近年來氣候變遷所造成的極端氣候現象已是無法逃避的風險，聯合國提出了減緩以及調適作為回應之方案，因此本文選擇以歐盟的海岸帶調適管理作為討論之案例，以此案例討論歐盟的多層級合作關係。
自1980年代開始逐漸成形的歐盟多層級治理模式，在整合性海岸帶管理策略中再度的呈現，在共同體層級、區域層級以及國家層級的內部以及層級間確實存在著合作關係，新自由制度主義理論認為國家會選擇以絕對利益作為考量，當對其本身所付出之成本有降低之效益時，國家便會選擇合作；由執委會所主導的整合性海岸帶管理策略便是以此立場做為吸引各國合作之動機，共同體提供了技術、經驗以及經費的補助，並提醒各沿海成員國海岸帶管理與國土安全的直接連結，使各成員國願意投入各個不同層級的海岸帶管理策略行動之中。
2008年開始的金融海嘯衝擊了歐盟許多國家，如本文案例國葡萄牙，可能因此而減少海岸帶管理策略的預算，雖然這是一個潛在的阻力，但多層級治理的模式已成形，會員國間的合作與協調已成習慣，再加上現行的共同政策所帶來的溢出效果，歐盟的整合性海岸帶管理策略合作關係將繼續擴大並越趨穩定，最終將朝共同政策之模式邁進。

In recent years, climate change give rise to the extreme weather events is inescapable risk, and the United Nations proposed two response program – mitigation and adaptation. So this paper chooses the case of the EU’s coastal zone management, in order to discuss the EU's multi-level cooperation model.
Since the 1980s, the EU multi-level governance started in shape, and it present in integrated coastal zone management strategy again, and cooperate within the community level, regional level and national level. The neo-liberal institutionalism propose that the State will consider absolute benefit by itself, when the benefit is higher than the cost, the state will choose cooperate to others. The integrated coastal zone management strategy is dominated by the European Commission, and it is the best case to prove the absolute benefit can attract cooperation. The community provides the technology skills, experiences and funding, and reminds to members that the coastal zone management and territory safety are direct link, so that all members are willing to join to different levels coastal zone management strategies.
The financial tsunami was started at 2008, many EU countries, for example this paper’s case - Portugal, they will reduce the budget of coastal zone management because the financial tsunami. Although financial tsunami is just a potential resistance, the multi-level governance model has been formed, and cooperation and coordination between the member states has been a habit, coupled with the common policy spill over effects all push the EU integrated coastal zone management strategies success. And cooperative relations will continue to expand and become more stable and will eventually move towards a common policy model.

壹、中文文獻
一、專書
王皓昱，1997，《歐洲合眾國－歐洲政治統合理想之實踐》，台北：揚智文化。
李河清，(2006)，＜歐盟與環境:以京都議定書為例＞，張亞中主編，《歐盟全球戰 略與對外關係》，台北：晶典文化事業出版社。
李易駿，2006，《社會政策與立法十五講》，台中：作者自印。
張亞中，1998，《歐洲統合：政府間主義與超國家主義的互動》，台北揚智。
鄒慶治，2002，《多重管制視角下的歐洲聯盟政治》，山東：山東大學出版社。
劉文秀、汪曙申，2007，《歐洲聯盟多層治理的理論與實踐》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。
劉泓，2008，《歐洲聯盟：一種新型人們共同體的建構》，北京：中國社會科學出版社。

二、研究報告
申永順，2008，＜氣候變遷-減緩及調適：國際溫室氣體調適議題之風險分析模式與策略評估＞，《財團法人中技社》，台北：財團法人中技社。
葉俊明、鍾寬茂，2009，＜水源涵養與地下水庫規劃＞，《經濟部水利署出國報告》。
三、期刊與會議論文
吳志中，2000，＜歐洲安全的新支柱--西歐聯盟＞，《認識歐洲》，第6期，頁39-49。
林水波，2004，＜政黨政策主張的變遷模式－台灣的個案分析＞，《行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告》，國立台灣大學政治學系暨研究所。
郭彥廉，2008，＜聯合國發展規劃署氣候變遷調適策略綱領與其應用＞，《法制論叢》，第42期，頁41-65。
陳麗娟，2010，〈從歐盟觀點探討歐洲債信危機〉，《遠景基金會歐俄非策略小組研討論文》，頁4-9。
許琇媛，2010，＜歐洲聯盟的多層級治理特質＞，2010年地方自治新局的開創與展望學術研討會，東海大學政治系。
許琇媛，2003，＜歐盟多層級治理模式－以德國下薩克森邦結構基金的運作為例＞，《淡江人文社會學刊》，第十六期，頁77-108。
黃榮源，2007，＜全球治理體系的下層建構：「歐盟區域委員會」(CoR)之探討＞，第二屆「全球化與行政治理」國際學術研討會，開南大學公共事務管理學系暨公共事務研究中心。
黃偉峰，2003，＜剖析歐洲聯盟正在成型的治理體系＞，《歐美研究》，第三十三卷，第二期，頁291-344。
廖坤榮，2009，＜書評：Multi-level Governance 〔多層次治理〕edited by Ian Bache and Matthew Flinders〔埃安．巴賀、馬修．福林德斯(編)〕(Oxford University Press, 2004, Paperback, 237pp.)＞，《台灣民主季刊》，第六卷，第二期，頁251-255。
劉文秀、汪曙申，2007，＜歐洲聯盟多層治理的理論與實踐＞，《中國人民大學學報》，第4期，p.212-213。
藍玉春，2005，＜歐盟多層次治理：論點與現象＞，《政治科學論叢》，第二十四期，頁49-76。
藍玉春，2001，＜解析歐盟阿姆斯特丹條約＞，《政治科學論叢》，第十五期頁15-44。
顧洋等，2008，＜地球暖化調適策略發展現況分析＞，《永續產業發展》，第41期，頁22-27。

