell C, Roberts J. (2010). Blue light induced A2E oxidation in rat eyes-experimental animal model of dry AMD. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 9, 1505–1512.
    Wihlmark U, Wrigstad A, Roberg K, Nilsson SE, Brunk UT. (1997). Lipofuscin accumulation in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells causes enhanced sensitivity to blue light irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med., 22, 1229–1234.
    Wijeratne S.S., Abou-Zaid M.M., Shahidi F. (2006). Antioxidant polyphenols in almond and its coproducts. J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 312-318.
    Willcox JK, Catignani GL & Lazarus S. (2003). Tomatoes and cardiovascular health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 43, 1–18.
    Williams J. R., Leaver H. A., Ironside J. W., Miller E. P., Whittle I. R. and Gregor A. (1998). Apoptosis in human primary brain tumours: actions of arachidonic acid. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids, 58, 193–200.
    Williams RA, Brody BL, Thomas RG, Kaplan RM, Brown SI. (1998). The Psychosocial Impact of Macular Degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol, 116(4) 514–520.
    Woodbury, M. E., Freilich, R. W., Cheng, C. J., Asai, H., Ikezu, S., Boucher, J. D., Slack, F., & Ikezu, T. (2015). miR-155 Is Essential for Inflammation-Induced Hippocampal Neurogenic Dysfunction. Neurosci. 35, 9764–9781.
    Wolffram, S., de Boer, V. C., Dihal, A. A., van der Woude, H., Arts, I. C., Alink, G. M., Rietjens, I. M., Keijer, J., & Hollman, P. C. (2005). Tissue distribution of quercetin in rats and pigs. Nutrition, 135, 1718-1725.
    Wright, A. D. and Dodson, P. M. (2011). Medical management of diabetic retinopathy: fenofibrate and ACCORD Eye studies. Eye, 25(7), 843–849.
    Wu J.M., Seregard, S., Algvere P.V. (2006). Photochemical damage of the retina. Surv. Ophthalmol, 51, 461– 481.
    Wu M.R., Lin C.H., Ho J.D., Hsiao G., Cheng Y.W., (2018). Novel Protective Effects of Cistanche Tubulosa Extract Against Low-Luminance Blue Light-Induced Degenerative Retinopathy. Cell Physiol Biochem., 51, 63–79.
    Wu P.E., and Juurlink D.N. (2014). Carbon monoxide poisoning. CMAJ,186(8), 611.
    Wu W, Li Y, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Liu X. (2015). Lutein suppresses inflammatory responses through Nrf2 activation and NF-κB inactivation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 microglia. Mol Nutr Food Res., 59, 1663–1673.
    Wu X. and Hua X. (2014). Targeting ROS: selective killing of cancer cells by a cruciferous vegetable derived pro-oxidant compound. Cancer Biology & Therapy, 6(5), 646–647.
    Wu, Y., Fishkin, N. E., Pande, A., Pande, J., & Sparrow, J. R. (2009). Novel lipofuscin bisretinoids prominent in human retina and in a model of recessive Stargardt disease. Biol Chem., 284, 20155–20166.
    Wu Y., Zhou J., Fishkin N., Rittmann B.E., Sparrow J.R. (2011). Enzymatic Degradation of A2E, a Retinal Pigment Epithelial Lipofuscin Bisretinoid. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 849– 857.
    Xi W, Zhang G, Jiang D, Zhou Z. (2015). Phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) varieties cultivated in China. Int J Food Sci Nutr., 66, 858–866.
    Xiao JR, Do CW, To CH. (2014). Potential therapeutic effects of baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin in ocular disorders. Ocul Pharmacol Ther., 30(8), 605–14.
    Xia P., Aiello L., Ishii H. (1996). Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor’s effect on the activation ofprotein kinase C, its isoforms, and endothelial cell growth. Clinical Investigation., 98(9), 2018–2026.
    Xie, X., Feng, J., Kang, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, Y., Tang, Y. (2017). Taxifolin protects RPE cells against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Molecular vision, 23, 520–528.
    Xie Z. G., Wu X. W., Gong Y., Song Y., Qiu Q., Li C. (2007). Intraperitoneal injection of Ginkgo biloba extract enhances antioxidation ability of retina and protects photoreceptors after light-induced retinal damage in rats. Curr. Eye Res., 32, 471– 479.
