近十年來，文化觀光市場的扁平化，體驗經濟當道，伴隨著創意概念而興起的相關發展策略，如創意產業和創意城市等，成為全球城市及文化觀光景點的熱門選擇。本研究遂探討文化資源稀少的後工業城市，如何將工業遺產的活化策略，結合學者Greg Richards提出的創意空間、創意奇觀與創意觀光三種發展模式，來塑造城市與遺產的獨特性，並在全球市場中保有相對的競爭優勢。
　　筆者以英國鐵橋谷與德國關稅同盟礦區為例，蒐集個案與體驗經濟相關的活化證據，分析在不同的歷史脈絡、資源規模及政治環境等條件下，三項創意模式同工業遺產結合的規畫要點，包括空間與實體建物、工業文化資源與社區居民的運用，了解三項創意模式搭配進行的操作方式。接著，經由跨個案的比較之後，試圖建構出一個客觀、以證據為基礎，且能普遍適用於其它工業遺產的「創意活化框架」，來了解創意、觀光與地方發展的關係，工業遺產於地方發展所扮演的重要角色，以及促成工業遺產永續發展的關鍵。

In recent decades, the problems of cultural tourism and the raise of experience economy making the ideas of creativity, such as creative industries and creative city, become popular strategies to many cities and cultural attractions in the world. Therefore, this paper aims at discussing how to combine the creative turn: creative spaces, creative spectacles and creative tourism introduced by Greg Richards with the adaptive-reuse of industrial heritages, to assist the post-industrial sites in shaping uniqueness and maintaining competitive advantages in the global market.
Taking Ironbridge Gorge from the UK and the Zeche Zollverein from Germany as two cases, the research is based on the evidences related to experience economy, to discuss how to organize the unused spaces, cultural resources and local community of the post-industrial cities in different social and politics contexts. After the cross-case study, the author will build up a creative framework of industrial heritage to reexamine the important role of industrial heritages to the post-industrial cities and to conclude the crucial points to the sustainable development of industrial heritage.