四、報刊
中廣新聞網，2011，葡萄牙獲IMF金援紓困 但需人民犧牲配合。5月6日。
中國日報，2008，金融危機衝擊下 歐盟面臨四大難題。11月11日。
自由時報，2011，葡獲抒困 歐盟與IMF支應1160億美元。5月5日。

貳、西文文獻
Alexandrov, Vesselin, 2008, “Adaptation of Irrigation under climate change in Bulgaria”, pp.1-35, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (NIMH).
Annual report Rijkswaterstaat, 2009.
Ballinger, Rhoda, 2008, “Report Spatial planning and ICZM in North West Europe”, Cardiff University.
Carter, Timothy R, and Kankaanpaa, Susanna, 2003,“A Preliminary Examination of Adaptation to Climate Change in Finland”, pp.1-35, Suomen Ymparistokeskus.
Commission of the European communities, 2007, “Adapting to climate change in Europe – options for EU action”, pp.1-27.
Daniell, Katherine Anne, 2009, “Aiding multi-level decision-making processes for climate change mitigation and adaptatio n”, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol6, pp.2-3.
Defra, 2008, “Adapting to climate change in England A framework for Action”, pp.1-52, UK the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
Defra, 2010, “Adapting to Coastal Change - Developing a Policy Framework”, p.13-14.
Defra, 2007, “summary of responses to the consultation on proposals to improve access to the English coast”, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.
Department of Planning and Community Development, 2010, “Coastal Climate Change Advisory Committee - issues and options paper main report”, p.20-21.
Department of the Environment, 1992, “Planning Policy Guidance 20 - Coastal Planning”, p.5-6.
Defra, LGA Coastal SIG, Coastal Partnerships Working Group, 2008, “The Financial Benefits to Working in Partnership at the Coastal ”, Entec.
Doody, Pat, and Randall, Roland, 2003, “Guidance for the Management of Coastal Vegetated Shingle”, p.10.
Dutch government department, 2005, “EU Recommendation concerning the Implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe Report on Implementation in the Netherlands”, The Hague.
EC Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, 2009, The economics of climate change adaptation in EU coastal areas.
Ecologic Institute, 2007, “Regional Consultation Workshop on the Commission's Green Paper： Adapting to Climate Change in Europe – Options for EU Action”, pp.1-27, EU.
EEA, 2005, “Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Europe”, pp.1-84, EEA Technical report No.7, EU.
EEA, 2008,“Adaptation to climate change: the European Union must prepare for the Impacts to come”, pp.1-2, EEA
European Commission, “Climate Change and International Security”, pp.1-16, EU.
European Commission, “Inception Report － Project OURCOAST”, EU.
F. D. Santos, K. Forbes and R. Moita, 2002, “Climate Change in Portugal Scenarios, Impacts and Adaptation Measures”, pp.4-18, SIAM.
Feix, Christine, 2009, “Combating Climate Change the German adaptation Strategy”, pp.6-72, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Germany.
HMSO, 2004, “ICZM in the UK：A Stocktake Final Report”, Queen’s Printer and Controller of HMSO.
Hulme, Philip E., 2005, “Adapting to climate change: is there scope for ecological management in the face of a global threat?”, Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol42, pp.784-794.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “IPCC The Fourth Assessment Report”, pp.1-116, UNEP.
Isaac, 2008, “Integrating Sea-Level Rise Adaptation into Planning Policies in the Coastal zone”, United Kingdom, p.9.
Jaap Kwadijk, 2010, “Using adaptation tipping points to prepare for climate change and sea level rise, a case study for in the Netherlands”.
Jol, Andre, 2007, “Impacts of climate change in Europe”, pp.1-28, EEA.
Joyeeta Gupta, 2006,“climate change scientific assessment and policy analysis – assessing dangerous climate impacts for the Netherlands”, p.113-116.
Joussaume, Sylvie, 2007,“Climate Change Research in France”, pp.3-18, Centre national de la recherche scientifique.
Karachi, Pakistan, 1994, “International Workshop on Integrated Coastal Zone Management ”, UNESCO.