    Xuan B, Zhou YH, LiN, Min ZD, Chiou GCY. (1999). Effects of crocin analogs on ocular blood flow and retinal function. Ocular Phamacol, 15, 143–152.
    Xu H, Chen M, Forrester JV. (2009). Para-inflammation in the aging retina. Prog Retin Eye Res., 28, 348–68.
    Xu J., Tu Y., Wang Y., Xu X., Sun X., Xie L., Zhao Q., Guo Y., Gu Y., Du J., Du S., Zhu M. (2020). Prodrug of epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates choroidal neovascularization via down-regulating HIF-1alpha/VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway and M1 type macrophage/microglia polarization. Biomed. Pharmacother, 121, 109606.
    Xu J., Wu L., Zheng X., Lu J., Wu M., Liang Y. (2010). Green tea polyphenols attenuating ultraviolet B–induced damage to human retinal pigment epithelial cells in vitro. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 51, 6665-6670.
    Yalin Wu, Jilin Zhou, Nathan Fishkin, Bruce E. Rittmann, Janet R. Sparrow. (2011). Enzymatic Degradation of A2E, a Retinal Pigment Epithelial Lipofuscin Bisretinoid. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(4), 849-857.
    Yang GY, Liao J, Li C, Chung J, Yurkow EJ, Ho CT, Yang CS. (2000). Effect of black and green tea polyphenols on c-jun phosphorylation and H(2)O(2) production in transformed and non-transformed human bronchial cell lines: possible mechanisms of cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. Carcinogenesis, 21, 2035–9.
    Yamaguchi F., Ariga T., Yoshimura Y., Nakazawa H. (2000). Antioxidative and anti-glycation activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48, 180-185.
    Yamakoshi J, Saito M, Kataoka S, Tokutake S. (2002). Procyanidin rich extract from grape seeds prevents cataract formation in hereditary cataractous (ICR/f) rats. Agric Food Chem., 50, 4983–4988.
    Yan Y, Ren Y, Li X, Zhang X, Guo H, Han Y. (2018). A polysaccharide from green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) protects human retinal endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 115, 600-607.
    Yan X., Chuda Y., Suzuki M., Nagata T. (1999). Fucoxanthin as the major antioxidant in Hijikia fusiformis. Biosci., Biotechnol., Biochem., 63, 605−607.
    Yang, B., Fritsche, K. L., Beversdorf, D. Q., Gu, Z., Lee, J. C., Folk, W. R., Greenlief, C. M., & Sun, G. Y. (2019). Yin-Yang Mechanisms Regulating Lipid Peroxidation of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid in the Central Nervous System. Front. Neurol., 10, 624.
    Yang SJ, Jo H, Kim JG, Jung SH. (2014). Baicalin attenuates laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Curr Eye Res. 39(7), 745–51.
    Yao, J., Bi, H. E., Sheng, Y., Cheng, L. B., Wendu, R. L., Wang, C. H., Jiang, Q. (2013). Ultraviolet (UV) and hydrogen peroxide activate ceramide-ER stress-AMPK signaling axis to promote retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell apoptosis. Molecular sciences, 14(5), 10355–10368.
    Yamamoto, H., Watanabe, T., Mizuno, H., Endo, K., Fukushige, J., Hosokawa, T., Kazusaka, A., & Fujita, S. (2001). The antioxidant effect of DL-alpha-lipoic acid on copper-induced acute hepatitis in Long-Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats. Free Radic Res. 34, 69–80.
    Yamada K, Sakurai E, Itaya M, Yamasaki S, Ogura Y. (2007). In-hibition of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization byatorvastatin by downregulation of monocyte chemotacticprotein-1 synthesis in mice.Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 48, 1839–1843.
    Yang Y., Qin Y.J., Yip Y.W.Y., Chan K.P., Chu K.O., Chu W.K., Chan S.O. (2016). Green tea catechins are potent anti‐oxidants that ameliorate sodium iodate‐induced retinal degeneration in rats. Scientific Report, 6, 29546.
    Ye Z., Zhang J., Townsend D., & Tew K. (2015). Oxidative stress, redox regulation and diseases of cellular differentiation. Biochimica et biophysica acta, 1850(8), 1607–1621.
    Yen G., Chuang D. (2000). Antioxidant properties of water extracts from Cassia tora L. in relation to the degree of roasting. Agric Food Chem. 48, 2760–2765.