外文部分

Allingham, P. (2009). Experiential strategies for the survival of small cities in Europe. European Planning Studies, 17(6), 905-923.
Alonso, A. D., O'Neill, M. A., & Kim, K. (2010). In search of authenticity: a case examination of the transformation of Alabama's Langdale cotton mill into an industrial heritage tourism attraction. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 5(1), 33-48.
Andersson, Å. E. (2006). The economics of experiences, the arts and entertainment. UK: Edward Elgar.
Bianchini, F., & Parkinson, M. (Eds.). (1993). Cultural policy and urban regeneration: the West European experience. UK: Manchester University Press.
Bonn, M. A., Joseph-Mathews, S. M., Dai, M., Hayes, S., & Cave, J. (2007). Heritage/cultural attraction atmospherics: Creating the right environment for the heritage/cultural visitor. Journal of Travel Research, 45(3), 345-354.
Cantell, S. F. (2005). The adaptive reuse of historic industrial buildings: regulation barriers, best practices and case studies. (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University).
Crewe, L., & Beaverstock, J. (1998). Fashioning the city: cultures of consumption in contemporary urban spaces. Geoforum, 29(3), 287-308.
Den Dekker, T., & Tabbers, M. (2012). From creative crowds to creative tourism: a search for creative tourism in small and medium sized cities. Journal of Tourism Consumption and Practice, 4(2), 129-132.
De Vaus, D. (2001). Research design in social research. London: SAGE.
Dicken, P. (2003). Global shift: reshaping the global economic map in the 21st century. London: SAGE.
Dicks, B. (2003). Heritage, governance and marketization: a case-study from Wales. Museum and Society, 1(1), 30-44.
Duxbury, N., & Murray, C. (2010). Creative spaces. London: SAGE.
Edwards, J. A. (1996). Mines and quarries: industrial heritage tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(2), 341-363.
Evans, G. (2005). Measure for measure: evaluating the evidence of culture's contribution to regeneration. Urban Studies, 42(5-6), 959-983.
Evans, G. L. (2009). From cultural quarters to creative clusters–creative spaces in the new city economy. The sustainability and development of cultural quarters: International perspectives. Institute of Urban History, Stockholm, 32-59.
Evans, G. L. (2011). Cities of culture and the regeneration game. London Journal of Tourism, Sport and Creative Industries, 5(6), 5-18.
Fillis, I. (2009). Entrepreneurial crafts and the tourism industry. Tourism and Entrepreneurship: International Perspectives, 133-149.
Gilmore, J. H., & Pine, B. J. (2007). Authenticity: what consumers really want (Vol. 1). Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity (Vol. 14). Oxford: Blackwell.
Hewison, R. (1987). The heritage industry: Britain in a climate of decline. London: Methuen.
Hitters, E., & Richards, G. (2002). The creation and management of cultural clusters. Creativity and Innovation Management, 11(4), 234-247.
Hospers, G. J. (2002). Industrial heritage tourism and regional restructuring in the European Union. European Planning Studies, 10(3), 397-404.
Ivanovic, M. (2008). Cultural tourism. South Africa: Juta and Company Ltd.
Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2001). Blaenavon and United Nations World Heritage Site status: is conservation of industrial heritage a road to local economic development?. Regional Studies, 35(6), 585-590.
Jones, P., & Evans, J. (2008). Urban regeneration in the UK. London: SAGE.
Kearns, G., & Philo, C. (1993). Culture, history, capital: a critical introduction to the selling of places. Selling Places: the City as Cultural Capital, Past and Present, 1-32.
Kilper, H., & Wood, G. (1995). Restructuring policies: the Emscher Park International Building Exhibition. The Rise of the Rustbelt, 208-230.
Knapp, W. (1998). The Rhine‐Ruhr area in transformation: towards a European metropolitan region?. European Planning Studies, 6(4), 379-393.
Kunzmann, K. R. (2004). Culture, creativity and spatial planning. Town Planning Review, 75(4), 383-404.
Landry, C. (2008). The creative city: a toolkit for urban innovators. London: Earthscan.
Lange, B. (2012). Field configuring events-culturepreneurs, space and professionalization in Berlin. MM Nieuws, 14(2), 26.
Lash, S., & Urry, J. (1994). Economies of signs and space (Vol. 26). London: SAGE.
Leary, M. E., & McCarthy, J. (Eds.). (2013). The routledge companion to urban regeneration. NY: Routledge.
Lee, C. B. (2009). Cultural policy as regeneration approach in western cities: a case study of Liverpool's RopeWalks. Geography Compass, 3(1), 495-517.
Light, D. F. (1991). Heritage places in Wales and their interpretation: a study in applied recreational geography. (Doctoral dissertation, University College of Swansea).
Loures, L., Horta, D., Santos, A., & Panagopoulos, T. (2006). Strategies to reclaim derelict industrial areas. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 2(5), 599-604.
Maitland, R. (2010). Everyday life as a creative experience in cities. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 4(3), 176-185.
McKercher, B., Cros, H. D., & McKercher, R. B. (2002). Cultural tourism: the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. NY: Haworth Hospitality Press.
Mommaas, H. (2004). Cultural clusters and the post-industrial city: towards the remapping of urban cultural policy. Urban Studies, 41(3), 507-532.
Montgomery, J. (2003). Cultural quarters as mechanisms for urban regeneration. Part 1: conceptualising cultural quarters. Planning, Practice & Research, 18(4), 293-306.