Katrin, Hilpert, 2007,“Towards Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in the Baltic Sea Region－Developing Policies and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Region”, Geological Survey of Finland(GTK).
Kohler-Koch, Beate, 2000,“Europaeische Integration – Europaeisches Regieren.”
Lawton, John, 2010,“Adapting Institutions to Climate Change”, pp.1-180, UK Parliament.
Levina, Tirpak, 2006,“Adaptation to Climate Change: Key Terms”, pp.1-25, organization fr economic co-operation and development.
LIFE Environment Project, 2003,“The Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity of Coastal Settlements”, p.15.
Lope, Martinez, 2007, “Adaptation policies in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region”, pp.1-38, Spanish Climate Change Office Ministry of Environment (Spain).
Nillesen EEM, and Ierland van EC, 2006,“Climate adaptation in the Netherlands”, pp.1-118, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
Pickaver, Alan, 2010, “Integrated Coastal Zone Management － Participation Practices in Europe”, European Commission.
Parry, Martin, “Climate change impacts and adaptation: Key messages from the IPCC Fourth Assessment”, pp.1-26, Imperial College London.
Partidario, Maria Rosario, 2009, “Strategic Environmental Assessment of the National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Portugal”, Instituto Superior Tecnico.
Ribeiro, Maria Miguel, “Design of guidelines for the elaboration of Regional Climate Change Adaptations Strategies”, 2009, Ecologic Institute.
Richard E, Benedick, 1998,“Diplomacy for the Environment”，Conference Report : Environmental Diplomacy, p.4.
Rimkus and Vilnius University, 2007,“Adaptation to Climate Change Options in Lithuanian Baltic Sea Coast Region”, pp.1-27, ASTRA.
Rudberg, Peter M., 2010,“Furthering the Understanding of the Adaptation Space of Organizations－ A Case Study of Adaptation to Climate Change within the Water Supply and Wastewater Sector of the Stockholm Region”, pp.1-44, Stockholm Environment Institute.
Rui Taborda, 2005, “Evaluation of Coastal Defence Strategies in Portugal”.
Sedjo, Roger A., 2010, “Adaptation of Forests to Climate Change”, pp.1-54, RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURE.
Santos, Filipe Duarte, “Impacts in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region”, pp.1-49, Stakeholder Consultation Workshop and Round Table on the European Commission’s Green Paper.
Schultz-Zehden Angela, Gee Kira, and Scibior Katarzyna, 2008, “HANDBOOK on Integrated Maritime Spatial Planning”, Sustainable projects.
Stern, Nicholas, 2006, “Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change”, pp.1-19.
The World Bank, 2005, “Climate Change Adaptation”, pp.1-4, The World Bank.
Trumbic, Ivica, 2004, “Report on the Forum on Integrated Coastal Management in the Mediterranean: Towards Regional Protocol”, Italy.
Travers A, 2010, “Climate Change in Coastal Zone of the Mediterranean”, Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Centre.
UK Coastal Climate Change Advisory Committee, 2010,“Issues and options paper main report”, pp.1-200, UK Coastal Climate Change Advisory Committee.
UNEP, 2005,“Environmental Cooperation creates Opportunities for Further Progress in Europe”, New York Time, pp.1-4.
UNDP, 2006, “Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate Change”, pp1-41, UN.

三、網站資料
王茹涵，2007，〈剖析史登報告：從經濟觀點看全球變遷〉， http://e-info.org.tw/node/22029。
台灣氣候變遷調適資訊平台，http://climate.cier.edu.tw/main.asp?ID=5&Tree=1&OPENID=1。
European Commission：
http://ec.europa.eu/news/environment/index_en.htm#top。
EU Regional Policy：http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/atlas2007/crossborder/index_en.htm。
European Commission CORDIS：
http://cordis.europa.eu/home_en.html。
Instituto de Meteorologia, IP Portugal：
ttp://www.meteo.pt/en/index.html。
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency：http://www.pbl.nl/en/dossiers/Climatechange/Policyevaluations/index.html。
UK government department responsible for policy and regulations on the environment, food and rural affairs：
http://ww2.defra.gov.uk/。