    Yiğit M., Güneş A., Uğuz C., Yalçın T, Tök L., Öz A., & Nazıroğlu M. (2019). Effects of astaxanthin on antioxidant parameters in ARPE-19 cells on oxidative stress model. Ophthalmology, 12(6), 930–935.
    Ying-qin Ni, Ge-zhi Xu, Wen-zheng Hu, Le Shi, Yao-wu Qin, Cui-di Da. (2008). Neuroprotective Effects of Naloxone against Light-Induced Photoreceptor Degeneration through Inhibiting Retinal Microglial Activation. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 49(6), 2589-2598.
    Shen, Y., Zhao, H., Wang, Z., Guan, W., Kang, X., Tai, X., & Sun, Y. (2019). Silibinin declines blue light-induced apoptosis and inflammation through MEK/ERK/CREB of retinal ganglion cells. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 47(1), 4059-4065.
    Yonekawa Y., Miller J., Kim I. (2015). Age‐related macular degeneration: advances in management and diagnosis. Clin Med., 4, 343–359.
    Yong W., Liang Z., Chengtao W., Jimei H., Xiaoxuan G., ZhangD. (2017). Protective effect of quercetin and chlorogenic acid, two polyphenols widely present in edible plant varieties, on visible light-induced retinal degeneration in vivo. Functional Foods, 33,103-111.
    Yong Wang, Hye Jin Kim, Janet R. Sparrow. (2017). Quercetin and cyanidin-3-glucoside protect against photooxidationand photodegradation of A2E in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Experimental Eye Research. 160, 45-55.
    Yoon K.D., Yamamoto K., Zhou J.L., Sparrow J.R. (2011). Photo-products of retinal pigment epithelial bisretinoids react with cellular thiols. Mol. Vis., 17(201), 1839-1849.
    Yorek, M. A., Coppey, L. J., Gellett, J. S., Davidson, E. P., & Lund, D. D. (2004). Effect of fidarestat and alpha-lipoic acid on diabetes-induced epineurial arteriole vascular dysfunction. Experimental diabesity research, 5(2), 123–135.
    Youngblood H, Robinson R, Sharma A, Sharma S. (2019). Proteomic Biomarkers of Retinal Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci., 20(19), 4755.
    Youn H.J., Kim H.S., Jeon M.H., Jung L., Seo Y.J., Lee Y.J. (2005). Induction of caspase-independent apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyocytes by adriamycin treatment. Mol. Cell Biochem. 270, 13–19.
    You SP, Ma L, Zhao J, Zhang SL, Liu T. (2016). Phenylethanol Glycosides from Cistanche tubulosa Suppress Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Block the Conduction of Signaling Pathways in TGF-beta1/smad as Potential Anti-Hepatic Fibrosis Agents. Molecules, 21, 102.
    Yue B., Kawa J., Chang I., Sawaguchi S., Fishman G. (1991). Effects of chondroitin sulfate on cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Biology. International Reports, 15(5), 365–376.
    Yu C., Nandrot E., Dun Y., Finnemann S. (2012). Dietary antioxidants prevent age-related retinal pigment epithelium actin damage and blindness in mice lacking αvβ5 integrin. Free Radic. Biol., 52, 660-670.
    Yu J, Song J, Wang N, Wu Z, Zhang Q, Zhang N. (2012). Implication of gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 33(5), 1014.e11–1014.e14.
    Young, R. W. and Bok, D. (1969). Participation of the retinal pigment epithelium in the rod outer segment renewal process. Cell Biol., 42, 392–403.
    Zeng N, Tong B, Zhang X, Dou Y, Wu X, Xia Y, Dai Y, Wei Z. (2015). Antiarthritis effect of morin is associated with inhibition of synovial angiogensis. Drug Dev Res., 76, 463–73.
    Zhan L, Yan H, Zhou H, Sun W, Hou Q, Xu E. (2013). Hypoxic preconditioning attenuates neuronal cell death by preventing MEK/ERK signaling pathway activation after transient global cerebral ischemia in adult rats. Mol Neurobiol., 48(1), 109–119.
    Zhang, B., Qiu, Q., Yin, L., Yao, Y., Wang, C., & Wu, X. (2014). Measurement of retinal function with flash-electroretinography in Chinese patients with hyperlipidemia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 252, 1385–1392.
    Zhang S, Sanders E, Fliesler S, Wang J. (2014). Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein responses in retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res., 125, 30–40.