Montgomery, J. (2004). Cultural quarters as mechanisms for urban regeneration. Part 2: a review of four cultural quarters in the UK, Ireland and Australia. Planning, Practice & Research, 19(1), 3-31.
Patton, M. Q. (1987). How to use qualitative methods in evaluation (Vol. 4). Newbury Park, Calif: SAGE.
Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). Welcome to the experience economy. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
Porter, M. E. (1998). Clusters and the new economics of competition (Vol. 76, No. 6, pp. 77-90). Watertown: Harvard Business Review.
Pratt, A. C. (2000). New media, the new economy and new spaces. Geoforum,31(4), 425-436.
Prentice, R., & Andersen, V. (2003). Festival as creative destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 7-30.
Ray, C. (1998). Culture, intellectual property and territorial rural development. Sociologia Ruralis, 38(1), 3-20.
Revill, G. (1994). Promoting the forest of dean: art, ecology and the industrial landscape. Place Promotion: the Use of Publicity and Marketing to Sell Towns and Regions. Chichester: John Wiley, 233-45.
Richards, G. W., & Raymond, C. (2000). Creative tourism. ATLAS News, 23, 16-20.
Richards, G. (2001). The experience industry and the creation of attractions. Cultural Attractions and European Tourism, 55-69.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001. Urban Studies, 41(10), 1931-1951.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2006). Developing creativity in tourist experiences: a solution to the serial reproduction of culture?. Tourism Management, 27(6), 1209-1223.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2007a). The creative turn in regeneration: creative spaces, spectacles and tourism in cities. Tourism, Culture and Regeneration. Wallingford: CABI, 12-24.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (Eds.). (2007b). Tourism, creativity and development. London: Routledge.
Richards, G. (2009a) Creativity and the art of distinction. Retrieved from https://independent.academia.edu/gregrichards/Creative-Tourism-Publications
Richards, G. (2009b) Creative tourism and local development. Retrieved from https://independent.academia.edu/gregrichards/Creative-Tourism-Publications
Palmer, R., & Richards, G. (2010). Eventful cities. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
Richards, G. (2011). Creativity and tourism: The state of the art. Annals of tourism research, 38(4), 1225-1253.
Richards, G. (2012). Tourism, creativity and creative industries. Retrieved from https://independent.academia.edu/gregrichards/Creative-Tourism-Publications
Richards, G. (2013a). Creativity and tourism in the city. Current Issues in Tourism, (ahead-of-print), 1-26.
Richards, G. (2013b). Events and the means of attention. Journal of Tourism Research & Hospitality 2:2.
Richards, G. (2014). Festival in the network society. Retrieved from https://independent.academia.edu/gregrichards/Events-and-Eventful-Cities-Publications
Rodwin, L. (1991). Industrialization change and regional economic transformation: the experience of the Western Europe. London: HarperCollins Academic.
Roodhouse, S. (Ed.). (2010). Cultural quarters: principles and practice. UK: Intellect Books.
Rowthorn, R., & Ramaswamy, R. (1997). Deindustrialization: causes and implications. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.
Sacco, P. L., Ferilli, G., & Blessi, G. (2011). Culture 3.0: a new perspective for the EU 2014–2020 structural funds programming. DG Culture on Behalf of EENC. Retrieved from http://www.eenc.info/eencdocs/papers-2/culture-3-0- -a-new-perspective-for-theeu-2014-2020-structural-funds-programming.
Stake, R. E. (1978). The case study method in social inquiry. Educational Researcher, 7(2), 5-8.
Stebbins, R. A. (1997). Identity and cultural tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 450-452.
Smith, M. K. (Ed.). (2006). Tourism, culture and regeneration. UK: CABI.
Smith, M. M. (2009). Issues in cultural tourism studies. London: Routledge.
Stobart, J., & Ball, R. (1998). Tourism and local economic development. Beyond the conventional view. Local Economy, 13(3), 228-238.
Storm, A. (2008). Hope and rust: reinterpreting the industrial place in the late 20th century. (Doctoral dissertation, KTH).
Stratton, M. (Ed.). (2000). Industrial buildings: conservation and regeneration. London: Taylor & Francis.
Sýkora, M., Holický, M., & Marková, J. (2010). Advanced assessment of industrial heritage buildings for sustainable cities’ development. Paper presented at the meeting of the CESB 10 Prague Conference, Czech Republic.
Throsby, D. (2010). The economics of cultural policy. UK: Cambridge University Press.
Timothy, D. J. (2011). Cultural heritage and tourism: an introduction (Vol. 4). Bristol; Buffalo: Channel View Publications.
Urry, J. (1990). The tourist Gaze: leisure and travel in contemporary societies. London: SAGE
Van Aalst, I., & van Melik, R. (2012). City festivals and urban development: does place matter?. European Urban and Regional Studies, 19(2), 195-206.
Vickery, J. (2007). The emergence of culture-led regeneration: a policy concept and its discontents. Coventry: CCPS
Yin, R. K. (1989). Case study research: design and methods, applied social research method series. 5. USA: SAGE.
Yin, R. K. (2003). Case study research: design and methods (Vol. 5). California: SAGE.
Zukin, S. (1995). The cultures of cities. Cambridge: Blackwell
Zukin, S. (2009). Naked city: the death and life of authentic urban places. UK: Oxford University Press.

中文部分

文芸、傅朝卿（2013）。當代社會中遺產價值的保存與維護。建築學報，84，77-96。
林曉薇（2008）。文化景觀保存與城鄉發展之研究-以英國世界文化遺產巴那文工業地景為例。都市與計劃, ，5(3)，205-225。
周文欽（1990）。研究方法概論。台北：國立空中大學。
郭姿麟（2013）。德國與奧地利的文化硬底子。載於郭姿麟、孔憲法、陳志宏著，歐洲文化首都：這些年教我們的事（頁104-133）。臺北市：遠流。
曾小英（1996）。英國的生態博物館舉隅－鐵橋谷博物館。博物館學季刊，10（1），30-40。
曾梓峰（2004）。工業文化遺產再利用與地方活化發展－德國魯爾區再發展的經驗。載於王玉豐主編，揭開昨日工業的面紗 : 工業遺址的保存與再造（頁30–44）。高雄市：科學工藝博物館。
張譽騰（2004）。世界第一座鐵橋－鐵橋谷博物館得成功與危機。載於王玉豐主編，揭開昨日工業的面紗 : 工業遺址的保存與再造（頁46–58）。高雄市：科學工藝博物館。
傅朝卿（2004）。工業遺產再生論－探索世界工業文化遺產之保存與永續經營。載於王玉豐主編，揭開昨日工業的面紗 : 工業遺址的保存與再造（頁18–29）。高雄市：科學工藝博物館。
葉乃嘉（2008）。研究方法的第一本書－從知識管理進入研究工作的遊戲規則 (二版)。臺北市：五南。
劉以德（審譯）（2010）。文化觀光：觀光與文化遺產管理（原作者：McKercher, B., Cros, H. D.）。臺北市：桂魯。（原著出版年：2002）
劉以德（審譯）（2012）。文化節慶管理。（原作者：Palmer, R., & Richards, G.）臺北市：桂魯。（原著出版年：2010）
劉以德（審譯）（2014）。文化觀光學。（原作者：Smith, M. M.）臺北市：桂魯。（原著出版年：2009）
歐用生（1989）。質的研究。台北：師大書苑。
楊敏芝、林曉薇（2012a）。鐵橋谷博物館群。載於楊敏芝、林曉薇主編借鏡－產業文化資產保存與再利用國外案例彙編（頁88-111）。臺中市：文化資產局。
楊敏芝、林曉薇（2012b）。德國埃森工業文化路徑關稅同盟煤礦工業區。載於楊敏芝、林曉薇主編借鏡－產業文化資產保存與再利用國外案例彙編（頁130-147）。臺中市：文化資產局。
楊凱成（2006a）。塑造文化經濟的新地標：魯爾區關稅同盟礦區案例分析。載於楊凱成主編，廢墟的再生：工業遺產再利用國外案例探索（頁130-147）。台北：行政院文化建設委員會。
楊凱成（2006b）。一個產業文化資產分析架構的嘗試。載於楊凱成主編，廢墟的再生：工業遺產再利用國外案例探索（頁130-147）。台北：行政院文化建設委員會。
劉藍玉（2009）。德國文化資產管理制度現況及案例。博物館學季刊，23（4），65-87。
廖揆祥（2012）。德國文化政策的發展與特色。巴黎視野，十八，6-15。

網路部分
英國
http://www.museumsandheritage.com/show/awards
http://sandfordaward.org/
http://artsandbusiness.bitc.org.uk/about-ab
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/371/documents/
http://www.ironbridgegorgewhs.co.uk/about-us.html
http://artisans-at-fusion.org/
http://www.mawscraftcentre.co.uk/。
http://www.emftechnology.co.uk/special-effects/world-heritage-site-projections/attachment/ironbridge-sept-2010/。
http://www.shropshiretourism.co.uk/shropshire-news/newarticle.php?id=1735
http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/
http://www.ironbridge.org.uk/plan-your-visit/
https://www.facebook.com/theironbridgegorgemuseums?fref=ts

德國
https://www.facebook.com/Zeche.Zollverein.Essen?ref=ts&fref=ts
http://www.metropoleruhr.de/　
http://www.ruhr-tourismus.de/
http://www.zollverein.de/
http://www.ruhrmuseum.de/index.jsp
http://www.pact-zollverein.de/ueber-uns/geschichte
http://www.casino-zollverein.de/
http://en.red-dot.org/
http://www.extraschicht.de/
http://www.landschaftspark.de/startseite
http://www.gasometer.de/de/
http://www.shropshirestar.com/
http://www.shropshirelive.com/　
http://www.expressandstar.com/　
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/england/shropshire/
https://www.facebook.com/theironbridgegorgemuseums?fref=ts　
http://www.iba.nrw.de/iba/daten.htm
http://www.folkwang-uni.de/en/home/hochschule/about-folkwang/locations/
https://www.uni-due.de/studienangebote/studienangebote_23657.shtml

研究報告與出版品
英國
「Annual Review 2008」
「Annual Review2009」
「Annual Review2010」
「Annual Review2011」
「Annual Review2012」
「Strategic Plan 2010-2014」
「Marketing the Ironbridge Gorge Museums」
「Find Your Talent Programme 2008-10」

德國
《Zollverein：Von der Kohle zur Kultur》
「ExtraSchicht Besucherbefragung2011」
「ExtraSchicht Besucherbefragung2012」
「ExtraSchicht Besucherbefragung2013」
「Extraschicht auf dem UNESCO Welterbe Zollverein 2013」
「Spielortprogramm ExtraSchicht Essen2014」
「ExtraSchicht – The Night of Industrial Culture」
「Extraschicht Evaluation：Facts & Figures」