    Zhang, W., Song, J., Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Yang, J., He, G., & Chen, S. (2018). Intermittent high glucose-induced oxidative stress modulates retinal pigmented epithelial cell autophagy and promotes cell survival via increased HMGB1. ophthalmology, 18(1), 192.
    Zhang Y. and Talalay P. (1998). Mechanism of differential potencies of isothiocyanates as inducers of anticarcinogenic Phase 2 enzymes. Cancer Res., 58, 4632–4639.
    Zhang, Y. X., Wang, L., Xiao, E. L., Li, S. J., Chen, J. J., Gao, B., Min, G. N., Wang, Z. P., & Wu, Y. J. (2013). Ginsenoside-Rd exhibits anti-inflammatory activities through elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities and inhibition of JNK and ERK activation in vivo. Immunopharmacol, 17, 1094–1100.
    Zhang Z.T., Cao X.B., Xiong N., Wang H.C., Huang J.S., Sun S.G., Wang T. (2010). Morin exerts neuroprotective actions in Parkinson disease models in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol, 31, 900-906.
    Zhao, L., Wang, C., Song, D., Li, Y., Song, Y., Su, G., & Dunaief, J. L. (2014). Systemic administration of the antioxidant/iron chelator α-lipoic acid protects against light-induced photoreceptor degeneration in the mouse retina. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 55(9), 5979–5988.
    Zhao Q, Gao J, Li W, Cai D. (2010). Neurotrophic and neurorescue effects of Echinacoside in the subacute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res, 1346, 224-236.
    Zhao, Q., Yang, X., Cai, D., Ye, L., Hou, Y., Zhang, L., Cheng, J., Shen, Y., Wang, K., & Bai, Y. (2016). Echinacoside Protects Against MPP(+)-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis via ROS/ATF3/CHOP Pathway Regulation. Neurosci Bull, 32, 349-362.
    Zhao R., Chen Z., Jia G., Li J., Cai Y., Shao X. (2011). Protective effects of diosmetin extracted from Galium verum L. on the thymus of U14-bearing mice. Can. Physiol. Pharmacol, 89, 665–673.
    Zhao, Z., Sun, T., Jiang, Y., Wu, L., Cai, X., Sun, X., & Sun, X. (2014). Photooxidative damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells via GRP78 and the protective role of grape skin polyphenols. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 74, 216-224.
    Zhong J., Yang L., Lu F., Xiao H., Xu R., Wang L., Zhu F., Zhang Y. (2011). UVA, UVB and UVC induce differential response signaling pathways converged on the eIF2α phosphorylation. Photochem. Photobiol, 87, 1092–1104.
    Zhang ZJ, Wang Z, Zhang XY, Ying K, Liu JX, Wang YY. (2005). Gene expression profile induced by oral administration of baicalin and gardenin after focal brain
    ischemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin, 26, 307-314.
    Zhou, J., Jang, Y. P., Kim, S. R., & Sparrow, J. R. (2006). Complement activation by photooxidation products of A2E, a lipofuscin constituent of the retinal pigment epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci., 103, 16182–16187.
    Zhou WJ, Yu YZ, Xu Z, Zou XL, Li DD, Zou YP. (2018). Role of mitochondrial DNA in human retinal pigment epithelium cells apoptosis induced by blue light. Exp Ophthalmol, 4(36), 267–272.
    Zhu, X. X., Ding, Y. H., Wu, Y., Qian, L. Y., Zou, H., & He, Q. (2016). Silibinin: a potential old drug for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 1(8), 1323–1330.
    Ziegler D, Reljanovic M, Mehnert H, Gries FA. (1999). Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, 107, 421–430.
    Zou XL, Wang GF, Li WL, Pi RB, Yu YZ, Zou YP. (2014). Anti-apoptosis effect of lipoic acid-niacin diad on acrolein-induced apoptosis in ARPE-19 cells. Pract Med., 30(15), 2381–2383.
    Zou, X., Gao, J., Zheng, Y., Wang, X., Chen, C., Cao, K., Xu, J., Li, Y., Lu, W., Liu, J., & Feng, Z. (2014). Zeaxanthin induced Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes in protection of cell death. Cell Death Dis., 5, e1218.
    Zou X.L., Yu Y.Z., Yu H.H., Wang G.F., Pi R.B., Xu Z., Zou Y.P. (2019). Protective effects of lipoic acid-niacin dimers against blue light-induced oxidative damage to retinal pigment epithelium cells. Ophthalmology, 12(8), 1262–1271.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE